The Effect of Gender, Age, and Income on Alcohol Preference

7/23/2019 The Effect of Gender, Age, and Income on Alcohol Preference

1/18

]gh Hffhj} nf Ohkmhu,

Doh, dkm Ikjnlh nkD`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh

Ldi`h Lnz`hy

Nliz 633

Fd`` 5345


2/18

]gh Hffhj} nf Ohkmhu, Doh, dkm Ikjnlh nk D`jngn` SuhfhuhkjhLnz`hy

5

]DE@H NF JNK]HK]Z

IK]UNMXJ]INK+++++8

Z}d}hlhk} nf Sune`hl+++8

Doh dkm Ikjnlh ik D`jngn` Dmvhu}iziko++6

Ohkmhu ik D`jngn` Dmvhu}iziko++?

Sxusnzh++7

Gysn}ghziz++7

LH]GNMN@NOY+++++7

Sdu}ijisdk}z+7

Z}xmy Mhziok++9

FIKMIKOZ DKM MIZJXZZINK++++++9

ZXLLDUY DKM ILS@IJD]INKZ++++++45

DSSHKMIW D1 Zxuvhy1 ]gh Hffhj} nf Ohkmhu, Doh, dkm Ikjnlh nk D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh++++4:


3/18


:

DSSHKMIW E1 Ohkmhu dkm D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh JgiZtxduh ]hz} nf Ikmhshkmhkjh++++48

DSSHKMIW J1 Doh dkm D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh JgiZtxduh ]hz} nf Ikmhshkmhkjh+++++46

DSSHKMIW M1 Ikjnlh dkm D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh JgiZtxduh ]hz} nf Ikmhshkmhkjh++++4?

UHFHUHKJHZ++++47


4/18


=

@IZ] NF ]DE@HZ DKM FIOXUHZ

Fioxuh 4 D`jngn` Zd`hz Shujhk}doh funl 533? }n 5345+++++6

Fioxuh 5 Zxllduy nf Muikbiko Gdei}z fnu Dohz 4783"+++++?

]de`h 4 D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh ey Ohkmhu+++++++43

]de`h 5 D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh ey Doh Ounxs++++++++++++++++++43

]de`h : D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh ey Ikjnlh Ounxs+++++44


5/18


8

IK]UNMXJ]INK

Z}d}hlhk} nf Sune`hl

Uhzhdujg jnkziz}iko nf mhlnoudsgijz ldy gdvh ikvd`xde`h exzikhzz ilsìjd}inkz

uhodumiko ldubh}iko+ Dmvhu}iziko iz d fxkmdlhk}d` fnjxz nf ldky }udmhz, suikjisd``y }gh

d`jngnìj ehvhudoh ikmxz}uy+ Lnuhnvhu, eudkm dwduhkhzz iz juxjid` fnu d`jngnìj ehvhudoh

jnlsdkihz dkm mhvh`nsiko d z}unko eudkm iz vi}d` }n }ghiu zxjjhzz+ Jnlsdkihz xzh ldky fdj}nuz

wghk dzzhzziko wgijg ldubh}iko jdlsdiokz }n jgnnzh dkm }ghy hshuilhk} wi}g }ghiu z}ud}hoihz

nk d uhox`du edziz 'Knvdb)+ Dz d uhzx`}, mhlnoudsgijz duh d ldanu hlsgdziz nf ldubh}iko

sunln}inkz+ Ldky jnlsdkihz z}uivh }n imhk}ify }ghiu sn}hk}id` jnkzxlhuz doh, ohkmhu, dkm

ikjnlh `hvh` ehfnuh mh}hulikiko }gh sunshu ldubh}iko z}ud}hoy }n djtxiuh }gh sd}unk+ Nk`y wghk

jnlsdkihz gdvh d`` }gh ikfnuld}ink uhodumiko }ghiu }duoh} ldubh} jdk }ghy ne}dik dkm uh}dik }ghiu

jxz}nlhu+

]gh d`jngn` ikmxz}uy zshkmz ei`ìnkz nf mn``duz }n sunln}h i}z sunmxj}z2 -5+5 ei`ìnk d`nkh

ik }gh Xki}hm Z}d}hz ik 5336 'Lnnuh h} d`)+ D }uhkm }gd} khhmz }n eh dmmuhzzhm ey ldubh}huz iz

