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The Effectiveness of BHIC’s Sea Turtle Nest Relocation Practices Amy Eldredge
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Page 1: The Effectiveness of BHIC's Sea Turtle Nest Relcation Practices

The  Effectiveness  of  BHIC’s  Sea  Turtle  Nest  Relocation  Practices  

Amy  Eldredge    

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Overview  

Ê  The  Bald  Head  Island  Conservancy’s  efforts  since  1983  

Ê  The  sea  turtle  monitoring  program  involved  nightly  monitoring  of  nesting  sea  turtles  Ê  Involving  tagging,  implementing  conservation  techniques  of  

caging  and  relocation,  and  recording  nests’  location,  hatching  and  emergence  success  rates,  and  incubation  period  

Ê  Study’s  Objective:  To  examine  the  relocation  practice  as  a  sea  turtle  nest  management  tool  on  the  Bald  Head  Island  beaches  

Ê  Study’s  Findings:  The  BHIC’s  use  of  relocation  is  an  important  nest  management  tool  

 

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Background  &  Significance    

Ê  There  are  seven  species  of  sea  turtle  of  which  three  have  nested  on  Bald  Head  Island:    

                                 Loggerhead                                                    Green                                              Leatherback  

Ê   It  is  difficult  to  find  population  numbers  for  sea  turtles    

Ê Observing  hatchlings  and  females  that  leave  the  water  to  lay  eggs  is  key      

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Nesting  Behavior  

Ê  Sea  turtles  tend  to  build  nests  in  the  general  region  where  they  were  born.  Cues  that  influence  this  behavior  include:  •  scent    •  surf  noise    •  magnetic  fields    •  offshore  currents  •  reefs  and  rocks  •  beach  slope  and  width    •  sand  texture  •  dune  vegetation  •  lighting  

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Nesting  Behavior  (continued)  

Ê When  females  come  to  the  shore  they  dig  out  a  nest  in  the  ground  with  their  back  flippers,  bury  their  clutch  of  eggs  and  return  to  the  ocean  

Ê  Sea  turtle  eggs’  incubation  period:  50-­‐70  days    

Ê Hatch  at  night  to  reduce  the  risk  of  predation    

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Major  Population  Declines  

Ê Overall  reduction  in  all  sea  turtle  populations    

Ê  All  seven  species  of  sea  turtles  are  endangered  and  several  factors  have  contributed  to  their  decline    Ê Heavy  predation  on  young  Ê  Poaching  of  eggs  and  adults  Ê  Pollution  Ê Unsound  fishing  practices  

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Conservation  Efforts  

Ê  Conservation  efforts  focused  on  sea  turtle  reproduction  since  hatchlings  are  vulnerable  and  nests  are  accessible  

Ê  Three  most  common  conservation  techniques:    Ê  Fencing  Ê  Screening/caging  Ê Relocating  

Ê  All  significantly  increase  hatchling  success  rate  –  Georgia  Study  

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Background  on  Relocation  Practices  

Ê  Relocating  involves  excavating  the  nest  that  is  at  risk  of:  Ê  Tidal  inundation  Ê  Erosion  

Ê  Eggs  are  carefully  placed  into  a  cooler  for  transport  

Ê  An  egg  chamber  is  then  dug  out  using  a  cockle  shell  

Ê  Eggs  are  placed  into  a  new/safe  nest  and  covered  up  

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Risks  with  Relocation  Practices  

Ê  Intense  patrolling  allows  nests  to  be  found  and  relocated  within  the  six  hour  window  before  development  starts  

Ê   Risks:  Ê  Embryo  mortality    Ê  Sex  ratio    Ê Hatchling  fitness  

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Relocation’s  Effect  on  Nest’s  Temperature  Ê  Relocations  generally  occur  further                                                                                                                                    

from  the  water  

Ê  Sand  temperature  increases  with                                                                                                                                                                distance  from  the  water  

Ê  Temperature  impacts  sea  turtle  eggs    

Ê  Affects  sex  ratio  

Ê  Incubation  periods  decreases  with                                                                                              increasing  temperature  

Ê  Hatching  success  may  decrease  for                                                                                                                                            nests  in  which  sand  temperatures                                                                                                                                      exceed  33C  

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Hypotheses  &  Predictions  

Ê H:  The  application  of  the  relocation  technique  would  affect  the  hatching  success  rate,  emergence  success  rate  and  the  incubation  period  in  comparison  to  in  situ  nests.  

Ê  P1:  Relocated  nests  will  have  a  lower  hatching  success  rate  

Ê  P2:  Relocated  nests  will  have  a  lower  emergence  success  rate  

Ê  P3:  Relocated  nests  will  have  a  shorter  incubation  period  

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Methods  

Ê  Sea  turtle  nesting  data  collected  from  the  nesting  and  hatching  seasons  for  2003-­‐2013  were  analyzed  

Ê  A  comparison  between  the  in  situ  and  relocated  nests  for:  Ê Hatching  Success  Rate                                      HS  =  #  Hatched  /  Total  #  Eggs  Ê  Emergence  Success  Rate                                      ES  =  (#  Hatched  –  (#  Live  +  #  Dead))  /    Total  #  Eggs  Ê  Incubation  Period                                            #  of  Days  between  Date  Laid  &  Date  Hatched  

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Statistical  Analysis  

Ê  Comparison  between  In  Situ  and  Relocated  Nests  

Ê Normality  Test    (Kolmogorov–Smirnov  test:  p<0.05)  

