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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
1877-0428 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer-review under responsibility of Universidad Pablo de Olavide.doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.046
ScienceDirect
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Abstract
2'8$+(4%1*?(%41,A#%'1(%+I3*0'%,/%I,)31,-,7+0*-%J#,A-($7(%,#%7)*II*'+0*-%*A*)(#(44%*#$%)(*$+#7%*01+(?(I(#'%9.*)-+4-(H%KLLMN%
B*)+#(--+(%*#$%O#(+-(H%"PK";Q%=1()(%*)(% /*0',)4H% 4801%*4% -,A%3),$80'+?+'>% *#$%,3*0+'>H%A1+01%I*J(%$()+?($%A,)$4%$+//+08-'% ',%
8#$()4'*#$Q%=1,4(%*#$% '1(%$((3%4')80'8)(%,/%,3*R8(%$()+?($%A,)$4%#(($%/8)'1()% +#?(4'+7*'+,#%9E*>*')+H%"PK!N%2())*#,FD,-*$()H%
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48//+@% +4% *33-+($Q%:*01% ,/% '1(4(% 01*#7(4%A*4%I(*48)($% ,?()% *% 0,)384% ,/% MMP% $()+?($%A,)$4%A+'1% 3),$80'+?(% 23*#+41% 48//+@(4%
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1. Introduction
&#% 23*#+41H% I*#>% #(A%A,)$4% *)(% /,)I($% T>% *$$+#7% *% 48//+@% ',% *% ),,'% A,)$H% (Q7Q%4(1&4H&,% [% 4(1&$H&I#Q%\1(#%
4'8$(#'4%(#0,8#'()%'1+4%'>3(%,/%A,)$4%$8)+#7%)(*$+#7H%'1(>%8#$()4'*#$%4,I(%T(''()%'1*#%,'1()4Q%=A,%*43(0'4%)(-*'($%
',%'1(%31(#,I(#,#%,/%I,)31,-,7+0*-%0,I3-(@+'>%*)(%,3*0+'>%*#$%3),$80'+?+'>Q%%
G%.,))(43,#$+#7%*8'1,)Q%%
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© 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer-review under responsibility of Universidad Pablo de Olavide.
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155 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161
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$%"(9L+ .%11(2-'(#96+S(',+ ',(.+ .&-50:+/0+ (9'09$+ '#+ 4"#)0+ ',-'+ #4-&('*+ (.+ 9#'+ -9+ -<.#5%'0+ '0"3:+ <%'+ -+ "05-'()0+ )-5%0+/(',(9+-+ 	'(9%%3+=>#/0".:+@AAZI6+c-)(9L+-9+#4-&('*+ .&-50+/(55+<0+-+%.01%5+ '##5+ '#+-..0..+/#"$+4"#&0..(9L+-9$+"0-$(9L+$(11(&%5'(0.:+-9$+'#+$0)05#4+-44"#4"(-'0+(9'0")09'(#9+(9.'"%309'.+1#"+.'%$09'.+'#+#)0"+',#.0+$(11(&%5'(0.6+
2. Research questions
b,0+1#55#/(9L+"0.0-"&,+8%0.'(#9.+L%($0$+',0+4"0.09'+.'%$*d+
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3. Methodology
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O+&#"4%.+#1+BBA+$0"()0$+/#"$.+1"#3+-+"(5-'(#9+#1+4"#$%&'()0+.%11(20.+=MNOP+@AAHI+/-.+-9-5*_0$:+-9$+-+5(.'+#1+3#"4,#5#L(&-5+-9$+.03-9'(&+&,-9L0.+/-.+&"0-'0$6+b,0+)-5%0.+"-9L0$+-5#9L+-+	'(9%%3+#1+#4-&('*d+',0+L"0-'0"+',0+ 9%3<0"+ #1+ &,-9L0.+ 1"#3+ ',0+ 5033-+ '#+ ',0+ $0"()0$+ /#"$:+ ',0+ 3#"0+ #4-8%0+ ',0+ $0"()0$+ /#"$+ /#%5$+ <06+ O+4"05(3(9-"*+ .&-50+ #1+ #4-&('*+/-.+ $0)05#40$+ =.00+ R(L6+ HI6+ R#"+ ',0+ 1(9-5+ .&-50+ #1+ #4-&('*:+ (9+ #"$0"+ '#+30-.%"0+ ',0+$(11(&%5'*+ -$$0$+ <*+ ',0+ .%11(2:+ /0+ '##X+ (9'#+ 	.($0"-'(#9+ ',0+ 1"08%09&*+ #1+ ',0+ &,-9L0.+ -9$+ ',0+ .'%$09'.Y+40"1#"3-9&0+/,09+$0-5(9L+/(',+$0"()0$+/#"$.6+++
