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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 (2015) 154 – 161 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com 1877-0428 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Universidad Pablo de Olavide. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.046 ScienceDirect !"#$ &#'()#*'+,#*- .,#/()(#0( ,/ '1( 23*#+41 544,0+*'+,# ,/ 533-+($ 6+#78+4'+04 95:265;< 6*#78*7( &#$84')+(4 *#$ 2,0+*- .1*#7( =1( (//(0' ,/ ,3*0+'> *#$ 3),$80'+?+'> ,/ 23*#+41 48//+@(4 ,# $()+?($ A,)$4 B*)C* D,-,)(4 E*)0C*F=,))(4 * GH :I+-+* 5-,#4,FB*)J4 * ! "#$%&%'%( *+, %-( ./0&,&1!2 3%'45 +* 6!#7'!7(8 9:; <+,45 =!228 >-&+ ?#&@(,$&%58 A%-(#$8 :B;CD8 ?3A Abstract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ntroduction &# 23*#+41H I*#> #(A A,)$4 *)( /,)I($ T> *$$+#7 * 48//+@ ', * ),,' A,)$H (Q7Q 4(1&4H&, [ 4(1&$H&I#Q \1(# 4'8$(#'4 (#0,8#'() '1+4 '>3( ,/ A,)$4 $8)+#7 )(*$+#7H '1(> 8#$()4'*#$ 4,I( T(''() '1*# ,'1()4Q =A, *43(0'4 )(-*'($ ', '1( 31(#,I(#,# ,/ I,)31,-,7+0*- 0,I3-(@+'> *)( ,3*0+'> *#$ 3),$80'+?+'>Q G .,))(43,#$+#7 *8'1,)Q .H/!&2 !44,($$G I$,7*)',)]*-8IQ84Q(4 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Universidad Pablo de Olavide.
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The effect of opacity and productivity of Spanish suffixes on derived words

Apr 21, 2023

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Page 1: The effect of opacity and productivity of Spanish suffixes on derived words

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

1877-0428 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer-review under responsibility of Universidad Pablo de Olavide.doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.046

ScienceDirect

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=1(%(//(0'%,/%,3*0+'>%*#$%3),$80'+?+'>%,/%23*#+41%48//+@(4%,#%

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B*)C*%D,-,)(4%E*)0C*F=,))(4*GH%:I+-+*%5-,#4,FB*)J4*

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Abstract

2'8$+(4%1*?(%41,A#%'1(%+I3*0'%,/%I,)31,-,7+0*-%J#,A-($7(%,#%7)*II*'+0*-%*A*)(#(44%*#$%)(*$+#7%*01+(?(I(#'%9.*)-+4-(H%KLLMN%

B*)+#(--+(%*#$%O#(+-(H%"PK";Q%=1()(%*)(% /*0',)4H% 4801%*4% -,A%3),$80'+?+'>% *#$%,3*0+'>H%A1+01%I*J(%$()+?($%A,)$4%$+//+08-'% ',%

8#$()4'*#$Q%=1,4(%*#$% '1(%$((3%4')80'8)(%,/%,3*R8(%$()+?($%A,)$4%#(($%/8)'1()% +#?(4'+7*'+,#%9E*>*')+H%"PK!N%2())*#,FD,-*$()H%

"PPS;Q

=1(%7,*-%,/%'1+4%4'8$>%+4%',%$(?(-,3%*%40*-(%,/%,3*0+'>%*-,#7%*%0,#'+#88I%T*4($%,#%'1(%#8IT()%,/%01*#7(4%',%'1(%-(II*%A1(#%'1(%

48//+@% +4% *33-+($Q%:*01% ,/% '1(4(% 01*#7(4%A*4%I(*48)($% ,?()% *% 0,)384% ,/% MMP% $()+?($%A,)$4%A+'1% 3),$80'+?(% 23*#+41% 48//+@(4%

9DU5:H%"PPK;Q%K!P%#*'+?(%23*#+41%1+71F401,,-%4'8$(#'4%*#$%*%4I*--%7),83%,/%*$?*#0($%#,#F#*'+?(%0,--(7(%4'8$(#'4%,/%23*#+41%

