南華大學 自然醫學研究所 碩士論文 探討生活因子與中醫體質對大學生失眠之影響 The Effects of Lifestyle Factors and Body Constitution of Chinese Medicine on Insomnia in University Students 指導教授 : 陳秋媛 博士 研究生 : 顏美智 中 華 民 國 一 百 年 六 月
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Constitution of Chinese Medicine on Insomnia
in University Students
:
I
59 (Body Constitution
Questionnaire, BCQ) (Chinese version of the Athens
Insomnia ScaleCAIS) 55%
(58.3%)
5.1
0.56
IV
Abstract
Insomnia is a common problem to most people in daily life and may be a
risk factor for consistently predictive of cardiovascular disease and mortality of
chronic diseases. Sleep disorders can impact the ability of memory, learning,
logic thinking and calculation to students. In most sleep researches, stress and
lifestyle are common factors to sleep disorders of adolescents. The objective of
this study is to investigate the association between lifestyle factors and insomnia
as well as the association between Chinese body constitution and insomnia in
university students. A cross-sectional purposive sampling study design was used
to survey 115 students in a university located in south Taiwan. The
questionnaires applied in this research were Chinese version of the Athens
Insomnia Scale (CAIS) and Body Constitution Questionnaire (BCQ). Results
indicated that the prevalence of insomnia was 55 percent with the subjects and
58.3 percent of the students were Yin-deficiency (Yin-Xu) body constitution
type. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that odds ratio of insomnia
was 4.05 times (P < 0.05) in Yin deficiency students compared to those who
were not non-Yin-deficiency. The odds ratio of sleep disorders to gender was
4.17 times (P < 0.05) in male students compared to female students. The odds
ratio of insomnia with lifestyle was 5.1 times (P< 0.05) in students of having a
V
night-time snack compared to those who were non-having a night-time snack. In
addition, for every one hour increasing to sleep, the odds of insomnia decreased
by 0.56 times (P < 0.05).
In conclusion, most university students were of Yin-deficiency body
constitution. Yin-deficiency body constitution was associated with greater
occurrence of insomnia to university students.
Key words: Chinese body constitution, Sleep disorders, Sleep questionnaire
VI
1.1 ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 ..................................................................................................... 3
1.3 ..................................................................................................... 4
2.1 ..................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 .............................................................................. 5
2.1.2 .......................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 .................................................................................. 8
2.2 ............................................................................... 11
2.2.1 ............................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 ............................................................................................ 11
2.2.3 ............................................................................ 15
2.2.4 ..................................................................................... 17
2.3 ................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 .................................................................... 23
3.1 ................................................................................................... 61
3.2 ................................................................................................... 61
3.3 ................................................................................................... 61
3.4 ....................................................................................... 65
