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Egyptian Empire
The
Looking Back, Looking AheadDuring the Old Kingdom,
Egyptians established their civilization.During the Middle
Kingdom and theNew Kingdom, Egypts powerfulpharaohs expanded the
empire byconquering other lands.
Focusing on the The Middle Kingdom was a golden age
of peace, prosperity, and advances inthe arts and architecture.
(page 179)
During the New Kingdom, Egyptacquired new territory and
reachedthe height of its power. (page 180)
Akhenaton tried to change Egyptsreligion, while Tutankhamen
isfamous for the treasures buried withhim in his tomb. (page
183)
Under Ramses II, Egypt regainedterritory and built great
temples, butthe empire fell by 1150 B.C. (page 184)
Locating PlacesThebes (THEEBZ)
Meeting PeopleAhmose (AHMOHS)Hatshepsut (hatSHEHPsoot)Thutmose
III (thootMOHsuh)Akhenaton (AHKNAHtuhn)Tutankhamen
(TOOTANGKAHmuhn)Ramses II (RAMSEEZ)
Content Vocabularytribute (TRIHbyoot)
Academic Vocabularyrestore (rihSTOHR)maintain
(maynTAYN)construct (kuhnSTRUHKT)
Reading StrategyCategorizing Information Create a diagram to
show the majoraccomplishments of Ramses II.
Ramses
c. 2050 B.C.Middle Kingdombegins
c. 1500 B.C.Queen Hatshepsut reigns
c. 1279 B.C.Ramses II takesthe throne
Nile
R.
Memphis
Thebes
2400 B.C. 1600 B.C. 800 B.C.2400 B.C. 1600 B.C. 800 B.C.
178 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt
HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH6.2 Studentsanalyze the
geographic,political, economic,religious, and socialstructures of
the early civilizations ofMesopotamia, Egypt,and Kush.
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WH6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic,
religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of
Mesopotamia,Egypt, and Kush.
WH6.2.5 Discuss the main features of Egyptian art and
architecture.
CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt 179
The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom was a golden age
of peace, prosperity, and advances in the arts
andarchitecture.Reading Connection Have you heard older peopletalk
about enjoying their golden years? Countries canalso experience
such happy, productive times. In thefollowing paragraphs, youll
learn why the MiddleKingdom was a golden age for Egypt.
About 2300 B.C., the pharaohs lost con-trol of Egypt as nobles
battled one anotherfor power. Almost 200 years of
confusionfollowed. Finally, a new dynasty ofpharaohs came to power.
They moved theircapital south from Memphis to a city calledThebes
(THEEBZ). There they restored orderand stability, ushering in a new
periodcalled the Middle Kingdom.
The Middle Kingdom lasted from about2050 B.C. to 1670 B.C.
During this interval,Egyptians enjoyed a golden age of
stability,prosperity, and achievement.
The Drive for More Land During theMiddle Kingdom, Egypt took
control ofnew lands. Soldiers captured Nubia to thesouth and
attacked what is now Syria. Theconquered peoples sent tribute (TRIH
byoot), or forced payments, to the Egyptianpharaoh, enriching the
kingdom.
Within Egypt, the pharaohs added morewaterways and dams. They
increased theamount of land being farmed and built acanal between
the Nile River and the Red Sea.
The Arts Blossom During the MiddleKingdom, arts, literature, and
architecturethrived. Painters covered the walls of tombsand temples
with colorful scenes of thedeities and daily life. Sculptors
created largewall carvings and statues of the pharaohs,showing them
as ordinary people ratherthan godlike figures. Poets wrote
lovesongs and tributes to the pharaohs.
A new form of architecture was also created. Instead of building
pyramids,pharaohs had their tombs cut into cliffswest of the Nile
River. This area becameknown as the Valley of the Kings.
Who Were the Hyksos? The MiddleKingdom came to an end in 1670
B.C.Nobles were again plotting to take powerfrom the pharaohs. This
time, however,Egypt also faced a serious threat from out-side. A
people known as the Hyksos (HIHK SAHS), from western Asia, attacked
Egypt.