A()(%'(4'($%,#%'1(%40*-(Q%%

U(48-'4%)(?(*-%'1(%84(/8-#(44%,/%'1(%40*-(%',%*44(44%3),0(44+#7%*#$%)(*$+#7%$+//+08-'+(4%+#%23*#+41Q%V*-+$*'+,#%)(48-'4%+#$+0*'(%'1*'%

*--%3*)'+0+3*#'4%)(*0'%+#%*%4+I+-*)%A*>%A1(#%/*0+#7%T*4+0%I,)31,-,7+0*-%$(0+4+,#4Q%

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X(()F)(?+(A%8#$()%)(43,#4+T+-+'>%,/%Y#+?()4+$*$%X*T-,%$(%Z-*?+$(Q%

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1. Introduction

&#% 23*#+41H% I*#>% #(A%A,)$4% *)(% /,)I($% T>% *$$+#7% *% 48//+@% ',% *% ),,'% A,)$H% (Q7Q%4(1&4H&,% [% 4(1&$H&I#Q%\1(#%

4'8$(#'4%(#0,8#'()%'1+4%'>3(%,/%A,)$4%$8)+#7%)(*$+#7H%'1(>%8#$()4'*#$%4,I(%T(''()%'1*#%,'1()4Q%=A,%*43(0'4%)(-*'($%

',%'1(%31(#,I(#,#%,/%I,)31,-,7+0*-%0,I3-(@+'>%*)(%,3*0+'>%*#$%3),$80'+?+'>Q%%

G%.,))(43,#$+#7%*8'1,)Q%%

.H/!&2)!44,($$G%I$,7*)',)]*-8IQ84Q(4%

© 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer-review under responsibility of Universidad Pablo de Olavide.

Page 2: The effect of opacity and productivity of Spanish suffixes on derived words

155 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161

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`(55-.0a#":+ @AAVC+ 7#"09#:+ @AAAI6+ T#9.08%09'5*:+ $0"()-'(#9-5+ "%50.+ -9$+ .%11(20.+ &-9+ <0+ .'#"0$:+(9&"0-.(9L+',0+011(&(09&*+/(',+/,(&,+.40-X0".+%9$0".'-9$+-9$+4"#$%&0+/#"$.+=7-&X-*:+HUWVI6++b,0+L#-5+ #1+ ',(.+ .'%$*+ (.+ '#+$0)05#4+ -+ .&-50+#1+#4-&('*+<-.0$+#9+ ',0+9%3<0"+#1+ &,-9L0.+ -445(0$+ '#+ ',0+ 5033-+

$%"(9L+ .%11(2-'(#96+S(',+ ',(.+ .&-50:+/0+ (9'09$+ '#+ 4"#)0+ ',-'+ #4-&('*+ (.+ 9#'+ -9+ -<.#5%'0+ '0"3:+ <%'+ -+ "05-'()0+ )-5%0+/(',(9+-+ &#9'(9%%3+=>#/0".:+@AAZI6+c-)(9L+-9+#4-&('*+ .&-50+/(55+<0+-+%.01%5+ '##5+ '#+-..0..+/#"$+4"#&0..(9L+-9$+"0-$(9L+$(11(&%5'(0.:+-9$+'#+$0)05#4+-44"#4"(-'0+(9'0")09'(#9+(9.'"%309'.+1#"+.'%$09'.+'#+#)0"&#30+',#.0+$(11(&%5'(0.6+

2. Research questions

b,0+1#55#/(9L+"0.0-"&,+8%0.'(#9.+L%($0$+',0+4"0.09'+.'%$*d+

H6 S,(&,+-"0+',0+3-(9+3#"4,#5#L(&-5+&,-9L0.+/(',(9+$0"()-'(#9e+@6 O"0+',0+&,-9L0.+$(.&#)0"0$+&#9.(.'09'+',"#%L,#%'+',0+K4-9(.,+502(&#9e++\6 S(55+#4-&('*+-9$+4"#$%&'()('*+(9'0"10"0+/(',+.'%$09'.Y+%9$0".'-9$(9L+#1+$0"()0$+/#"$.e+f6 J.+3#"4,#5#L(&-5+-/-"090..+4"#4#"'(#9-5+'#+',0+'(30+.'%$09'.+.409$+50-"9(9L+3#"4,#5#L*+(9+',0+&5-.."##3e++