3.5 ................................................................................................... 68
4.1 ....................................................................................... 69
4.1.1 .................................................................... 69
4.1.2 .................................................................... 71
5.1 ........................................................................... 90
5.2 ........................................................................... 92
5.3 ........................................................................... 97
5.4 ..................................................................................... 102
6.1 ......................................................................................................... 104
6.2 ............................................................................................. 106
6.3 ................................................................................. 108
4.2 .............................................. 79
4.3 .............................................................. 80
4.4 .................................................. 81
4.5 .............................................................. 82
4.6 .............................................................................. 83
4.7 ...................................................................... 84
4.8 .................................................. 85
4.9 .......................................................................... 86
4.10 .................................................... 87
5.1 .......................................................... 91
2010) Preišegolaviit
405 59.4%
(Preišegolaviit, Leskauskas & Adomaitien, 2010)
Suen 400 150 250
57.5 %
896 63.1%
2008
Von Linne 19
KenotoxinLegendre
Pieron Hypnotoxin
Schnedorf Ivy Hypnotoxin
Pavlov (Internal Inhibition)
(NREM)
(Brainstem Reticular Controlling
System) 2008
(Reciprocal Interaction Hypothesis)
REM NREM
REM NREM
:
2008
7
2008
(4) (Memory Reinforcement and Consolidation
Theory)
Theory)
Movement, NREM)
(Ponto-geniculo-occipital, PGO)
(Acetylcholine)
(Thalamocortical Circuits) (Hippocampus)
2007
Serotonin(5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) GABA
; (Norepinephrine, NE)
(Catecholamines) (Acetylcholine, Ach)
2007
;
(Polysomnography)
2007
( 1 )
2003
(Taylor et al., 2003)
2000 10
BMI
2001
(1) (Transient Insomnia)
13
> 40 > 10 %
(3)
< 90 % < 65 %
Roehers 1992
2000
10 15
(2) :
5
Breathing)
3 21 (World Sleep
Day)
(Melatonin)
200 ~300 mg
(Neuroticism score)
(Ashton, 1987)
Holland 1974
(Electroencephalography, EEG) (Electrooculography, EOG)
(Electrocardiography, ECG) (Electromyography, EMG)
(Air Flow) (Respiratory Effort)
(Blood Oxygen Saturation)
-
18
(Carskadon,1986)
(2)
(3)
Monitoring Sensor) (Gastroesophageal Reflux)
(Snoring Monitoring Sensor) ;
(Esophageal Pressure Monitoring Sensor)
(Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome)
Narcolepsy Questionnaire)
Buysee 1989
7
(Chinese Version of the Athens Insomnia Scale
CAIS) CAIS-8 1-8
CAIS-5 1-5
ICD-10 Insomnia
Self-assessment Inventory (ISAI)
Cronbach’s α 0.82-0.84
(Test-retest reliability) 0.84-0.86 CAIS ISAI
0.72-0.76 CAIS-8 CAIS-5
(Chiang et al., 2009)
8
23
2008 Tucker
Lessa 1940
24
2008
25
() (
) ;
(2)
:
28
;
(2006a)
2008
29
1995
2008
31
345 2002
1978 ~ 2001 2002
2005
2006
2010
2008
3 (1)
(2)
1998
2007
40
43
2003
45
……
2007
47
48
2007
……
50
(4)
20052010
53
(Biofeedback) (Guided Imagery)
CAM) (National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine, NCCAM) CAM
CAM
CAM
54
(Traditional Chinese Medicine) (Acupuncture)
(Biofeedback Training and Neurotherapy)
(Aromatherapy) (Music therapy) (Hypnotheraphy)
(Qigong and Tai Chi) (Yoga) (Relaxation)
(Mind Body Medicine) (Nutritional Medicine)
(Flower Essences) (Energy Medicine) (Homeopathy)
2009CAM
CAM
(Sarris and Byrme, 2011)
55
58
2007
59
;;
3.2
115
95.8%
3.3
Insomnia Scale 1-8CAIS 1-8) Cronbach’s α