}gd} nf zshkmiko d ouhd} zxl nf lnkhy nk hkmnuziko d sunmxj} }gd} iz `nziko jnkzxlhuz+ Fnu

hdls`h, Fioxuh 4 eh`nw zgnwz }gd} ehhu gdz `nz} ldubh} zgduh eh}whhk 533? dkm 5345 dz ìtxnu

dkm wikh gdvh odikhm+ Fxu}ghulnuh, ehhu gdz z}hdmi`y `nz} ldubh} zgduh }n ìtxnu fnu hdjg nf }gh

`dz} 4: yhduz, wi}g }gh hjhs}ink nf 5337 'Ynub)+ Mhlnoudsgij uhzhdujg ldy d`zn gh`s ikmxz}uihz

jnkjhk}ud}h }ghiu sunln}ink mn``duz nk }gh uiog} sunmxj}z+


6/18


6

Fioxuh 4 D`jngn` Zd`hz Shujhk}doh funl 533? }n 5345 funl Hli`y Euyznk Ynub2 %@itxnu, _ikh Jnk}ikxh }n ]dbhZgduh funl Ehhu Zd`hz%2 jgijdon}uiexkh+jnl, :4 Adk+ 53452 _he2 58 Knv+ 5345+

Doh dkm Ikjnlh ik D`jngn` Dmvhu}iziko

Doh iz d suhvd`hk} mhlnoudsgij fdj}nu fnu ldubh}iko sxusnzhz ik mh}hulikiko d jnkzxlhu

sunfi`h+ Gnwhvhu, d jnkzxlhuz doh iz }ysijd``y sdiuhm wi}g ikjnlh wghk zgdsiko sunln}inkd`

z}ud}hoihz+ D Od``xs sn`` fnxkm }gd} n`mhu dff`xhk} 'dk ikjnlh nf -83,333 nu gioghu) dmx`}z whuh

dlnko znjih}yz ghdvihz} muikbhuz dkm whuh lnuh ìbh`y }gdk n`mhu knkdff`xhk} dmx`}z 'dk

ikjnlh nf `hzz }gdk -83,333) }n xzh d`jngn`2 ?=( jnlsduhm }n =9(+ Ik}huhz}iko`y, }ghzh

sunzshunxz dmx`}z d`zn mudkb lnuh nf}hk }gdk ynxkohu whd`}gy muikbhuz 'Dunud dkm Zddm)+ Fioxuh

5 eh`nw zgnwz d jnlsduiznk nf muikbiko gdei}z fnu 4783 yhduz nf doh dkm n`mhu+ D jnllnk

lizjnkjhs}ink iz }gd} }gh xkmhu =3 doh ounxs iz }gh bhy jnkzxlhu nf d`jngnìj ehvhudohz2 }giz

jdk eh uhdìqhm ik vihwiko }gh ldky d`jngnìj ehvhudoh jnllhujid`z nk }h`hvizink+

3+33(

43+33(

53+33(

:3+33(

=3+33(

83+33(

63+33(

Ehhu @itxnu _ikh

533?

5345


7/18


?

Fioxuh 5 Zxllduy nf Muikbiko Gdei}z fnu Dohz 47 83" funl ]nlly LjJd``2 Ldubh}iko }n N`mhu Dff`xhk}z,Od``xs Exzikhzz Anxukd`, k+m+2 _he2 5: Knv+ 5345+

Yh}, }gh =8 dkm n`mhu mhlnoudsgij duh axz} dz ìbh`y dz ynxkohu muikbhuz }n zwi}jg eudkmz dkm }uy

khw sunmxj}z 'Dunud dkm Zddm)+ Fxu}ghulnuh, ynxko dmx`}z eh}whhk }gh dohz nf 58 dkm :=

uhjhivh }gh lnz} ldubh}iko d}}hk}ink yh} nk`y djjnxk}hm fnu 5:( nf nvhud`` d`jngnìj muikb

jnkzxls}ink wghuhdz shns`h nvhu }gh doh nf =8 jnk}uiex}hm :9( 'Jnkzxlhu ]duoh}iko)+ I}

wnx`m eh dmvdk}dohnxz }n }gh d`jngnìj ehvhudoh jnlsdkihz }n xkmhuz}dkm wgijg ehvhudohz duh

sxujgdzhm lnuh uhox`du`y ey wgijg doh dkm ikjnlh `hvh`+

Ohkmhu ik D`jngn` Dmvhu}iziko

Ohkmhu iz d`zn d ziokifijdk} mhlnoudsgij ik }gh d`jngnìj ehvhudoh ikmxz}uy+ Ldky ehhu

jnllhujid`z }ysijd``y fhd}xuh ldzjxìkh dj}ivi}ihz zxjg dz lhk s`dyiko zsnu}z+ Ldubh} uhzhdujg

gdz zgnwk }gd} lhk djjnxk}hm fnu 6=( nf d`jngnìj muikbz jnkzxlhm dkm wnlhk djjnxk}hm fnu


