The Election of 1800 Was a nasty campaign Jeffersonian newspapers accused Adams of being a monarchist, godless man Jefferson won the popular vote, but.

The Election of 1800

• Was a nasty campaign• Jeffersonian newspapers accused Adams of

being a monarchist, godless man• Jefferson won the popular vote, but could not

win the majority vote in the Electoral college• The election was now in the hands of the House

of Representatives

The Election of 1800

• The Federalist controlled the House of Representatives

• On February 17, 1800 the House elected Thomas Jefferson as the third president

The Election of 1800

Why Adams Lost and Jefferson Won

• Adams lost because he failed to quiet his critics and angered many of his supporters

• Jefferson won because he preferred local gov’t over national gov’t

The Jefferson Administration

• Thomas Jefferson entered office with a straightforward agenda• His goal was to reduce the influence of the

national gov’t• He also refused to deliver speeches to Congress,

because it seemed too much like the act of a king• Told congress that he wanted to be addressed as

“Mr. President”

Domestic Changes

• Jefferson reduced the amount of taxes paid by the American people and severely cut the size of the federal bureaucracy

• Cut the army from 12,000 soldiers to 3,000• Jefferson’s goal was to limit the national

government’s presence in people’s lives• Jefferson’s programs made him an extremely

popular during his 1st term

Hamilton and Burr

• Hamilton and Burr agreed to a duel on July 11, 1804 at Weehawken, New Jersey

• They have been enemies for years due to opposing viewpoints

• Burr was untouched, but Hamilton was mortally wounded

The Judiciary Acts of 1801

• Decreased the number of Supreme Court justices and increased the number of federal judges

• Midnight Judges were the last minute appointments of Supreme Court justices by President John Adams. Adams appointed judges that opposed Thomas Jefferson

Marbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison

• Thomas Jefferson tried to block the appointment of William Marbury as Justice of the peace• Told Secretary of State James Madison to not

deliver the papers that gave Marbury the authority

• Marbury sued Madison demanding his appointment

Marbury v. Madison

• Chief John Marshall ruled against Marbury stating that it was against the constitution for the Supreme Court to give this order to the executive branch.

• This case established the power of Judicial Review

Judicial Review

• Judicial Review enables federal courts to review state laws and state court decisions to determine if they are in keeping with the federal constitution

• It also allows federal courts to decide whether laws passed by Congress are constitutional

The Louisiana Purchase

• American farmers in the West depended on the Mississippi River to transport their crops to foreign markets

• French ruler Napoleon Bonaparte took over the Mississippi River and began to charge American traders large sums of money to travel the Mississippi

The Louisiana Purchase

• Fearing French control and Napoleon’s ambitions, Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to buy the city of New Orleans• They were instructed to only spend 10 million

dollars for the land

The Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon offered to sell them not only New Orleans, but also all of the French claims known as Louisiana

• Monroe and Livingston offered Napoleon 15 million for the territory• This became known as the Louisiana Purchase• The actual cost of the land was 11.25 million dollars

and the rest was covering debts owed to France

The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson was troubled when he heard about the agreement• But he urged congress to approve the sale

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Jefferson personally chose his private secretary Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head the exploration of the new territory

• Their journey began in 1804

Lewis and Clarks goals

• Search for river routes to the western ocean

• Make contact with the Native Americans living in the territory

• Gather information about the region’s natural resources

Sacajawea

Sacajawea

• Shoshone Indian that helped Lewis and Clark navigate through the U.S. new territory

• American legend says that she was the expedition's indispensable guide, and as such she has been the subject of more commemorative sculptures and paintings than any other woman in American history.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• The expedition reached the Pacific Ocean in late 1805 and returned east by September 1806.• Journey lasted 2 years• Their journey was extremely successful• They came back with extensive details of

the vast lands west

The Embargo of 1807

• In 1807 after Jay’s Treaty expired British and French ships began harassing American ships that were trading with European countries.

• In 1807 the British ship, the Leopard attacked and killed 21 American crewmen.

• Americans were outraged, in response Jefferson passed the Embargo of 1807 which outlawed trading with almost all foreign countries

The Embargo of 1807

• Britain and France were unaffected by this• Americans hated it and more specifically New

Englanders because they made a living by trading with European countries.

• This Embargo ruined Jefferson’s second term because many Americans dispised the direct interference of the national gov’t in their economy.

Native American Relations

• Prior to the American colonies gaining independence, relations between N.A and colonist were marked by violence

• Treaty of Greenville• N.A. lost the southern two-thirds of Ohio• Ohio River was no longer a divider between

their land and American settlers land

Native Americans Reaction

• Four possible options• Accepting white culture• Assimilating• Returning to Indian religious traditions• Taking military action (Battle of

Tippecanoe)

Leading up to the War of 1812

• After the Battle of Tippecanoe Native Americans continued their attacks against settlers moving into their land• Most Americans believed they were being

encouraged by the English• Among those who blamed the British were

some members of Congress

Leading up to the War of 1812

• There were now new members of Congress from the South and West who represented the interest of farmers moving into the N.A. territory

• The new members included Henry Clay of Kentucky, John C. Calhoun of S. Carolina

Leading up to the War of 1812

• These fellows were known as the War Hawks• They favored a war with Britain to push the British

completely out of North America and put a stop to N.A. attacks in the west

• June 1812, President James Madison urged congress to declare war against the British

• Because they were encouraging N.A. to attack U.S. settlers and they interfered with American supplies

Impressment

• Impressment is the act of forcing people into military service. • British ships regularly stopped American ships

at sea and removed men, including American citizens, to serve in the British Navy

• Congress officially approved Madison’s call for war

The War of 1812

• At the time this was not the smartest decision due to the fact that the United States had a small army and navy.• Not only would they

have to deal with the British, but also the Native Americans

The Land War

• Americans believed that the United States could strike swiftly and effectively at Britain by invading British-held Canada.

• American troops who were poorly equipped and led-were beaten by the British in the summer of 1812

The Naval War

• Despite the fact the British ships outnumbered Americans ships, Americans at first won a number of victories at sea

• In 1813 a British warship fought and captured the American warship Chesapeake off the coast of Massachusetts

The Naval War

• In time the British Navy superiority caught up to the United States

• 1814 Britain turned all of its attention to the United States (fighting against the French in Europe)

• Summer of 1814 14,000 British troops unsuccessfully tried to invade the United States from Canada