This artwork with gold inlay from the MiddleKingdom period shows
a funeral boat. How didarchitecture change during the Middle
Kingdom?
Web Activity Visit ca.hss.glencoe.comand click on Chapter
2Student Web Activity tolearn more about ancient Egypt.
http://ca.hss.glencoe.com
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WH6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic,
religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of
Mesopotamia,Egypt, and Kush. WH6.2.6 Describe the role of Egyptian
trade in the eastern Mediterranean and Nile valley. WH6.2.7
Understandthe significance of Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the
Great.
The Hyksos were mighty warriors. Theycrossed the desert in
horse-drawn chariotsand used weapons made of bronze andiron.
Egyptians had always fought on footwith copper and stone weapons.
They wereno match for the invaders.
The Hyksos ruled Egypt for about 150years. Then, around 1550
B.C., an Egyptianprince named Ahmose (AHM OHS) led anuprising that
drove the Hyksos out ofEgypt.
Explain What advances inart were made during the Middle
Kingdom?
The New KingdomDuring the New Kingdom, Egypt acquired
new territory and reached the height of its power.Reading
Connection Do you know the names of anywomen who hold political
office? In ancient civiliza-tions, women rarely held positions of
power. Read tolearn how a woman became ruler of Egypt.
Ahmoses reign in Egypt began a periodknown as the New Kingdom.
During thistime, from about 1550 B.C. to 1080 B.C., Egyptbecame
even richer and more powerful.
Today, millions of peopleuse computer icons as symbols forwords
and even emotions in e-mails
and other electronic communication.These icons are picturessuch
as flags
or paper clipsthat represent otherthings. In what way are
hieroglyphs and
computer icons similar?
Hieroglyphs andComputer IconsThe ancient Egyptian system of
writing was
made up of hundreds of different characters calledhieroglyphs.
Each hieroglyph was a picture thatrepresented a word. For example,
a largecircle with a smaller circle drawn in itscenter meant sun.
Egyptian scribescarved hieroglyphic symbols onmonuments and used
them for everydaycommunication.
Hieroglyphs
Computer icons
180 CHAPTER 2 Ancient EgyptGianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS
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300 km
300 mi.0
0Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection
N
S
W E
40E
40E
30E
30N
20N
TROPIC OF CANCER
Red
SeaMediterranean Sea
Nile R.
LOWEREGYPT
UPPEREGYPT
SYRIA
NILE DELTA
ARABIANPENINSULA
Cyprus
Giza
Memphis
Thebes
CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt 181
A Woman Ruler About 1480 B.C., a queennamed Hatshepsut (hat
SHEHP soot) cameto power in Egypt. She ruled first with herhusband
and then, after his death, on behalfof her young nephew. Finally
she made herself pharaoh. Hatshepsut became thefirst woman to rule
Egypt in her own right.
Hatshepsut was more interested intrade than conquest. During her
reign,Egyptian traders sailed across the easternMediterranean and
south along the eastcoast of Africa. One product Egyptianswanted to
find was wood. The Nile Valleyhad few trees, and the Egyptians
neededwood for boats and for wood cabinets thatthe upper class
liked to have in their homes.
The search for wood took Egyptiantraders to the east coast of
the MediterraneanSea where the country of Lebanon is locatedtoday.
The area had many trees, and the peo-ple in the region, called the
Phoenicians,were famous for their crafts. They madebeautiful wooden
furniture and were amongthe first people to learn how to make
glass.
The Egyptians traded wheat as well aspaper, gold, copper, and
tools for Phoenicianwood and furniture. The Phoenicians thentraded
Egyptian goods to other people. Inthis way, Egyptian food and goods
spreadacross the Middle East. Egypts trade in theeastern
Mediterranean helped make thekingdom wealthier.
Expanding the Empire When Hatshepsutdied, her nephew, Thutmose
III (thootMOHsuh), became pharaoh. Thutmoses armiesexpanded Egypts
borders north to theEuphrates River in Mesopotamia. Histroops also
moved south and regainedcontrol of Nubia, which had broken freefrom
Egypt earlier.