3. Methodology

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O+&#"4%.+#1+BBA+$0"()0$+/#"$.+1"#3+-+&#34(5-'(#9+#1+4"#$%&'()0+.%11(20.+=MNOP+@AAHI+/-.+-9-5*_0$:+-9$+-+5(.'+#1+3#"4,#5#L(&-5+-9$+.03-9'(&+&,-9L0.+/-.+&"0-'0$6+b,0+)-5%0.+"-9L0$+-5#9L+-+&#9'(9%%3+#1+#4-&('*d+',0+L"0-'0"+',0+ 9%3<0"+ #1+ &,-9L0.+ 1"#3+ ',0+ 5033-+ '#+ ',0+ $0"()0$+ /#"$:+ ',0+ 3#"0+ #4-8%0+ ',0+ $0"()0$+ /#"$+ /#%5$+ <06+ O+4"05(3(9-"*+ .&-50+ #1+ #4-&('*+/-.+ $0)05#40$+ =.00+ R(L6+ HI6+ R#"+ ',0+ 1(9-5+ .&-50+ #1+ #4-&('*:+ (9+ #"$0"+ '#+30-.%"0+ ',0+$(11(&%5'*+ -$$0$+ <*+ ',0+ .%11(2:+ /0+ '##X+ (9'#+ &#9.($0"-'(#9+ ',0+ 1"08%09&*+ #1+ ',0+ &,-9L0.+ -9$+ ',0+ .'%$09'.Y+40"1#"3-9&0+/,09+$0-5(9L+/(',+$0"()0$+/#"$.6+++

Page 3: The effect of opacity and productivity of Spanish suffixes on derived words

156 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161

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Page 4: The effect of opacity and productivity of Spanish suffixes on derived words

157 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161

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4. Participants

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5. Results

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158 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161

!"#$%&'($&)*+,&!"#$%&"'&-.*/'(01&2*3$&*4&'($3&)*/5,&6(**2$&!"#$%()&-7/#$%"5$0&"%2'$8,&*4&!*#$%&-.*/%!01&82&)$&68%&2$$&"%&9"!:&;:&&

9"!:&;<&=%2)$+&>8''$+%&4*+&!"#$%&+"'

?($&6(8%!$&*4&'($&#*)$5&"%&'($&5$338&"2&'($&3*2'&6*%45"6'"%!&*%$&4*+&855&2'/,$%'21&82&)$&68%&2$$&"%&9"!:&@&8%,&9"!:&A:&&&

9"!:&@<&=%2)$+&>8''$+%&4*+&,*-'+.!$:

9"!:&A<&=%2)$+&>8''$+%&4*+&&-"$/"+$:

?($&2$6*%,&3*2'&>+*B5$38'"6&6(8%!$&866*+,"%!&'*&'($&+$2/5'2&"2&'($&866/3/58'"*%&*4&')*&,"44$+$%'&2/44"C$2&"%&'($&283$&5$338&8%,&'($&/2$&*4&8%&"%4"CD&8%&$C83>5$&*4&'($&4"+2'&*%$&"%&9"!:&E:&&

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159 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161

!"#$%&'%()*+,-%./00,-)%12-%!"#$%&'%&#$%(')$

34-")#%+2-5%5,1")"0"2)6%./-0"7"./)0*%1-28%90:%/)5%;<0:%#-/5,%0,)5,5%02%/=2"5%)2)>1/8"?"/-%+2-5*$%@2+,=,-6%0:,*,%./-0"7"./)0*% /)5% )2)>)/0"=,% *045,)0*% *:2+,5% 7,-0/")% /+/-,),**% 21% *411"A% 8,/)")#$% B-24.*% *:2+,5% )2% 5"11"74?0C%-,?/0")#%#-/88/-%7/0,#2-C%+"0:%*C)0/70"7%14)70"2)$%%