0.82-0.84 (Test-retest reliability) 0.84-0.86
(Chiang, 2009 2009 Yen2010)
(Factor loading)
(Latent Variable Model)
(Maximum Likelihood
Estimator) (Bayes Theorem)
(Posterior Probability)
0.7533 0.8474
2007a, 2008
2009 44
2007a2008
:
66
100%
4.1
(1) 20 ~ 25 120 61
(50.8%) 59 (49.2%)
BMI 31.6 14.9 BMI
18.5 ~ 24 (55.6%) 32 BMI
24~27 (16.5%) 14 5 BMI
< 18.5 (17.4%) 12 8
BMI 27 ~ 30BMI 30 ~ 35 10.3% 7
5
24 8
45% 38
31.67%62.7% 28
23.33% 47.5%
62.3% 8.38 ± 0.47 47.5%
7.61 ± 0.47
17
22 0
72
4.34.1
5 ~ 10 66.8%
6 8
:
14.3% 5.0%
2 46.2% 37.8% 16%
3 28.6% 57.1% 14.3%
5.9%
5.9%
6 64.7% 25.2% 9.2%
0.8%
73
5.0%
(31.3%) 4 (3.5%) 7 (6.1%)
2 (1.7%) 66(57.4%)
66 , 57.4%
26 (22.61%) 40 (34.78%)
(58.3%)
5
6.41 ± 0.12
t- test (6.32 ± 0.16)
(6.50 ± 0.17) (8.38 ± 0.47)
(7.61 ± 0.47)
3. 4.8
4. 4.9
14
(11.76%) 37(31.09%) 3 (2.5%) 26
(21.85%)
10(8.40%) 6
(5.04%) 20 (16.81%) 17 (14.29%)
21 (17.65%) 21 (17.65%) 10 (8.40%)
14 (11.76%)
25 (21.01%) 8
(6.72%) 29 (24.37%) 35 (29.41%)
6 (5.04%) 12 (10.08%)
4.9 4.66 ± 0.19
4.52 ± 0.26
4.81 ± 0.27 > 40
(33.61%) 41(34.45%)
(4.52 ± 0.26) (4.81 ± 0.27)
76
/
18.5~24 32 (27.8) 32 (27.8)
24~27 14 (12.2) 5 (4.3)
27~30 5 (4.3) 2 (1.7)
30~35 2 (1.7) 3 (2.6)
79
22 0 8.00 ± 0.33
0 1 1 2 1.7
1 0 2 2 1.7
2 1 1 2 1.7
3 1 3 4 3.3
4 5 2 7 5.8
5 5 7 12 10.0
6 3 8 11 9.2
7 7 7 14 11.7
8 10 5 25 12.5
9 12 8 20 16.7
10 4 4 8 6.7
11 2 3 5 4.2
12 3 2 5 4.2
13 3 0 3 2.5
14 1 5 6 5.0
15 1 0 1 0.8
17 0 1 1 0.8
18 1 0 1 0.8
22 1 0 1 0.8
81
5(4.35) 7(6.09)
4(3.48) 1(0.87)
17(14.78) 29(25.22)
83
5.53 ± 0.29 5.26 ± 0.27
10 0 5.4 ± 0.2
1 0 2 (1.7)
10 5 (4.2) 0
%
86
%
7 0 1 (0.84)
2010 Lund > 60%
2010 Preišegolaviit 59.40%
2008 Shu 57.50%
92
93
94
2006
95
1980
60%
(Lund, Reider, Whiting& Roxanne Prichard, 2010) Verlander
2006
90
MMC
2007
4.81 ± 0.27 (8.38 ± 0.47)
(7.61 ± 0.47)
2007
3 5
101
2010
67
6.41 ± 0.12
103
:
109
1995
2005
2006b 547
2006c
230
30
2006
1990
2008
8140-45
2009231
111
43-52
625
627385-400
526221-238
2004
52
2008
1980
2010
113
13135-42
2007544
16-20
2007
2001
(2003)
1995
545-144
65-152
115
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J.
1989The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for
psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 282, 193-213.
Chiang, H. L., Chen, H. C., Bai, C. H., Che, H. H., Lee, M. B., Lai, S. H., et al.
2009A Validation Study of the Chinese Version of the Athens
Insomnia Scale. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry, 231, 43-52.
Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., & Prichard, J. R. 2010Sleep
patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college
students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 462,124-132.
Preisegolaviciute, E., Leskauskas, D., & Adomaitiene, V.2010Associations of
quality of sleep with lifestyle factors and profile of studies among
Lithuanian students. Medicina Kaunas, 467, 482-489.
Sharma, S., & Kavuru, M.2010Sleep and metabolisman overview.
International Journal of Endocrinology,1-12.
Soldatos, C. R., Dikeos, D. G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. J.2000Athens Insomnia
Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 486, 555-560.
Suen, L. K. P., Hon,K.L.E., Tam,W.W.S. 2008Association between sleep
behavior and sleep-related factors among university students in Hong
Kong. Chronobiology internatio,. 255, 760-775.
116
Taylor, D. J., Lichstein, K. L., & Durrence, H. H. 2003Insomnia as a health
risk factor.Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 14, 227-247.
Verlander, L. A., Benedict, J. O., & Hanson, D. P. 1999Stress and sleep
patterns of college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 883 ,
893-898.
Yen, C. F., King, B. H., & Chang, Y. P. 2010Factor structure of the Athens
Insomnia Scale and its associations with demographic characteristics and
depression in adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research, 191, 12-18.
117
[email protected]
:
:
1.