Thutmoses empire grew rich from tradeand tribute. In addition to
claiming gold,copper, ivory, and other valuable goods
from conquered peoples, Egypt enslavedmany prisoners of war.
These unfortunatecaptives were put to work rebuildingThebes. They
filled the city with beautifulpalaces, temples, and monuments.
Slavery had not been widespread inEgypt before. During the New
Kingdom,however, it became common. Enslaved peo-ple did have some
rights. They could ownland, marry, and eventually be grantedtheir
freedom.
Summarize DescribeEgyptian trade during the rule of
Hatshepsut.
Egyptian Kingdoms
1. Movement Which kingdom included landsacross the Mediterranean
Sea?
2. Place What physical feature makes up muchof the eastern
border of the Middle Kingdom?
Old KingdomLand added during Middle KingdomLand added during New
KingdomPyramids
KEY
(l)Smithsonian Institution, (r)file photo
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6.4.6. Compare and contrast life in Athensand Sparta, with
emphasis on their rules inthe Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.
HATSHEPSUTReigned 15031482 B.C.Hatshepsut was the daughter of
King Thutmose I and
Queen Aahmes. Even as a young princess, she was
confident,describing herself as exceedingly good to look upon . . .
abeautiful maiden who was serene [peaceful] of nature.During her
marriage to King Thutmose II, Hatshepsutinfluenced her husbands
decisions and hoped to somedayhave more power. She saw an
opportunity when Thutmosedied and declared herself pharaoh.
Because the position of pharaoh was usually passed fromfather to
son, Hatshepsut had to prove that she was a goodleader. She often
wore mens clothing to convince the peoplethat she could handle what
had always been a mans job.Unlike other pharaohs, Hatshepsut
avoided militaryconquests. She focused her attention instead on
expandingEgypts economy. She restored Egypts wealth through
tradewith Africa, Asia, and throughout the eastern
Mediterranean.Returning home from trading expeditions, cargo ships
wereloaded with wood, ebony, furniture, ivory, incense, andmyrrh.
During her reign, Hatshepsut also rebuilt many ofEgypts great
temples, including the temple at Karnak. In hertemple at Deir el
Bahri, the reliefs on the walls recorded themajor events of
Hatshepsuts reign.
182
Hatshepsuts temple at Deir el-Bahri
Make a list of Hatshepsuts strengths as a leader.Then choose a
present-day female leader andlist her leadership strengths.Write a
paragraphcomparing their similarities and differences.
WH6.2.7 Understand the significance ofQueen Hatshepsut and
Ramses the Great.
Hatshepsut
A dictator excellentof plans
Egyptian scribe quoted inBarbarian Tides
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WH6.2.3 Understand the relationship between religion and the
social and political order in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Legacies of Two PharaohsAkhenaton tried to change Egypts
religion, while Tutankhamen is famous for thetreasures buried
with him in his tomb.Reading Connection If you ask people to name
anEgyptian pharaoh, the answer youre likely to get isKing Tut. Read
on to find out more about him andhis predecessor.
About 1370 B.C., Amenhotep IV (AH muhn HOH TEHP) came to the
throne. Withthe help of his wife, Nefertiti (NEHF uhr TEET ee),
Amenhotep tried to lead Egyptin a new direction.
A Religious Reformer Amenhotep realizedthat Egypts priests were
gaining power atthe expense of the pharaohs. In an attempt
tomaintain his own power, Amenhotep intro-duced a new religion that
swept away theold gods and goddesses. Instead, only onegod, called
Aton (AHtuhn), was to be wor-shiped.
When Egypts priests resisted thesechanges, Amenhotep removed
many fromtheir positions, seized their lands, and closedtemples. He
then changed his name toAkhenaton (AHK NAH tuhn), which meansSpirit
of Aton. He began ruling Egypt froma new city far from Thebes.
To most Egyptians, Akhenatonsattacks on the gods seemed to be an
attackon Egypt itself. They refused to acceptAton as the only
god.