6. Discussion

D./7"0C% .-,=,)0*% *045,)0*% 1-28% -,?/0")#%+2-5*% 1-28% 0:,% */8,% ?,A"7/?% 1/8"?C$% E)% #,),-/?6% 2./7"0C% :/*% /% 5,,.,-%,11,70%2)%*045,)0*%+"0:%/%+,/F,-%82-.:2?2#"7/?%/+/-,),**%?,=,?$%G"0:")%0:,%72)0")448%21%24-%2./7"0C%*7/?,6% 0:,-,%+,-,%*,=,-/?%7:/)#,*%0:/0%/11,70,5%*045,)0*H%.,-12-8/)7,%),#/0"=,?C$%I:,%82*0%7:/??,)#")#%+2-5*%/0%/??%?,=,?*%+,-,%0+2%5,-"=,5%+2-5*%+:2*,%-220%+,)0%J/7F%02%K/0")$%L20:%:/5%/%?2+%

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

")1"A,5%5,-"=,5%+2-5*%+,-,%/?*2%7:/??,)#")#%/7-2**%?,=,?*$%G,%)20"7,5%0:/0%./-0"7"./)0*%0,)5,5%02%")7?45,%*28,%./-0*%21%/%*411"A%2-% 0:,% ")1"A% ")% 0:,% ?,88/$%!2-%,A/8.?,6%+"0:% 0:,%.*,452>+2-5%S')1&0+'&% N')1&T&0T+'&Q%*28,%*045,)0*%."7F,5%')1&0%2&%2=,-%')1&/*:2+")#%0:,"-%.-,1,-,)7,%12-%82-,%0-/)*./-,)0%?,88/*$%%U-25470"="0C6%2)%0:,%20:,-%:/)56%*,,8*%02%J,%/%.2*"0"=,%1/702-%")%0:,%4)5,-*0/)5")#%21%5,-"=/0"2)$%V045,)0*%+,-,%

/J?,% 02% 5,547,% 0:/0% S3)'4+'&% +/*% 5,-"=,5% 1-28% S3)'4)6% /?0:24#:% J20:% /-,% .*,452>+2-5*% ")% V./)"*:$% E)% /55"0"2)6%./-0"7"./)0*%5,1"),5%0:,%.*,452>+2-5%S*&0&.'&!)'%O+2-5%8/F,-P%*"8"?/-?C$%(?0:24#:%.:2)20/70"7/??C%.?/4*"J?,6%0:/0%+2-5>*411"A%728J")/0"2)%52,*%)20%2774-%")%0:,%?/)#4/#,$%%U-25470"="0C% "*% /?*2% -,?/0,5% 02% *,8/)0"7% *.,7"1"7"0C$% I:/0% 8,/)*% 0:/0% /% =,-C% 72)7-,0,% 8,/)")#% ")% /% *411"A% :/*%

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

7. Conclusions

E)%0:,%.-,*,)0%*045C%+,%124)5%0:/0%;;0:%#-/5,-*%:/5%/%J,00,-%4)5,-*0/)5")#%21%5,-"=,5%+2-5*%/)5%/%82-,%,11"7",)0%+-"00,)%,A.-,**"2)%0:/)%./-0"7"./)0*%/0%?2+,-%?,=,?*%/)5%)2)>)/0"=,%*045,)0*$%(10,-%/)/?CW")#%24-%72-.4*%/)5%*045,)0*H%.,-12-8/)7,6%0:,%2./7"0C%*7/?,%")%V./)"*:%*0/)5*%/*%")%!"#$%9$%R:/)#,*%

-/)#,%1-28%82-,%2./M4,%02%?,**%2./M4,$%(?0:24#:%)20%/??%21%0:,8%:/=,%J,,)%.-2=,)%")%0:"*%*045C6%14-0:,-%,="5,)7,%"*%),,5,5%02%5,0,-8"),%0:,"-%.2*"0"2)%+"0:")%0:,%*7/?,%C,0$%%