2. 7 20
Body Constitution Questionnaire, BCQ
CCMP93-RD-026
Copyright © 2007 Chinese Medicine Constitution Research Center. All rights reserved.
119
0-10
0 10
121
122
_
9902--00001
0718
in University Students
:
I
59 (Body Constitution
Questionnaire, BCQ) (Chinese version of the Athens
Insomnia ScaleCAIS) 55%
(58.3%)
5.1
0.56
IV
Abstract
Insomnia is a common problem to most people in daily life and may be a
risk factor for consistently predictive of cardiovascular disease and mortality of
chronic diseases. Sleep disorders can impact the ability of memory, learning,
logic thinking and calculation to students. In most sleep researches, stress and
lifestyle are common factors to sleep disorders of adolescents. The objective of
this study is to investigate the association between lifestyle factors and insomnia
as well as the association between Chinese body constitution and insomnia in
university students. A cross-sectional purposive sampling study design was used
to survey 115 students in a university located in south Taiwan. The
questionnaires applied in this research were Chinese version of the Athens
Insomnia Scale (CAIS) and Body Constitution Questionnaire (BCQ). Results
indicated that the prevalence of insomnia was 55 percent with the subjects and
58.3 percent of the students were Yin-deficiency (Yin-Xu) body constitution
type. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that odds ratio of insomnia
was 4.05 times (P < 0.05) in Yin deficiency students compared to those who
were not non-Yin-deficiency. The odds ratio of sleep disorders to gender was
4.17 times (P < 0.05) in male students compared to female students. The odds
ratio of insomnia with lifestyle was 5.1 times (P< 0.05) in students of having a
V
night-time snack compared to those who were non-having a night-time snack. In
addition, for every one hour increasing to sleep, the odds of insomnia decreased
by 0.56 times (P < 0.05).
In conclusion, most university students were of Yin-deficiency body
constitution. Yin-deficiency body constitution was associated with greater
occurrence of insomnia to university students.
Key words: Chinese body constitution, Sleep disorders, Sleep questionnaire
VI
1.1 ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 ..................................................................................................... 3
1.3 ..................................................................................................... 4
2.1 ..................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 .............................................................................. 5
2.1.2 .......................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 .................................................................................. 8
2.2 ............................................................................... 11
2.2.1 ............................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 ............................................................................................ 11
2.2.3 ............................................................................ 15
2.2.4 ..................................................................................... 17
2.3 ................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 .................................................................... 23
3.1 ................................................................................................... 61
3.2 ................................................................................................... 61
3.3 ................................................................................................... 61
3.4 ....................................................................................... 65
3.5 ................................................................................................... 68
4.1 ....................................................................................... 69