Meanwhile, Akhenaton became sodevoted to his new religion that
he neg-lected his duties as pharaoh. The adminis-trators he
appointed were not asexperienced as the priests they replaced,and
Akhenaton took no action when theHittites, enemies from what is now
Turkey,attacked Egypt. As a result, Egypt lostmost of its lands in
western Asia, greatlyshrinking the empire.
Cats in Ancient Egypt In ancientEgypt, cats were loved and
evenworshiped. Egyptians valued the abilityof wild cats to protect
villages grainsupplies from mice and rats. Overseveral hundred
years, cats becametame, and their role developed fromvalued hunter
to adored family pet togoddess.
In ancient Egyptian tombs,archaeologists have found many
wallpaintings, carvings, and statues of cats.Often the statues were
adorned withbeautiful jewelry, such as silver or goldearrings, nose
rings, and collars. Whenan Egyptian familys cat died, its
ownersshaved their eyebrows toshow their grief and had thecats body
mummified.
Egyptians worshiped cats because they associatedthem with the
goddessBastet. She representedmotherhood, grace, andbeauty, and
often appears in paintings and statues as a woman with the head of
a cat.
Connecting to the Past1. Why did ancient Egyptians first value
cats?
2. With what goddess did the ancientEgyptians associate
cats?
Egyptiangoddessdepicted as a cat
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund and Edward S. Harkness
Gift,1929 (29.3.3)
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WH6.2.3 Understand the relationship between religion and the
social and political order in Mesopotamia and Egypt.WH6.2.7
Understand the significance of Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the
Great.
The Boy King When Akhenaton died, hisson-in-law inherited the
throne. The newpharaoh, Tutankhamen (TOO TANG KAH muhn), was a boy
about 10 years old. Herelied on help from palace officials
andpriests, who convinced him to restore theold religion. After
ruling for only nineyears, Tutankhamen died unexpectedly. Hemay
have suffered a fall or been murdered;no one is sure.
What is certain is that King Tut, as he isnicknamed, played only
a small role inEgypts history. Why, then, is he the mostfamous of
all pharaohs? The boy king cap-tured peoples imaginations after a
Britisharchaeologist, Howard Carter, found histomb in A.D.
1922.
The tomb contained the kings mummyand incredible treasures,
including a brilliantgold mask of the young pharaohs face.Carters
find was a thrilling discovery,because most royal tombs in Egypt
werelooted by robbers long ago.
Evaluate Why was the dis-covery of Tutankhamens tomb so
important?
The End of the New KingdomUnder Ramses II, Egypt regained
terri-
tory and built great temples, but the empire fell by1150
B.C.Reading Connection Egypt remained mighty forthousands of years,
but it finally fell to outsiders. Readto learn about Egypts last
great pharaoh and theempires decline.
During the 1200s B.C., pharaohsworked to make Egypt great again.
Themost effective of these pharaohs wasRamses II (RAM SEEZ). He
reigned for aremarkable 66 years, from 1279 B.C. to 1213B.C. During
this time, Egyptian armiesregained lands in western Asia and
rebuiltthe empire. Ramses also launched anambitious building
program, constructingseveral major new temples.
Tutankhamens gold mask
Temple of Karnak
184 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt
Eric
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6.4.6. Compare and contrast life in Athensand Sparta, with
emphasis on their rules in
RAMSES IIReigned 12791213 B.C.Ramses II began his military
training at a very young age.
Ramses father, Seti I, allowed his 10-year-old son to serve asa
captain in his army. Seti also made his son co-ruler of Egypt.By
the time Ramses was crowned pharaoh of Egypt, he was agreat warrior
and an experienced leader. Nine kings who ruledafter Ramses II
named themselves in his honor. Manycenturies later, archaeologists
nicknamed the pharaohRamses the Great because of his fame on the
battlefield, hisconstruction and restoration of buildings and
monuments,and his popularity among the Egyptian people. His
subjectsfondly called him Sese, an abbreviation of Ramses.
Ramses continued in his fathers footsteps by trying torestore
Egyptian power in Asia. Like many New Kingdompharaohs, Ramses did
this through warfare. He securedEgypts control of the nearby region
of Canaan, an area wherethe ancient Israelites later lived. In the
early years of his reign,Ramses defeated forces in southern Syria
and continuouslybattled Egypts longtime enemy, the Hittites.