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160 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161

!"#$%&'%()*+",-%(.//"01,%(2*31%4/%5)*2"67$%

84,6%2-*+#1,%"+%91:";*6"4+%*:1%,7,61<*6"=19>%1021)6%/4:%6-1%*99"6"4+%4/%*+%"+/"0>%*,%"+9"2*619%?7%6-1%*+*37,",%4/%6-1%24:).,%*+9%,6.91+6,@%)1:/4:<*+21$%5)*2"67%+1#*6";137%*//126,%9124<)4,"6"4+%4/%91:";19%A4:9,%B1,)12"*337%;4A13%:446%*361:+*6"4+>%6-1%*##3.6"+*6"4+%

4/%,.//"01,>%*+9%6-1%"+,1:6"4+%4/%*+%"+/"0%B%A-1:1*,%-"#-37%):49.26";1%,.//"01,%<*C1%91:";*6";1,%<4:1%6:*+,)*:1+6$%D+%#1+1:*3>%)*:6"2")*+6,%"+%6-",%,6.97%-*;1%*%#449%31;13%4/%<4:)-434#"2*3%*A*:1+1,,%B+*6";1%*+9%+4+B+*6";1%*3"C1B%

*+9%"6%"+2:1*,1,%A"6-%<*6.:*6"4+%*+9%,2-443%):1)*:*6"4+$%%

References

E,42"*2"F+%91%E2*91<"*,%91%3*%31+#.*%1,)*G43*$%HIJKJL$%!"#$%&'()'*(%+,%&-#&.%&.#/*"%&#01%2'.%$%8*9:"9'%M,)*,*$%N44"O>%P$%HIJJQL$%34#&*(%55%(&'+&6'(-0$%50/4:9'%50/4:9%R+";1:,"67%S:1,,$%%N4A1:,>%S$%HIJJTL$%7--8/*&)(%/01%(#/9:&)'&5'(14'.'*89%..:&'1%;"#&6'(-0&)4('"*4&8/0)("9)8'/$%U",,1:6*6"4+$%V.11+@,%R+";1:,"67$%W"+#,64+>%

5+6*:"4>%X*+*9Y$%X*:3",31%Z$%!$%HK&[\L$%]-1%.,1%4/%<4:)-434#"2*3%C+4A319#1%"+%,)133"+#%91:";19%/4:<,%?7%31*:+"+#%9",*?319%*+9%+4:<*3%,6.91+6,$%7//%.0&'+&

<:0.#=8%> >?>%&JBKJ[$%X*:3",31%Z$%!$%HK&[[L$%W+4A319#1%4/%91:";*6"4+*3%<4:)-434#7%*+9%,)133"+#%*?"3"67%"+%/4.:6->%,"06->%*+9%1"#-6-%#:*91:,$%711.8#-&@0:94'.8/*"80)890>

AB>%K\\BK&Q$%X*:3",31>%Z$%!$%HK&&QL$%84:)-434#"2*3%*A*:1+1,,%*+9%1*:37%:1*9"+#%*2-"1;1<1+6$%D+%^$N%!139<*+%HM9$L>%C'(14'.'*89%.&%01#9)0&'+&.%/*"%*#&

1('9#008/* H))$%K[&BIJ&L$%_"33,9*31>%`Z'%M:3?*.<$%%X*:3",31>%Z$%!$HIJJJL$%EA*:1+1,,%4/%6-1%,6:.26.:1%*+9%<1*+"+#%4/%<4:)-434#"2*337%24<)310%A4:9,'%D<)*26%4+%:1*9"+#$%D#%-8/*&%/-&E(8)8/*> AFG >H

B>KT&BK&J$%X*:3",31>%Z$>%a%E9",4+%(64+1>%X$%HIJJQL$%M0)34:"+#%6-1%:431%4/%<4:)-1<1,%"+%A4:9%:1*9"+#$%I/)#(/%)8'/%.&D#%-8/*&700'98%)8'/$ BJ> B>%bI[Bbb&$%X*:3",31%Z$>%a%!31<"+#>%Z$%HIJJcL$%^10"2*3%):421,,"+#%4/%<4:)-434#"2*337%24<)310%A4:9,%"+%6-1%131<1+6*:7%71*:,$%K98#/)8+89&K)"-8#0&8/&D#%-8/*G&?>