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156 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161
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157 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161
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4. Participants
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5. Results
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158 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161
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159 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161
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6. Discussion
D./7"0C% .-,=,)0*% *045,)0*% 1-28% -,?/0")#%+2-5*% 1-28% 0:,% */8,% ?,A"7/?% 1/8"?C$% E)% #,),-/?6% 2./7"0C% :/*% /% 5,,.,-%,11,70%2)%*045,)0*%+"0:%/%+,/F,-%82-.:2?2#"7/?%/+/-,),**%?,=,?$%G"0:")%0:,%72)0")448%21%24-%2./7"0C%*7/?,6% 0:,-,%+,-,%*,=,-/?%7:/)#,*%0:/0%/11,70,5%*045,)0*H%.,-12-8/)7,%),#/0"=,?C$%I:,%82*0%7:/??,)#")#%+2-5*%/0%/??%?,=,?*%+,-,%0+2%5,-"=,5%+2-5*%+:2*,%-220%+,)0%J/7F%02%K/0")$%L20:%:/5%/%?2+%
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")1"A,5%5,-"=,5%+2-5*%+,-,%/?*2%7:/??,)#")#%/7-2**%?,=,?*$%G,%)20"7,5%0:/0%./-0"7"./)0*%0,)5,5%02%")7?45,%*28,%./-0*%21%/%*411"A%2-% 0:,% ")1"A% ")% 0:,% ?,88/$%!2-%,A/8.?,6%+"0:% 0:,%.*,452>+2-5%S')1&0+'&% N')1&T&0T+'&Q%*28,%*045,)0*%."7F,5%')1&0%2&%2=,-%')1&/*:2+")#%0:,"-%.-,1,-,)7,%12-%82-,%0-/)*./-,)0%?,88/*$%%U-25470"="0C6%2)%0:,%20:,-%:/)56%*,,8*%02%J,%/%.2*"0"=,%1/702-%")%0:,%4)5,-*0/)5")#%21%5,-"=/0"2)$%V045,)0*%+,-,%
/J?,% 02% 5,547,% 0:/0% S3)'4+'&% +/*% 5,-"=,5% 1-28% S3)'4)6% /?0:24#:% J20:% /-,% .*,452>+2-5*% ")% V./)"*:$% E)% /55"0"2)6%./-0"7"./)0*%5,1"),5%0:,%.*,452>+2-5%S*&0&.'&!)'%O+2-5%8/F,-P%*"8"?/-?C$%(?0:24#:%.:2)20/70"7/??C%.?/4*"J?,6%0:/0%+2-5>*411"A%728J")/0"2)%52,*%)20%2774-%")%0:,%?/)#4/#,$%%U-25470"="0C% "*% /?*2% -,?/0,5% 02% *,8/)0"7% *.,7"1"7"0C$% I:/0% 8,/)*% 0:/0% /% =,-C% 72)7-,0,% 8,/)")#% ")% /% *411"A% :/*%
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
7. Conclusions
E)%0:,%.-,*,)0%*045C%+,%124)5%0:/0%;;0:%#-/5,-*%:/5%/%J,00,-%4)5,-*0/)5")#%21%5,-"=,5%+2-5*%/)5%/%82-,%,11"7",)0%+-"00,)%,A.-,**"2)%0:/)%./-0"7"./)0*%/0%?2+,-%?,=,?*%/)5%)2)>)/0"=,%*045,)0*$%(10,-%/)/?CW")#%24-%72-.4*%/)5%*045,)0*H%.,-12-8/)7,6%0:,%2./7"0C%*7/?,%")%V./)"*:%*0/)5*%/*%")%!"#$%9$%R:/)#,*%
-/)#,%1-28%82-,%2./M4,%02%?,**%2./M4,$%(?0:24#:%)20%/??%21%0:,8%:/=,%J,,)%.-2=,)%")%0:"*%*045C6%14-0:,-%,="5,)7,%"*%),,5,5%02%5,0,-8"),%0:,"-%.2*"0"2)%+"0:")%0:,%*7/?,%C,0$%%
Page 7
160 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161
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References