Ê Nonparametric  version  of  Independent  T-­‐Test  

Ê Mann-­‐Whitney  U  Test  

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Results:  Hatching  Success  Not  Significant  

Ê Mann-­‐Whitney  U  Test:  U=44083.500,  df=603,  df=154,  p=0.33    

 

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Results:  Emergence  Success  Not  Significant  

     

   

     

Ê Mann-­‐Whitney  U  Test:  U=45621.500,  df=603,  df=154,  p=0.737  

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Results:  Incubation  Period  Significant  

Ê Mann-­‐Whitney  U  Test:  U=16868.000,  df=438,  df=130,  p<0.001  

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Discussion  

Ê  For  Relocated  vs.  In  Situ  Nests:  Ê  Hatching  Success  did  not  change  Ê  Emergence  Success  did  not  change  Ê  Incubation  Period  was    shortened  

Ê  For  Hatching  &  Emergence  Success  this  is  good  news!  

Ê  Consider  implications  of  a                                                                                                                                          shorter  incubation  period:  

Ê  Used  to  predict  sex  ratio  Ê  Area  of  future  research  

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Relocation  Study  in  St.  Croix  Ê  Sandy  Point  National  Wildlife  Refuge,  St  Croix,  US  Virgin  Islands  

Ê Natural  beach  erosion:      Ê  loss  of  45–60%  leatherback  sea  turtle  eggs  per  year  

Ê  31·∙4–68·∙1%  of  the  nests  were  relocated    

Ê Overall  hatch  success  of  relocated  clutches  compared  to  in  situ  clutches  decreased  (53·∙7%  vs  64·∙1%)  

Ê  Relocation  of  “doomed  eggs”  resulted  in  a  net  gain  of  6650  hatchlings  over  4  years  

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Conclusion  

Ê  Relocation  is  a  successful  tool  to  continue  to  use!  

Ê  Bald  Head  Island  seeing  better  results  Ê  Compare  to  study  of  1997-­‐2001  data  

Ê  Still  be  cautious  

Ê  Strive  to  improve  technique  

Ê  Continue  research  and                                                                                                                                      investigate  consequences                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            of  a  short  incubation  period                                                                                                                          period  

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Future  Research  

Ê  Expand  analysis  to  include  earlier  years  of  data  collection  

Ê Next  Questions:  Why  do  we  need  to  relocate?  Ê Do  we  have  bad  beaches  or  bad  mothers?  

Ê  Examine  where  relocation  more  frequently  occurs  Ê  Per  individual,  how  has  the    percentage  of  relocations  

changed  over  time?  

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References  Ê  Baskale,  E.,  Kaska,  Y.  (2005)  Sea  turtle  nest  conservation  techniques  on  

 southwestern  beaches  in  Turkey.  Israel  Journal  of  Zoology.  51:13–26.  

Ê  Broderick,  A.  C.,  Glen,  F.,  Godley,  B.  J.,  Hays,  G.  C.  (2002)  Estimating  the  size  of    nesting  populations  of  green  and  loggerhead  turtles  in  the  Mediterranean.    Oryx.  36:  227–236.    

Ê  Davenport,  J.,  Davenport,  J.L.  (2006)  The  impact  of  tourism  and  personal  leisure    transport  on  coastal  environments:  A  review.  Estuarine,  Coastal  and  Shelf    Science.  67(1-­‐2):280-­‐292.  

Ê  Davidson,  O.  G.  (1998)  The  Enchanted  Braid.  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  Inc:  New  York.  

Ê  Eckert,  K.L.,  Eckert,  S.A.  (1990)  Embryo  mortality  and  hatch  success  in  In  Situ  and    translocated  leatherback  sea  turtle  Dermochelys  coriacea  eggs.  Biological    conservation.  53(1):37-­‐46.    

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References  (continued)  Ê  Matsuzawa,  Y.,  Sato,  K.,  Sakamoto,  W.,  Bjorndal,  K.  (2002)  Seasonal  fluctuations  in  

 sand  temperature:  effects  on  the  incubation  period  and  mortality  of    loggerhead  sea  turtle  (Caretta  caretta)  pre-­‐emergent  hatchings  in    Minabe,Japan.  Marine  Biology.  140  (3):639-­‐646.    

Ê  Pike,  D.A.  (2008)  Environmental  correlates  of  nesting  in  loggerhead  turtles,  Caretta    caretta.  Animal  Behaviour.  76:  603-­‐610.    

Ê  Pinedo,  M.C.,  Polacheck.  T.  (2004)  Sea  turtle  bycatch  in  pelagic  longline  sets  off    southern  Brazil.  Biological  Conservation.  119:  335–339.  

Ê  Weishampel,  J.F.,  Bagley,  D.A.,  Ehrhart,  L.M.,  Rodenbeack,  B.L.  (2003)    Spatiotemporal  patterns  of  annual  sea  turtle  nesting  behaviors  along  an  East    Central  Florida  beach.  Biological  Conservation.  110(2):295-­‐303.    

Ê  Wyneken,  J.,  Burke,  T.  J.,  Salmon,  M.,  Pedersn,  D.  K.  (1988)  Egg  Failure  in  Natural    and  Relocated  Sea  Turtle  Nests.  Journal  of  Herpetology.  22(1):88-­‐96.    

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Thank  You!  

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