The End GOVERNMENT Write words or draw pictures that come to mind when you hear the word “government.” What is the reason or purpose.

The End

GOVERNMENT• Write words or draw pictures that come to

mind when you hear the word “government.”• What is the reason or purpose for having a

government?

Freedoms Security

John LockeHow he influenced

the Constitution of theUnited States of America

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/

SWBAT

• Define “political power.”• Explain why a “Social Contract” is better

than a “State of Nature.”• Explain how a “Social Contract” is

necessary to avoid the “State of War.”• List and describe three things that are

required to ensure the preservation of property.

Just a question . . . • Do you believe that

humans are:– Naturally good: Society and the

environment are what corrupts them.

– Naturally bad: Society and the social environment teach people how to be good.

– Neither good or bad: Society and the social environment define whether or not people will become good or bad.

– Some combination of the above.

Hobbes• Wrote Leviathan 1651• Introduced the State of Nature• All had the right to

– Do everything and anything.– Self-preservation through self-defense.

• This naturally brought man into war.• War is not in man’s best interest• The only way out of war, is by entering into a social

contract under an authority who will provide safety and order.

“Leviathan”was the

The Monarch

• The ruling, protective authority had complete power even to matters of religion and conscience.

• There is no separation of powers. • The Leviathan was the Lawmaker, the

Judge, and the Executioner.• Who was in authority over the

Leviathan / Monarch?

18th Century Philosophy

• Emphasis on reason and logic• Social progress = people friendly politics• John Locke was a political philosopher

– If Natural Laws were logical and could be “discovered” or “uncovered” (gravity) then so should there be discoverable / uncoverable political / social laws.

Natural Rights

• All men possess or are “granted” these by the Creator (“among these are . . .”)– Life– Liberty– Property (the right to have)

• Problem: the study of history shows these rights have often been denied

The Various States

I. State of NatureNEVER LASTS

II. State of WarPERSISTS INDEFINITELY

but individually it cannot last forever . . .

III. Political / Civil SocietySocial Contract

§ 3 Political power

• Authorized to make rules and penalties, even severe,

• to ensure protection of property,• and using the force of the

community to enforce these rules– and protect from other groups;

• All this for the good of the group.

CHAP. II. Of the State of Nature

• Read §. 4,–What two words describe and

characterize the State of Nature? •FREEDOM•EQUALITY

State of Nature• A state of Freedom

and Equality• Live by Natural Laws• § 7 Everyone has

Equal power and jurisdiction to enforce infringements on Freedom & Equality

• How? § 8-12

http://www.ldolphin.org/eden/http://art-smart.ci.manchester.ct.us/artists/ar_hicks.html

• Do we live in a State of Nature?

• Do we have full Freedom and Equality?

• What would be another word for this state? Why?

How are Infringements handled?

• Who Handles infractions?– There is no “TEAM” in “ I “

• Ultimately,Killing is the only option (§ 12)

• Ensures full protection of your own Freedoms.

http://www.buckknives.com/http://www.galleryofguns.com/gungallery/index.asp

Once an Infringement begins, we are in a . . .

http://sill-www.army.mil/Graphics/WEAPONS/page.html

State of War

• Once one man attempts to place another under his absolute power . . .

• Enmity and Destruction! §16

• The transgressor has left “reason” and become a “wolf.”

http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/Operations/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASwhipping.htm http://members.fortunecity.com/wrgifs/wrespictclips.html

§ 21 How about a Society?

• Under Social Contract there is a constant balancing of Natural Rights vs Security

• Why? To preserve . . .http://www.fotosearch.com/EYW130/bes_013/

Freedoms Security

• Individuals consent to become a community• Government w/Political Power given over to selected members of the group

& Protect Natural Rights

• Life• Liberty• Preservation of Property

FreedomsSecurity

Preservation of Property

• What does a State of Nature “want” to achieve Preservation of Property? Ref to § 123.– §124 An established and known law– §125 An indifferent judge– §126 Power to “execute,” carry out the law

• How far does Political Power extend?– §131 as far as the “common good”– § 3 “only for the public good.”

Back to § 3Political power, reprise

• Authorized to make laws and penalties, even severe,

• to ensure preservation of property,• and using the force of the

community to enforce these rules– and protect from other groups;

• All this for the public good.

Are all Persons in aSocial Contract?

• Babies?• Objectors?• Tyrants?• Can more than one STATE exist at the

same time among different persons?• What is the ultimate desire of all Persons?

REBELLION!!• When is rebellion

against the standing government permitted?

• Refer to the opening paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence.

When is Rebellion Justified?• § 202 Where-ever law ends, tyranny begins . . . • § 203 . . . Leave nothing but anarchy and

confusion• §210 . . . If a long train of actions shew . . .• § 211 distinguish between dissolution of the

society . . . And the government• § 220 . . . The people are at liberty to provide

for themselves, by erecting a new legislative . . . (For society can never lose its right to preserve itself)

Find and Explain (on a separate paper) the references to the 3 Lockeian

Estates in this paragraph of the DoI.

We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness-That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

Locke Study Guide(you may hand-write onto a 3x5 card a “cheat-sheet” for the quiz)

• What three “states” does Locke describe?– Place them in their logical order and briefly explain each providing a quote from

The Second Treatise on Government.• What do individuals hope to gain by giving up certain freedoms?

– Give an example of a freedom given up to gain a benefit.• List three things that a “State of Nature” wants to achieve “preservation of

property.”– Explain each of the three terms.

• Under what conditions can an established authority be rebelled against?• Define the following terms:

– State of Nature– Political Power– State of War– Social Contract

• Why do individuals move toward “social contracts?”

Fun (but not Extra Credit)

• Riddle me this:

A man came into town on Friday.

Three days later he left on Friday.

Explain.