Details about one costly battle with the Hittites were carved on
temple walls,showing the Egyptians succeeding against great
odds.
During his 66-year reign, Ramses II undertook a large-scale
building program. He could afford such an expensiveplan because
Egypt was very prosperous during his reign. Herestored the damaged
Sphinx, completed the Temple ofKarnak, and built himself a city
with four temples as well asbeautiful gardens and orchards. He is
famous for the templebuilt at Abu Simbel. It was carved out of a
solid rock cliff andfeatured four huge statues of Ramses II, two on
each side ofthe doorway.
185
Use the Internet and your local library to learnabout Mount
Rushmore, a monument in SouthDakota. Describe Mount Rushmore, and
thencompare it to the temple of Ramses at Abu Simbel.
WH6.2.7 Understand the significance ofQueen Hatshepsut and
Ramses the Great.
Statue of Ramses II holding an offeringtable
They all came bowingdown to him, to hispalace of life and
satisfaction.
hieroglyphic translation by James B. Pritchard,
Ancient Near Eastern Texts
Coffin of Ramses II
(t)Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/SuperStock, (b)Gavin
Hellier/Getty Images
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186 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt
Why Were Temples Built? Under RamsesII and other New Kingdom
rulers, scores ofnew temples rose throughout Egypt. Manywere built
by enslaved people captured inwar. The most magnificent was Karnak
atThebes. Its huge columned hall decoratedwith colorful paintings
still impresses visi-tors today.
Unlike modern churches, temples, andmosques, Egyptian temples
did not holdregular religious services. Instead, mostEgyptians
prayed at home. They consideredthe temples as houses for the gods
and god-desses. Priests and priestesses, however, per-formed daily
temple rituals, washing statuesof the deities and bringing them
food.
The temples also served as banks.Egyptians used them to store
valuableitems, such as gold jewelry, sweet-smellingoils, and finely
woven cloth.
Egypts Decline and Fall After Ramses II,Egypts power began to
fade. Later pharaohshad trouble keeping neighboring countriesunder
Egyptian control. Groups from theeastern Mediterranean attacked
Egypt by sea,using strong iron weapons. The Egyptianshad similar
arms, but they paid dearly forthem because Egypt lacked iron
ore.
By 1150 B.C., the Egyptians had lost theirempire and controlled
only the Nile delta.Beginning in the 900s B.C., Egypt cameunder the
rule of one outside group afteranother. The first conquerors were
theLibyans from the west. Then, about 750 B.C.,the people of Kush,
a land to the south,began to conquer Egypt. Finally, in 670
B.C.,Egypt was taken over by the Assyrians, apowerful society from
the north.
Analyze Why did Egyptianrulers lose control of their empire?
Middle Kingdom New Kingdom
Study Central Need help with the reigns ofHatshepsut and Ramses
the Great? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.
Reading SummaryReview the During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt
expanded its borders, and the artsflourished.
Under New Kingdom rulers,Egypt built a strong empire andexpanded
trade.
Akhenaton failed in his attemptto create a new
religion.Tutankhamen ruled briefly butgained fame because of
treasuresfound buried with him.
Ramses II was Egypts last greatpharaoh. In the 900s B.C.,
Egyptlost power to outside invaders.
1. What improvements did theMiddle Kingdom rulers make?
2. What purposes did templesserve in Egypt?
Critical Thinking3. Organizing Information
Create a chart like the onebelow. Fill in details aboutEgypts
Middle Kingdom andEgypts New Kingdom.
4. Evaluate Why was the reignof Hatshepsut
consideredunusual?
5. How didAkhenaton upset the tradi-tional order in Egypt?
6. Compare and ContrastDescribe the similarities anddifferences
between the rule ofHatshepsut and Ramses II.
7. Expository Writing Which Egyptian ruler do you think hadthe
greatest effect uponEgyptian history? Write a shortessay to explain
your answer.
CA 6WA2.2
CA 6WS1.3
CA HI2.
CA 6RC2.6
CA 6RC2.4
What Did You Learn?