8/18


7

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zh`` }ghiu sunmxj}z, yh} wnlhk uhzsnkm miffhuhk}`y }n }ghzh dmvhu}izhlhk}z }gdk lhk 'Ankhz)+

Ehhu jnlsdkihz duh z`nw`y fikmiko }gd} zh dsshd` uduh`y jgdkohz jnkzxlhuz suhfhuhkjhz

'Knvdb)+ Lnuhnvhu, d khw d`jngn` ldubh}iko }uhkm gdz hlhuohm wgijg fnjxzhz nk `nwhu jd`nuih

dkm `nwhu jduengymud}h ehvhudohz+ Lhk dkm wnlhk dìbh gdvh ehhk fhd}xuhm ik }ghzh dm

jdlsdiokz+ I} wnx`m eh ehkhfijid` }n }gh d`jngnìj ehvhudoh jnlsdkihz }n xkmhuz}dkm wgijg

ehvhudohz duh sxujgdzhm lnuh fuhtxhk}`y ey wgijg ohkmhu, }ghuhfnuh zshkmiko }gh uiog} dlnxk}

nf ldubh}iko mn``duz nk }gh uiog} ohkmhufnjxzhm jdlsdiokz+ ]gh ikfnuld}ink fnxkm ik }giz z}xmy

ldy dzziz} ldubh}huz ik mh}hulikiko if }ghiu mn``duz duh ehiko zshk} wizh`y nk sxuzxiko }ghzh

zshjifij mhlnoudsgijz+

Sxusnzh

]giz uhzhdujg wdz mhziokhm }n dmmuhzz wgh}ghu doh, ohkmhu, dkm ikjnlh duh axz}`y d ldanu

fdj}nu ik d jnkzxlhuz d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh+ ]gh hdlikd}ink ilsìjd}inkz jnx`m dzziz} d`jngnìj

ehvhudoh jnlsdkihz ik mh}hulikiko if }ghiu ldubh}iko mn``duz duh ehz} zshk} nk }duoh}iko }ghzh

zshjifij mhlnoudsgijz dkm }ghiu suhzxssnzhm d`jngnìj ehvhudoh jgnijhz+

Gysn}ghziz

]gh mhlnoudsgijz nf doh, ohkmhu, dkm ikjnlh duh ikmhshkmhk} nf d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh+

LH]GNMN@NOY

Sdu}ijisdk}z

]gh jnk}uiex}nuz whuh == ld`hz dkm 87 fhld`hz fnu d }n}d` nf 435 zxuvhyz jnlsi`hm+ ]gh


9/18


9

ikmivimxd`z lhdzxuhm ikj`xmhm oudmxd}h z}xmhk}z d} Znx}ghdz}huk @nxizidkd Xkivhuzi}y dz wh`` dz

jnwnubhuz dkm djtxdik}dkjhz nf }gh zxuvhynuz+ ]gh sdu}dbhuz whuh zdls`hz nf jnkvhkihkjh dz

}ghy whuh uhdmi`y dvdi`de`h fnu ikj`xzink+ ]gh uhzsnkmhk}z whuh ikfnulhm vid d z}d}hlhk} d} }gh

}ns nf }gh txhz}inkkdiuh dz }n }gh sxusnzh nf }gh zxuvhy, dkm }gd} }gh zxuvhy wdz jnkfimhk}id`+

Z}xmy Mhziok

Sdu}ijisdk}z whuh oivhk d fnxu txhz}ink zxuvhy }n jnls`h}h d} }ghiu `hizxuh2 d`` whuh

jnls`h}hm wi}gik likx}hz dkm uh}xukhm }ghuhdf}hu+ ]gh txhz}inkkdiuh dzbhm }gh jnk}uiex}nuz }n

zh`hj} }ghiu ohkmhu, }ghiu doh udkoh, }ghiu gnxzhgn`m ikjnlh udkoh, dkm }ghiu d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh

'Dsshkmi D)+ ]n zils`ify }gh uhzx`}z, }gh dohz whuh ounxshm dz xkmhu =3 dkm nvhu =3 dkm

}gh ikjnlh uhzx`}z whuh ounxshm dz xkmhu -83,333 dkm nvhu -83,333 ik }gh JgiZtxduh ]hz}

nf Ikmhshkmhkjh+ ]gh uhzx`}z nf hdjg zh} nf vduide`hz whuh dkd`yqhm ik Hjh` 'Dsshkmijhz E

M)+

FIKMIKOZ DKM MIZJXZZINK

Uhodumiko wgh}ghu ohkmhu gdm dk hffhj} nk d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh, i} wdz fnxkm }n gdvh d

ziokifijdk} hffhj} wi}g d s vd`xh nf 5+86=H7

d} }gh +38 d`sgd `hvh`+ ]gh nezhuvhm fuhtxhkjihz

zgnw }gd} jnkzimhude`y lnuh ld`hz zxuvhyhm suhfhuuhm ehhu dkm `itxnu dkm }gd} ziokifijdk}`y

lnuh fhld`hz zxuvhyhm suhfhuuhm wikh dkm jnjb}di`z ']de`h 4)+ ]ghuhfnuh i} wdz jnkj`xmhm }gd}

d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh wdz kn} ikmhshkmhk} nf }gh ohkmhu nf }gh jnkzxlhu+


10/18


43

]de`h 4 D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh ey Ohkmhu

OHKMHU Ehhu _ikh @itxnu Jnjb}di`z Knkh ]n}d`

Ld`h 55 5 43 6 = ==

Fhld`h 8 59 : 48 6 87

]n}d`5? :4 4: 54 43 435

]gh z}xmy d`zn fnxkm }gd} doh gdm dk hffhj} nk d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh wi}g d s vd`xh nf 5+545H : d}

}gh +38 `hvh`+ ]de`h 5 eh`nw zgnwz }gd} }gh nezhuvhm fuhtxhkjihz nf sdu}ijisdk}z =3 yhduz nf doh

nu ynxkohu suhfhuuhm ehhu dkm `itxnu ziokifijdk}`y lnuh }gdk }gnzh wgn whuh =3 yhduz nf doh nu

n`mhu+ ]gxz i} wdz jnkj`xmhm }gd} d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh wdz kn} ikmhshkmhk} nf }gh doh nf }gh

jnkzxlhu+

]de`h 5 D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh ey Doh Ounxs

DOH Ehhu _ikh @itxnu Jnjb}di`z Knkh ]n}d`

Xkmhu =3 58 4? 44 44 ? ?4

Nvhu =3 5 4= 4 44 : :4

]n}d` 5? :4 45 55 43 435

Ik}huhz}iko`y, }gh z}xmy zgnwhm }gd} ikjnlh mim kn} gdvh d ziokifijdk} hffhj} nk d`jngn`

suhfhuhkjh wi}g d s vd`xh nf +:465 d} }gh +38 `hvh`+ ]ghuhfnuh i} wdz jnkj`xmhm }gd} }gh vduide`h

nf ikjnlh wdz ikmhshkmhk} nf d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh+ ]de`h : eh`nw i``xz}ud}hz }gd} ikmivimxd`z

zxuvhyhm wi}g dk ikjnlh nf -83,333 nu `hzz suhfhuuhm d`lnz} }gh zdlh }ysh nf d`jngn` dz

ikmivimxd`z zxuvhyhm wi}g dk ikjnlh nf -83,333 nu lnuh+


11/18


44

]de`h : D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh ey Ikjnlh Ounxs

IKJNLH Ehhu _ikh @itxnu Jnjb}di`z Knkh ]n}d`

Xkmhu -83,333 48 4: 6 45 7 8=

Nvhu -83,333 44 47 6 44 5 =7

]n}d`56 :4 45 5: 43 435

Zikjh }giz zxuvhy wdz }gd} nf jnkvhkihkjh, fx}xuh z}xmihz uhodumiko }gh un`h nf doh,

ikjnlh, dkm ohkmhu ik d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh zgnx`m x}iìqh d udkmnl zdls`h+ _i}g d udkmnl

