The Effects of Weather The Effects of Weather on Aircraft on Aircraft Part 2 of 2 Part 2 of 2
Dec 23, 2015
The Effects of Weather The Effects of Weather on Aircrafton AircraftPart 2 of 2Part 2 of 2
Video
Delta Flight 191 Aug 2, 1985 Causes and Effects
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWtlCirzRjs
MicroburstMicroburst Is a violent downdraftIs a violent downdraft Takes place in space of less than one mile horizontally Takes place in space of less than one mile horizontally
and within 1,000 feet verticallyand within 1,000 feet vertically Lasts about 15 minutes, and can create wind speeds Lasts about 15 minutes, and can create wind speeds
greater than 115 mph greater than 115 mph
Effects of a MicroburstEffects of a Microburst Plane experiences a quick series of eventsPlane experiences a quick series of events
Increased headwinds => increased relative wind, more liftIncreased headwinds => increased relative wind, more lift Downdrafts => Sudden loss of altitude Downdrafts => Sudden loss of altitude Wind rapidly shears to tailwind => decreased relative wind, loss Wind rapidly shears to tailwind => decreased relative wind, loss
of liftof lift Impact with ground or aircraft pushed dangerously close to the Impact with ground or aircraft pushed dangerously close to the
groundground
Detecting MicroburstsDetecting Microbursts Difficult because they crop up in relatively small areasDifficult because they crop up in relatively small areas Often associated with convective precipitation in cumulonimbus formationsOften associated with convective precipitation in cumulonimbus formations
Weather resulting from vertical exchange of heat and moistureWeather resulting from vertical exchange of heat and moisture Airports have installed low-level wind shear alert systemAirports have installed low-level wind shear alert system
NASA, FAA and others NASA, FAA and others developed sensor that reads developed sensor that reads speed and direction of speed and direction of invisible particles of water invisible particles of water vapor and dust in the windvapor and dust in the wind
Most airliners today equipped Most airliners today equipped with these systemswith these systems
Activity 2: Effects Activity 2: Effects of a Microburstof a Microburst
Examine the illustration Examine the illustration
Answer the questions and explain what is Answer the questions and explain what is occurring with the aircraft and the occurring with the aircraft and the weatherweather
Activity 3Activity 3
Video Video
Delta Flight 191Delta Flight 191Aug 2, 1985Aug 2, 1985
Causes and EffectsCauses and Effects
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWtlCirzRjshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWtlCirzRjs
SandstormsSandstorms
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ersxqFwDkWA
SandstormsSandstorms Strong, dry winds generally take place over arid—hot Strong, dry winds generally take place over arid—hot
and dry—lands and dry—lands Reduce visibility, clog aircraft engines and instruments, Reduce visibility, clog aircraft engines and instruments,
and make it difficult to breatheand make it difficult to breathe Can damage aircraft and other machinery Can damage aircraft and other machinery
Operation Eagle ClawOperation Eagle Claw Runs Into Sandstorms Runs Into Sandstorms
November 4, 1979 – Iran Hostage CrisisNovember 4, 1979 – Iran Hostage Crisis 52 American diplomats and citizens held captive 444 days52 American diplomats and citizens held captive 444 days
April 24, 1980, President Carter approves 2-day April 24, 1980, President Carter approves 2-day rescue mission dubbed rescue mission dubbed Operation Eagle ClawOperation Eagle Claw Eight RH-53D helicopters took off from USS Nimitz Eight RH-53D helicopters took off from USS Nimitz
and USS Coral Seaand USS Coral Sea Helicopters would meet up with several C-130 Helicopters would meet up with several C-130
refueling planes at area designated “Desert One” refueling planes at area designated “Desert One” The aircraft ran into two major sandstormsThe aircraft ran into two major sandstorms
Operation Eagle Claw (cont)Operation Eagle Claw (cont)
Prior to the sandstorms, one helicopter aborted due to Prior to the sandstorms, one helicopter aborted due to damaged rotor blade (RH-53D left in the desert)damaged rotor blade (RH-53D left in the desert)
The remaining helicopters had to spread out to avoid running The remaining helicopters had to spread out to avoid running into one another during the sandstormsinto one another during the sandstorms
A second RH-53D aborted in the second sandstorm and A second RH-53D aborted in the second sandstorm and returned homereturned home
A third RH-53D had hydraulic problems but made it to the A third RH-53D had hydraulic problems but made it to the refueling locationrefueling location
Col Beckwith recommended aborting the mission since they Col Beckwith recommended aborting the mission since they were essentially down to 5 operational helicopterswere essentially down to 5 operational helicopters
As the helicopters repositioned themselves to refuel, one ran As the helicopters repositioned themselves to refuel, one ran into a C-130 and crashed, into a C-130 and crashed, killing 8 U.S. servicemenkilling 8 U.S. servicemen
How Wake TurbulenceHow Wake Turbulence Affects Air Flight Affects Air Flight
Aircraft generate wake turbulence while in flightAircraft generate wake turbulence while in flight Disturbance caused by a pair of vortices trailing Disturbance caused by a pair of vortices trailing
from an aircraft’s wingtips from an aircraft’s wingtips Dangerous to other aircraft that get too close Can damage aircraft parts and equipmentCan damage aircraft parts and equipment
IntensityIntensity Depends on weight, speed, and wing shape of Depends on weight, speed, and wing shape of
vortex-producing aircraftvortex-producing aircraft Greatest when generating aircraft is heavy, slow, and Greatest when generating aircraft is heavy, slow, and
clean clean Strong vortices Strong vortices
created during created during takeoff, climb, and takeoff, climb, and landing when angle landing when angle of attack is highestof attack is highest
Vortices typically last Vortices typically last about 3 minutesabout 3 minutes
Vortex BehaviorVortex Behavior Trailing vortices behave in predictable waysTrailing vortices behave in predictable ways
Helps pilots avoid wake turbulenceHelps pilots avoid wake turbulence Vortices move outward, upward, and around the wingtipsVortices move outward, upward, and around the wingtips Vortices generally maintain a distance of a little less than a Vortices generally maintain a distance of a little less than a
wingspan apartwingspan apart
Avoiding Wake TurbulenceAvoiding Wake Turbulence Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight pathAvoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path
The pilot should climb above the other aircraft’s climb path The pilot should climb above the other aircraft’s climb path until clear of its wake => rotate before previous aircraftuntil clear of its wake => rotate before previous aircraft
When landing behind a departing aircraft, land before the When landing behind a departing aircraft, land before the departing aircraft’s rotating point departing aircraft’s rotating point
Wake Turbulence RulesWake Turbulence Rules
General Rules:General Rules: Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight pathAvoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path Avoid flying below or behind another aircraftAvoid flying below or behind another aircraft Maintain at least 1,000 feet of difference in altitude between Maintain at least 1,000 feet of difference in altitude between
aircraft on similar flight pathsaircraft on similar flight paths
During Takeoff: Pilot should rotate aircraft (lift nose wheel off the runway)
before reaching point on runway at which plane ahead rotated
Wake Turbulence RulesWake Turbulence Rules
During Landing:During Landing: Approach runway above the previous aircraft’s path when
landing behind it Touch down after the point at which other aircraft did When landing behind departing aircraft, land before the
departing aircraft’s rotating point
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Done – Done – the effects of weather on aircraftthe effects of weather on aircraft
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