4.1.1 .................................................................... 69
4.1.2 .................................................................... 71
5.1 ........................................................................... 90
5.2 ........................................................................... 92
5.3 ........................................................................... 97
5.4 ..................................................................................... 102
6.1 ......................................................................................................... 104
6.2 ............................................................................................. 106
6.3 ................................................................................. 108
4.2 .............................................. 79
4.3 .............................................................. 80
4.4 .................................................. 81
4.5 .............................................................. 82
4.6 .............................................................................. 83
4.7 ...................................................................... 84
4.8 .................................................. 85
4.9 .......................................................................... 86
4.10 .................................................... 87
5.1 .......................................................... 91
2010) Preišegolaviit
405 59.4%
(Preišegolaviit, Leskauskas & Adomaitien, 2010)
Suen 400 150 250
57.5 %
896 63.1%
2008
Von Linne 19
KenotoxinLegendre
Pieron Hypnotoxin
Schnedorf Ivy Hypnotoxin
Pavlov (Internal Inhibition)
(NREM)
(Brainstem Reticular Controlling
System) 2008
(Reciprocal Interaction Hypothesis)
REM NREM
REM NREM
:
2008
7
2008
(4) (Memory Reinforcement and Consolidation
Theory)
Theory)
Movement, NREM)
(Ponto-geniculo-occipital, PGO)
(Acetylcholine)
(Thalamocortical Circuits) (Hippocampus)
2007
Serotonin(5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) GABA
; (Norepinephrine, NE)
(Catecholamines) (Acetylcholine, Ach)
2007
;
(Polysomnography)
2007
( 1 )
2003
(Taylor et al., 2003)
2000 10
BMI
2001
(1) (Transient Insomnia)
13
> 40 > 10 %
(3)
< 90 % < 65 %
Roehers 1992
2000
10 15
(2) :
5
Breathing)
3 21 (World Sleep
Day)
(Melatonin)
200 ~300 mg
(Neuroticism score)
(Ashton, 1987)
Holland 1974
(Electroencephalography, EEG) (Electrooculography, EOG)
(Electrocardiography, ECG) (Electromyography, EMG)
(Air Flow) (Respiratory Effort)
(Blood Oxygen Saturation)
-
18
(Carskadon,1986)
(2)
(3)
Monitoring Sensor) (Gastroesophageal Reflux)
(Snoring Monitoring Sensor) ;
(Esophageal Pressure Monitoring Sensor)
(Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome)
Narcolepsy Questionnaire)
Buysee 1989
7
(Chinese Version of the Athens Insomnia Scale
CAIS) CAIS-8 1-8
CAIS-5 1-5
ICD-10 Insomnia
Self-assessment Inventory (ISAI)
Cronbach’s α 0.82-0.84
(Test-retest reliability) 0.84-0.86 CAIS ISAI
0.72-0.76 CAIS-8 CAIS-5
(Chiang et al., 2009)
8
23
2008 Tucker
Lessa 1940
24
2008
25
() (
) ;
(2)
:
28
;
(2006a)
2008
29
1995
2008
31
345 2002
1978 ~ 2001 2002
2005
2006
2010
2008
3 (1)
(2)
1998
2007
40
43
2003
45
……
2007
47
48
2007
……
50
(4)
20052010
53
(Biofeedback) (Guided Imagery)
CAM) (National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine, NCCAM) CAM
CAM
CAM
54
(Traditional Chinese Medicine) (Acupuncture)
(Biofeedback Training and Neurotherapy)
(Aromatherapy) (Music therapy) (Hypnotheraphy)
(Qigong and Tai Chi) (Yoga) (Relaxation)
(Mind Body Medicine) (Nutritional Medicine)
(Flower Essences) (Energy Medicine) (Homeopathy)
2009CAM
CAM
(Sarris and Byrme, 2011)
55
58
2007
59
;;
3.2
115
95.8%
3.3
Insomnia Scale 1-8CAIS 1-8) Cronbach’s α
0.82-0.84 (Test-retest reliability) 0.84-0.86
(Chiang, 2009 2009 Yen2010)
(Factor loading)
(Latent Variable Model)
(Maximum Likelihood
Estimator) (Bayes Theorem)
