The Effect of Sports The Effect of Sports Team Cohesion on Team Cohesion on Aggression, Cheating Aggression, Cheating and Alcohol and Alcohol Consumption Consumption Jenny Braun and Lauren Drew Jenny Braun and Lauren Drew Hanover College Hanover College
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The Effect of Sports Team Cohesion on Aggression, Cheating and Alcohol Consumption Jenny Braun and Lauren Drew Hanover College.
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The Effect of Sports Team The Effect of Sports Team Cohesion on Aggression, Cohesion on Aggression,
Cheating and Alcohol Cheating and Alcohol ConsumptionConsumption
Jenny Braun and Lauren DrewJenny Braun and Lauren Drew
Hanover CollegeHanover College
Team SportsTeam Sports
The ‘need to belong’ is an innate feature The ‘need to belong’ is an innate feature of human nature of human nature (Spink, 1998, Baumeister & Leary, 1995)(Spink, 1998, Baumeister & Leary, 1995)
Teams provide a forum for satisfying the Teams provide a forum for satisfying the fundamental human drive of needing to fundamental human drive of needing to belong belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995)(Baumeister & Leary, 1995)
Definition of CohesionDefinition of Cohesion
When teammates subscribe to the team’s When teammates subscribe to the team’s goals, socialize and pursue common goals goals, socialize and pursue common goals outside the realm of athletic activityoutside the realm of athletic activity
Impact of CohesionImpact of Cohesion
Many positive outcomes associated with cohesion (Spink, 1998; Prapavessis & Carron, 1997)
“Cohesion is associated with increased conformity to group norms” (Prapvessis & Carron, 1997, 232)
“High cohesive groups exerted more pressure on members toward compliance with group norms then did low cohesive groups” (Festinger, Gerard & Hymovitch, 1952 as cited in Prapavessis & Carron, 1997, p. 232)
Aggression and Team SportsAggression and Team Sports
Increased by zero-sum game structure (Lefebvre & Passer, 1974)
One of the most important problems in contemporary sport (Lefebvre & Passer, 1974)
Cultural-spectators prefer events with more aggressive acts (Makela, 1975)
Cheating in Team SportsCheating in Team Sports
“Willful rule violation” - actions which are considered unacceptable are done on purpose to gain benefit, at the potential cost of a penalty (Roberts, 1996)
Tone for acceptable behavior, including cheating, set by institution or team (Roberts, 1996)
Aggression and CheatingAggression and CheatingCheating and aggression are more
prominent:By malesIn older athletesIn individuals who have been playing the sport
longerTeam cohesion positively related to
expectations that teammates would cheat and aggress, and that coach would support behavior (Light Shields et al., 1995)
Team Sports and Alcohol Team Sports and Alcohol ConsumptionConsumption
o Sports team participation is associated with high rates of substance use, including alcohol (Rockafellow & Saules, 2006).
o A study by the NCAA found that over 80% of college athletes drink (Martens, Dams-O’Connor, and Beck, 2006)
HypothesisHypothesis
Perception of higher team cohesiveness Perception of higher team cohesiveness will be associated with more favorable will be associated with more favorable attitudes towards aggression and cheatingattitudes towards aggression and cheating
Teams which are perceived to be highly Teams which are perceived to be highly cohesive will have higher rates of drinkingcohesive will have higher rates of drinking
MethodMethod
ParticipantsObtained through emailing link for survey to
Athletic DirectorsCollege level athletes or former athletes
174 final participants58 Females116 MalesAges 18 – 57
Median age = 19 years oldMean age = 20 years old
Method
ProcedureInformed ConsentParticipants indicate the following:
Sports team(s) (e.g. basketball, soccer, etc.)Position on teamNumber of years participating per sportBasic demographics (age, gender, nationality)