Ic&BIQb$%U*,C4;Y>%8$%HIJJTL$%K"+8L'0&M7<7G&H7<NG&H7ONG&H7PQR&%/S.8080&5'(+'.T*89'&:&0#5S/)89'$%U",,1:6*6"4+$%8*,*:7C4;*%R+";1:="6*>%X=12-%d1).?3"2$%%P*7*6:">%d$%HIJKcL$%D'.#&'+&@4'/'.'*89%.&N1%98):&%/-&C'(14'.'*89%.&U/'6.#-*#&8/&@(#-89)8/*&KV8..0&8/&K94''.H7*#&W48.-(#/$%%U",,1:6*6"4+$%5-"4%

R+";1:,"67>%E6-1+,>%5-"4>%R(E$%^Y=*:4%^F)1=Be"33*,1G4:>%8$%HIJJ[L$&Q.&)%5%2'&-#&+%58.8%R&9'((#.%)'0&9'/-"9)"%.#0&:&-#&(#01"#0)%&9#(#X(%.&-#.&1%1#.&-#&.%&5'(+'.'*,%&#/&#.&

(#9'/'9858#/)'&.Y=89'$%U",,1:6*6"4+$%R+";1:,"9*9%X4<)3.61+,1%91%8*9:"9>%8*9:"9>%()*"+$%8*2C*7>%U$%HK&\[L$%U1:";*6"4+*3%:.31,%*+9%6-1%D+61:+*3%^10"24+$%P'"(/%.&'+&Z#(X%.&[#%(/8/*&%/-&Z#(X%.&\#4%$8'"(> A?>%TKB\K$%8*:"+1337>%($>%a%W+1"31>%^$%HIJKIL$%E2f.":"+#%C+4A319#1%4/%U1:";19%`4<"+*3,%*+9%U1:";19%E9O126";1,%"+%X4+6106$%[%/*"%*#G&K1##94G&%/-&

]#%(8/*&K#($89#0&8/&K94''.0> B>G&QcBTQ$%

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161 María Dolores García-Torres and Emilia Alonso-Marks / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 173 ( 2015 ) 154 – 161

!"#$%"&'()*)'+,---.)'!"#$%&"'()*#$(+,#(%&-*&.('/01$+(2,&/*'*#,.3&4%5%$&6&7&66)'!/0#102'34%5$616)'7$/8'9:/0$;1/'<6=/>"8/)'+,-?,.)'8(22(%',#(%&-*&.,&.*'/",&*$9,:%.,&+@1AB61;"'6$AC%0/'$01:1D%.)'7$5#1$E$0'F#";'GH55=2IIJJJ)#/$)$6IK)'3$##/%"LM"8/0$#&'M)'+,--N.)'O/';"#F"8"A4/'8BP1:/'$%'$8'Q;R15"'0$8'$6=/>"8':";"'8$%AC/'$P5#/%S$#/)'T%'<)'U$81V'9#WC1"8/'+<0).&';,&5%#<%.%/1,&,&

-*=,+*'+==)'?XYL?NZ.)'(/B%2'[%1E$#610/0'0$'(/B%)'\1%06"#&'()'+,---.)']H$'#"8$'"F'=H"%"8"A1:/8'"=/:15^'1%'#$/01%A'/:H1$E$;$%5)'>%"#',.&%<&?9**2@&'O/%AC/A$&'/%0'_$/#1%A'7$6$/#:H&'AB&'Y-LN?)'`/:/#4/6'a"%:$'0$'O$D%&'7)'U)'+,-?-.)'<6WC$;/6'#1E/8$6'$%'8/'F"#;/:1D%'0$'=/8/R#/6'0$8'$6=/>"8)'C'%5,DE('& F&'YZLb,)'