(Posterior Probability)
0.7533 0.8474
2007a, 2008
2009 44
2007a2008
:
66
100%
4.1
(1) 20 ~ 25 120 61
(50.8%) 59 (49.2%)
BMI 31.6 14.9 BMI
18.5 ~ 24 (55.6%) 32 BMI
24~27 (16.5%) 14 5 BMI
< 18.5 (17.4%) 12 8
BMI 27 ~ 30BMI 30 ~ 35 10.3% 7
5
24 8
45% 38
31.67%62.7% 28
23.33% 47.5%
62.3% 8.38 ± 0.47 47.5%
7.61 ± 0.47
17
22 0
72
4.34.1
5 ~ 10 66.8%
6 8
:
14.3% 5.0%
2 46.2% 37.8% 16%
3 28.6% 57.1% 14.3%
5.9%
5.9%
6 64.7% 25.2% 9.2%
0.8%
73
5.0%
(31.3%) 4 (3.5%) 7 (6.1%)
2 (1.7%) 66(57.4%)
66 , 57.4%
26 (22.61%) 40 (34.78%)
(58.3%)
5
6.41 ± 0.12
t- test (6.32 ± 0.16)
(6.50 ± 0.17) (8.38 ± 0.47)
(7.61 ± 0.47)
3. 4.8
4. 4.9
14
(11.76%) 37(31.09%) 3 (2.5%) 26
(21.85%)
10(8.40%) 6
(5.04%) 20 (16.81%) 17 (14.29%)
21 (17.65%) 21 (17.65%) 10 (8.40%)
14 (11.76%)
25 (21.01%) 8
(6.72%) 29 (24.37%) 35 (29.41%)
6 (5.04%) 12 (10.08%)
4.9 4.66 ± 0.19
4.52 ± 0.26
4.81 ± 0.27 > 40
(33.61%) 41(34.45%)
(4.52 ± 0.26) (4.81 ± 0.27)
76
/
18.5~24 32 (27.8) 32 (27.8)
24~27 14 (12.2) 5 (4.3)
27~30 5 (4.3) 2 (1.7)
30~35 2 (1.7) 3 (2.6)
79
22 0 8.00 ± 0.33
0 1 1 2 1.7
1 0 2 2 1.7
2 1 1 2 1.7
3 1 3 4 3.3
4 5 2 7 5.8
5 5 7 12 10.0
6 3 8 11 9.2
7 7 7 14 11.7
8 10 5 25 12.5
9 12 8 20 16.7
10 4 4 8 6.7
11 2 3 5 4.2
12 3 2 5 4.2
13 3 0 3 2.5
14 1 5 6 5.0
15 1 0 1 0.8
17 0 1 1 0.8
18 1 0 1 0.8
22 1 0 1 0.8
81
5(4.35) 7(6.09)
4(3.48) 1(0.87)
17(14.78) 29(25.22)
83
5.53 ± 0.29 5.26 ± 0.27
10 0 5.4 ± 0.2
1 0 2 (1.7)
10 5 (4.2) 0
%
86
%
7 0 1 (0.84)
2010 Lund > 60%
2010 Preišegolaviit 59.40%
2008 Shu 57.50%
92
93
94
2006
95
1980
60%
(Lund, Reider, Whiting& Roxanne Prichard, 2010) Verlander
2006
90
MMC
2007
4.81 ± 0.27 (8.38 ± 0.47)
(7.61 ± 0.47)
2007
3 5
101
2010
67
6.41 ± 0.12
103
:
109
1995
2005
2006b 547
2006c
230
30
2006
1990
2008
8140-45
2009231
111
43-52
625
627385-400
526221-238
2004
52
2008
1980
2010
113
13135-42
2007544
16-20
2007
2001
(2003)
1995
545-144
65-152
115
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J.
1989The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for
psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 282, 193-213.
Chiang, H. L., Chen, H. C., Bai, C. H., Che, H. H., Lee, M. B., Lai, S. H., et al.
2009A Validation Study of the Chinese Version of the Athens
Insomnia Scale. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry, 231, 43-52.
Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., & Prichard, J. R. 2010Sleep
patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college
students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 462,124-132.
Preisegolaviciute, E., Leskauskas, D., & Adomaitiene, V.2010Associations of
quality of sleep with lifestyle factors and profile of studies among
Lithuanian students. Medicina Kaunas, 467, 482-489.
Sharma, S., & Kavuru, M.2010Sleep and metabolisman overview.
International Journal of Endocrinology,1-12.
Soldatos, C. R., Dikeos, D. G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. J.2000Athens Insomnia
Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 486, 555-560.
Suen, L. K. P., Hon,K.L.E., Tam,W.W.S. 2008Association between sleep
behavior and sleep-related factors among university students in Hong
Kong. Chronobiology internatio,. 255, 760-775.
116
Taylor, D. J., Lichstein, K. L., & Durrence, H. H. 2003Insomnia as a health
risk factor.Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 14, 227-247.
Verlander, L. A., Benedict, J. O., & Hanson, D. P. 1999Stress and sleep
patterns of college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 883 ,
893-898.
Yen, C. F., King, B. H., & Chang, Y. P. 2010Factor structure of the Athens
Insomnia Scale and its associations with demographic characteristics and
depression in adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research, 191, 12-18.
117
[email protected]
:
:
1.
2. 7 20
Body Constitution Questionnaire, BCQ
CCMP93-RD-026
Copyright © 2007 Chinese Medicine Constitution Research Center. All rights reserved.
119
0-10
0 10
121
122
_
9902--00001
0718
Related Documents