(t)Michael Holford, (b)O. Louis Mazzatenta/National Geographic
Society Image Collection
http://ca.hss.glencoe.com
Discovering Our Past: Ancient CivilizationsTable of ContentsA
Guide to California Content StandardsCorrelation to the California
StandardsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntReading Skills
HandbookNational Geographic Reference AtlasWorld: PoliticalWorld:
PhysicalEurope: PoliticalEurope: PhysicalMiddle East:
Physical/PoliticalAfrica: PoliticalAfrica: PhysicalAsia:
PoliticalAsia: PhysicalNorth America: PoliticalNorth America:
PhysicalMiddle America: Physical/PoliticalSouth America:
PoliticalSouth America: PhysicalPacific Rim:
Physical/PoliticalWorld's PeopleWorld: Land UsePolar Regions
National Geographic Geography HandbookHow Do I Study
Geography?How Do I Use Maps and Globes?Understanding Latitude and
LongitudeFrom Globes to MapsCommon Map ProjectionsParts of
MapsTypes of MapsUsing Graphs, Charts, and DiagramsGeographic
Dictionary
Tools of the HistorianMeasuring TimeOrganizing TimeHistory and
GeographyWhat Is a Historical Atlas?How Does a Historian
Work?Making Sense of the PastLinks Across Time
Unit 1: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and IsraelChapter 1: The First
CivilizationsReading Skill: Previewing Section 1: Early
HumansSection 2: Mesopotamian CivilizationSection 3: New
EmpiresChapter 1 Assessment
Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt and KushReading Skill:
SummarizingSection 1: The Nile ValleySection 2: Egypt's Old
KingdomSection 3: The Egyptian EmpireSection 4: The Civilization of
KushChapter 2 Assessment
Chapter 3: The Ancient IsraelitesReading Skill: Making
ConnectionsSection 1: The First IsraelitesSection 2: The Kingdom of
IsraelSection 3: The Growth of JudaismChapter 3 Assessment
Unit 1 Review
Unit 2: India, China, and the AmericasChapter 4: Early
IndiaReading Skill: QuestioningSection 1: India's First
CivilizationsSection 2: Hinduism and BuddhismSection 3: India's
First EmpiresChapter 4 Assessment
Chapter 5: Early ChinaReading Skill: MonitoringSection 1:
China's First CivilizationsSection 2: Life in Ancient ChinaSection
3: The Qin and Han DynastiesChapter 5 Assessment
Chapter 6: The Ancient AmericasReading Skill: Taking
NotesSection 1: The First AmericansSection 2: The Mayan
PeopleChapter 6 Assessment
Unit 2 Review
Unit 3: The Greeks and RomansChapter 7: The Ancient
GreeksReading Skill: Comparing and ContrastingSection 1: The Early
GreeksSection 2: Sparta and AthensSection 3: Persia Attacks the
GreeksSection 4: The Age of PericlesChapter 7 Assessment
Chapter 8: Greek CivilizationReading Skill: VisualizingSection
1: The Culture of Ancient GreeceSection 2: Greek Philosophy and
HistorySection 3: Alexander the GreatSection 4: The Spread of Greek
CultureChapter 8 Assessment
Chapter 9: The Rise of RomeReading Skill: Making
InferencesSection 1: Rome's BeginningsSection 2: The Roman
RepublicSection 3: The Fall of the RepublicSection 4: The Early
EmpireChapter 9 Assessment
Chapter 10: Roman CivilizationReading Skill: Making
PredictionsSection 1: Life in Ancient RomeSection 2: The Fall of
RomeSection 3: The Byzantine EmpireChapter 10 Assessment
Chapter 11: The Rise of Christianity Reading Skill: Identifying
Cause and EffectSection 1: The First ChristiansSection 2: The
Christian ChurchSection 3: The Spread of Christian IdeasChapter 11
Assessment
Unit 3 Review
AppendixWhat Is an Appendix?SkillBuilder HandbookCalifornia
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Feature ContentsPrimary SourceAnalyzing Primary SourcesWorld
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Way It WasYou Decide . . .Primary Source QuotesMaps, Charts,
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