E,42"*2"F+%91%E2*91<"*,%91%3*%31+#.*%1,)*G43*$%HIJKJL$%!"#$%&'()'*(%+,%&-#&.%&.#/*"%%2'.%$%8*9:"9'%M,)*,*$%N44"O>%P$%HIJJQL$%34#&*(%55%(&'+&6'(-0$%50/4:9'%50/4:9%R+";1:,"67%S:1,,$%%N4A1:,>%S$%HIJJTL$%7--8/*&)(%/01%(#/9:&)'&5'(14'.'*89%..:&'1%;"#&6'(-0&)4('"*4&8/0)("9)8'/$%U",,1:6*6"4+$%V.11+@,%R+";1:,"67$%W"+#,64+>%
5+6*:"4>%X*+*9Y$%X*:3",31%Z$%!$%HK&[\L$%]-1%.,1%4/%<4:)-434#"2*3%C+4A319#1%"+%,)133"+#%91:";19%/4:<,%?7%31*:+"+#%9",*?319%*+9%+4:<*3%,6.91+6,$%7//%.0&'+&
<:0.#=8%> >?>%&JBKJ[$%X*:3",31%Z$%!$%HK&[[L$%W+4A319#1%4/%91:";*6"4+*3%<4:)-434#7%*+9%,)133"+#%*?"3"67%"+%/4.:6->%,"06->%*+9%1"#-6-%#:*91:,$%711.8#-&@0:94'.8/*"80)890>
AB>%K\\BK&Q$%X*:3",31>%Z$%!$%HK&&QL$%84:)-434#"2*3%*A*:1+1,,%*+9%1*:37%:1*9"+#%*2-"1;1<1+6$%D+%^$N%!139<*+%HM9$L>%C'(14'.'*89%.&%01#9)0&'+&.%/*"%*#&
1('9#008/* H))$%K[&BIJ&L$%_"33,9*31>%`Z'%M:3?*.<$%%X*:3",31>%Z$%!$HIJJJL$%EA*:1+1,,%4/%6-1%,6:.26.:1%*+9%<1*+"+#%4/%<4:)-434#"2*337%24<)310%A4:9,'%D<)*26%4+%:1*9"+#$%D#%-8/*&%/-&E(8)8/*> AFG >H
B>KT&BK&J$%X*:3",31>%Z$>%a%E9",4+%(64+1>%X$%HIJJQL$%M0)34:"+#%6-1%:431%4/%<4:)-1<1,%"+%A4:9%:1*9"+#$%I/)#(/%)8'/%.&D#%-8/*&700'98%)8'/$ BJ> B>%bI[Bbb&$%X*:3",31%Z$>%a%!31<"+#>%Z$%HIJJcL$%^10"2*3%):421,,"+#%4/%<4:)-434#"2*337%24<)310%A4:9,%"+%6-1%131<1+6*:7%71*:,$%K98#/)8+89&K)"-8#0&8/&D#%-8/*G&?>
Ic&BIQb$%U*,C4;Y>%8$%HIJJTL$%K"+8L'0&M7<7G&H7<NG&H7ONG&H7PQR&%/S.8080&5'(+'.T*89'&:&0#5S/)89'$%U",,1:6*6"4+$%8*,*:7C4;*%R+";1:="6*>%X=12-%d1).?3"2$%%P*7*6:">%d$%HIJKcL$%D'.#&'+&@4'/'.'*89%.&N1%98):&%/-&C'(14'.'*89%.&U/'6.#-*#&8/&@(#-89)8/*&KV8..0&8/&K94''.H7*#&W48.-(#/$%%U",,1:6*6"4+$%5-"4%
R+";1:,"67>%E6-1+,>%5-"4>%R(E$%^Y=*:4%^F)1=Be"33*,1G4:>%8$%HIJJ[L$&Q.&)%5%2'&-#&+%58.8%R&9'((#.%)'0&9'/-"9)"%.#0&:&-#&(#01"#0)%&9#(#X(%.&-#.&1%1#.&-#&.%&5'(+'.'*,%&#/&#.&
(#9'/'9858#/)'&.Y=89'$%U",,1:6*6"4+$%R+";1:,"9*9%X4<)3.61+,1%91%8*9:"9>%8*9:"9>%()*"+$%8*2C*7>%U$%HK&\[L$%U1:";*6"4+*3%:.31,%*+9%6-1%D+61:+*3%^10"24+$%P'"(/%.&'+&Z#(X%.&[#%(/8/*&%/-&Z#(X%.&\#4%$8'"(> A?>%TKB\K$%8*:"+1337>%($>%a%W+1"31>%^$%HIJKIL$%E2f.":"+#%C+4A319#1%4/%U1:";19%`4<"+*3,%*+9%U1:";19%E9O126";1,%"+%X4+6106$%[%/*"%*#G&K1##94G&%/-&
]#%(8/*&K#($89#0&8/&K94''.0> B>G&QcBTQ$%
Page 8
161 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161
!"#$%"&'()*)'+,---.)'!"#$%&"'()*#$(+,#(%&-*&.('/01$+(2,&/*'*#,.3&4%5%$&6&7&66)'!/0#102'34%5$616)'7$/8'9:/0$;1/'<6=/>"8/)'+,-?,.)'8(22(%',#(%&-*&.,&.*'/",&*$9,:%.,&+@1AB61;"'6$AC%0/'$01:1D%.)'7$5#1$E$0'F#";'GH55=2IIJJJ)#/$)$6IK)'3$##/%"LM"8/0$#&'M)'+,--N.)'O/';"#F"8"A4/'8BP1:/'$%'$8'Q;R15"'0$8'$6=/>"8':";"'8$%AC/'$P5#/%S$#/)'T%'<)'U$81V'9#WC1"8/'+<0).&';,&5%#<%.%/1,&,&
-*=,+*'+==)'?XYL?NZ.)'(/B%2'[%1E$#610/0'0$'(/B%)'\1%06"#&'()'+,---.)']H$'#"8$'"F'=H"%"8"A1:/8'"=/:15^'1%'#$/01%A'/:H1$E$;$%5)'>%"#',.&%<&?9**2@&'O/%AC/A$&'/%0'_$/#1%A'7$6$/#:H&'AB&'Y-LN?)'`/:/#4/6'a"%:$'0$'O$D%&'7)'U)'+,-?-.)'<6WC$;/6'#1E/8$6'$%'8/'F"#;/:1D%'0$'=/8/R#/6'0$8'$6=/>"8)'C'%5,DE('& F&'YZLb,)'