zdls`h, uhzx`}z ldy uhdjg ehynkm }gh zdls`h dkm ldy gdvh ilsìjd}inkz uhodumiko }gh

snsx`d}ink+

Zxezhtxhk}`y, kn jnuuh`d}ink wdz fnxkm eh}whhk ikjnlh `hvh` dkm d`jngn` ehvhudoh

suhfhuhkjh+ D fx}xuh z}xmy jnx`m fnjxz nk zshjifij d`jngn` eudkmz wi}gik d`jngn` }ysh dkm }ghiu

snzzie`h uh`d}ink }n ikjnlh+ Fnu hdls`h, if nkh suhfhuz ehhu, mn }ghy suhfhu Exmwhizhu nu mn

}ghy suhfhu Ghikhbhk> ]giz jnx`m eh }hz}hm xziko }gh Dkd`yziz nf Vduidkjh eh}whhk }uhd}lhk}

vduideiì}y }n fikm if }ghuh duh miffhuhkjhz eh}whhk miffhuhk} eudkmz nf ehhu dkm mhlnoudsgijz+

Jnkvhuzh`y, wi}gik}uhd}lhk} vduideiì}y jnx`m eh xzhm }n }hz} d jnlsdkyz miffhuhk} zxeeudkm

ns}inkz zxjg dz Dei}d Dlehu, Dei}d ]xuenmno, nu Dei}d Sxus`h Gdqh+

D z}uhko}g nf }giz hdlikd}ink wdz }gd} dk h}hkzivh udkoh nf ikjnlhz dkm dohz whuh

d}}dikhm+ D`zn, dk d`lnz} htxd` kxlehu nf hdjg ohkmhu uhzsnkmhm }n }gh txhz}inkkdiuh+ Dkn}ghu

z}uhko}g wdz }gh zxuvhy i}zh`f, wgijg wdz lx`}is`h jgnijh+ D eundm dzznu}lhk} nf ns}inkz wdz

nffhuhm fnu }gh dkzwhuz, dkm }gh txhz}inkkdiuh wdz d`zn ìli}hm }n fnxu zgnu} dkm zils`h

txhz}inkz+ ]giz milikx}ivh `hko}g ldmh i} hdzy }n ne}dik }gh zxuvhyz ik d }ilh`y fdzgink+


12/18


45

ZXLLDUY DKM ILS@IJD]INKZ

]gh gysn}ghziz wdz ikjnuuhj} fnu }gh mhlnoudsgijz nf doh dkm ohkmhu, ex} wdz jnuuhj} fnu

}gh mhlnoudsgij nf ikjnlh+ Gnwhvhu, if ikjnlh mnhzk} zgnw d jnkkhj}ink }n d`jngn`

suhfhuhkjh }ghk jnlsdkihz zgnx`m fnuhon ounxsiko doh dkm ikjnlh }noh}ghu+ ]ghzh }wn

mhlnoudsgijz zgnx`m eh lhdzxuhm zhsdud}h`y+ Oivhk }gd} }gh d`jngn`ij ehvhudoh ikmxz}uy zshkmz

ei``inkz nf mn``duz d yhdu nk ldubh}iko, i} iz ilshud}ivh }gd} }gh exzikhzzhz uhjnokiqh }ghiu

dxmihkjh+ ]gh ldubh}iko udlifijd}inkz nf }giz z}xmy ldy dim jnlsdkihz ik gdviko d eh}}hu

xkmhuz}dkmiko nf bhy mhlnoudsgijz dkm }gh sunln}ink nf }ghiu sunmxj}z+


13/18


4:

DSSHKMIW D

]gh Hffhj} nf Ohkmhu, Doh, dkm Ikjnlh nk D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh

]gh sxusnzh nf }giz zxuvhy iz }n mh}hulikh if }ghuh iz d ziokifijdk} jnuuh`d}ink eh}whhk }ghzh }guhhbhy mhlnoudsgijz dkm d`jngn` suhfhuhkjh+ ]gh ikfnuld}ink jn``hj}hm wnx`m eh xzhfx` ik dexzikhzz hkviunklhk} oivhk i}z ldubh}iko udlifijd}inkz+

]giz zxuvhy iz jnkfimhk}id`+ S`hdzh mn kn} sx} ynxu kdlh nk }gh zxuvhy+ S`hdzh nk`y jghjb nkhe`dkb shu txhz}ink+

4+ _gd} iz ynxu ohkmhu>^^^^^^ Ld`h

^^^^^^ Fhld`h

5+ _gd} iz ynxu doh>^^^^^^ 4754

^^^^^^ 5558

^^^^^^ 56:3

^^^^^^ :4=3

^^^^^^ =483

^^^^^^ 8463

^^^^^^ 64 nu Nvhu

:+ _gd} iz ynxu gnxzhgn`m ikjnlh>^^^^^^ @hzz }gdk -43,333

^^^^^^ -43,333 }n -:3,333

^^^^^^ -:4,333 }n -83,333

^^^^^^ -84,333 }n -?3,333

^^^^^^ Lnuh }gdk -?3,333


14/18


4=

=+ _gd} }ysh nf d`jngn` mn ynx suhfhu> 'S`hdzh zh`hj} nk`y nkh+)^^^^^^ KnkD`jngn`ij Ehhu nu _ikh

^^^^^^ Ehhu

^^^^^^ _ikh

^^^^^^ @itxnu

^^^^^^ Jnjb}di`z 'Lihm Muikbz)


15/18


48

DSSHKMIW E

Ohkmhu dkm D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh JgiZtxduh ]hz} nf Ikmhshkmhkjh

NEZHUVHM FUHTXHKJIHZ

D@JNGN@ SUHFHUHKJH


Ld`h 55 5 43 6 = ==

Fhld`h 8 59 : 48 6 87

]n}d` 5? :4 4: 54 43 435

HWSHJ]HM FUHTXHKJIHZ

D@JNGN@ SUHFHUHKJH


Ld`h 44+6=?4 4:+:?58 8+63?7 9+3877 =+:4:? ==

Fhld`h 48+:859 4?+65?8 ?+:955 44+9=45 8+676: 87

]n}d` 5? :4 4: 54 43 435

s vd`xh < 5+86=3:676599=H37


16/18


46

DSSHKMIW J

Doh dkm D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh JgiZtxduh ]hz} nf Ikmhshkmhkjh


D@JNGN@ SUHFHUHKJH


Xkmhu =3 58 4? 44 44 ? ?4

Nvhu =3 5 4= 4 44 : :4

]n}d` 5? :4 45 55 43 435


D@JNGN@ SUHFHUHKJH


Xkmhu =3 47+?9=4 54+8?7= 7+:859 48+:4:? 6+9637 ?4

Nvhu =3 7+5389 9+=546 :+6=?4 6+676: :+3:95 :4

]n}d` 5? :4 45 55 43 435

s vd`xh < 5+545:7?97=4=9H3:


17/18


4?

DSSHKMIW M

Ikjnlh dkm D`jngn` Suhfhuhkjh JgiZtxduh ]hz} nf Ikmhshkmhkjh


D@JNGN@ SUHFHUHKJH


Xkmhu -83,333 48 4: 6 45 7 8=

Nvhu -83,333 44 47 6 44 5 =7

]n}d` 56 :4 45 5: 43 435


D@JNGN@ SUHFHUHKJH


Xkmhu -83,333 4:+?6=? 46+=447 6+:859 45+4?68 8+59=4 8=

Nvhu -83,333 45+5:8: 4=+8775 8+6=?4 43+75:8 =+?389 =7

]n}d` 56 :4 45 5: 43 435

s vd`xh < 3+:465?97??


18/18


47

UHFHUHKJHZ

Dunud, Udbzgd, dkm @ymid Zddm+ Ldubh}iko }n N`mhu Dff`xhk}z+ Od``xs Exzikhzz Anxukd`

'5345)1 k+ sdo+ _he+ 5? Nj}+ 5345+

Jnkzxlhu ]duoh}iko ik D`jngnìj Muikbz1 Hffhj}ivh Ldubh}iko dkm Ikknvd}ink Z}ud}hoihz ey

Ohkmhu, Doh, Suijh dkm Njjdzink+ ldubh}uhzhdujg+jnl+ 58 Dxo+ 5343+ _he+ 34 Knv+

5345+

Ankhz, Zdkmud J+ Ehhu, End}z dkm Euhdz}z1 Uhzsnkzhz }n d Jnk}unvhuzid` D`jngn` Dmvhu}iziko

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The Effect of Gender, Age, and Income on Alcohol Preference

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