The effect of Exenatide Therapy on inflammation, insulin requirement and weight in Obese Type 2 diabetes Mellitus patients on Insulin Shahid Mukhtar Banday.

The effect of Exenatide Therapy on inflammation, insulin requirement and

weight in Obese Type 2 diabetesMellitus patients on Insulin

Shahid Mukhtar Banday MBBS

MentorsDR PARESH DANDONA

MBBS., Ph.D., F.R.C.P, F.A.C.P, F.A.C.CDR AJAY CHOUDHARY

MBBS. MRCP

• Diabetes Mellitus along with its complications costs 174 billion Dollars(Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2007 Diabetes Care March 2008 )

• GLP1 mimetic/analogues/DPP4 inhibitors – New and effective adjunctive treatment strategy to

manage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

STIMULATES INSULIN RELEASE

INHIBITS GLUCAGON

RELEASE

DPP-4 DPP-4 INHIBITORS BLOCKS DPP4 ENZYME TO

DECREASE GLUCOSE

GLP1INCRETIN LOWERING

BLOOD SUGAR

GLP1

Insulinotropic effect,8,9 INSULIN RELEASE IN PRESENCE OF HYPERGLYCEMIA

insulin biosynthesis and gene expression5,10

The transcription of glucokinase and the GLUT 2 transporter genes .11

GLP-1 receptor activation directly stimulates beta-cell replication and neogenesis14-16

(RODENT STUDIES)

INHIBITS BETA CELL APOPTOSISanimal models of obesity and hyperglycemia.17

ANIMAL STUDIES

GLUCAGONOSTIC EFFECT:VIA8,18,19

• GLP1 R ON ALPHA CELLS• INSULIN

• SOMATOSTATIN

•L cells of jejunum/ileum

EXENATIDESynthetic exendin-4

Exenatide exhibits actions that are similar to those of GLP-1

Stimulation of insulin secretion only when blood glucose concentrations are elevated

Suppression of postprandial glucagon secretion. BUT DOES Not impair normal glucagon response to hypoglycemia

Restoration of First-phase of insulin responseSlowing of gastric emptying and promotes satiety(5, 6)

InsulinIV

Obesity

Diabetes Mellitus

•Pro inflimmatory•High oxidative state ⁴⁸⁻⁵⁶

IL6 /CRP/TNF ALPHA ⁵⁷

Insulin Resistance

DIET INDUCED WEIGHT

LOSS

•TNF ALPHA• IL6•CRP52,76-81

CALORIE RESTRICTION

•OXIDATIVE STRESS•INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS49,52,82

•Glucoseand mixed meal63-65

NFkB

Total cellular IB

Two cardinal indices of inflammation at the cellular level

RATIONALE

• Obesity and Diabetes States of increased inflammation Exenatide is expected to lead to decreased inflammation by

virtue of better glycemic control and weight loss.

• Exenatide results in better control of T2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Long term use of exenatide reduces insulin requirement.

AIMS• Exenatide has anti inflammatory effect Single dose of Exenatide causes anti inflammatory effect

• Effect of exenatide over 12 weeks v/s placebo on HbA1c Fasting blood glucose Body weight Total Insulin Requirement

N=24 subjects Type2DMOn insulin

PLACEBON=12

EXENATIDEN=12

Single-center, randomized, placebo-control, single blinded (patient) prospective study.

Inclusion criteria

• Males or females 20-75 years of age inclusive.• Type 2 diabetes• On insulin therapy• HbA1c 7.5% and ≤ 10.0%• BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2

• Subjects on statins, ACE inhibitors, metformin and will be allowed as long as they are on stable doses of these compounds and the dosage in not changed during the study.

Exclusion criteria• Coronary event or procedure (myocardial infarction, unstable

angina, coronary artery bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty) in the previous four weeks

• Pregnancy• Hepatic disease (abnormal LFT’s)• Use of DPP4 inhibitors.• Renal impairment (serum creatinine > 1.5)• Participation in any other concurrent clinical trial • Any other life-threatening, non-cardiac disease• Uncontrolled hypertension (BP > 160/100 mm of Hg)• Use of an investigational agent or therapeutic regimen within 30

days of study

• Dietitian/Certified Diabetes Educator meeting on Day 0

• Dietary recommendations - American Diabetes Association guidelines

• They were randomized to receive either• Exenatide 10micg or Placebo 30 min before breakfast and

dinner for 12wk.

• The dose of Exenatide was started at 5micg twice daily for 1 wk to ensure tolerability.

24 obese Type 2 diabetes HbA1c(7.5 --9%)

All patients were on Insulin Stable doses of antidiabetic

medications Stable weight over prior 4

weeks All were on 1 -2g of

Metformin

Statins/ACEI DOSES were not changed during the study

No patient was on Thiazolidinediones, Antioxidants,NSAIDS .

14/24:sulfonylureas glyburide/ glipizide 5–10 mg/d).

10/24: long acting insulin(glargine/detemir) 12/24:long acting + pre meal bolus 2/24: Novolog 70/30 BID

0 day3wk

6 wk12 wk

exenitide 5micg

Single dose study

placebo

0hr

2hr

4hr

6hr

12 WEEK study

Insulin titration

wk6wk3

• Target fasting blood glucose 100

• 2 hour post prandial 160

• Mono Nuclear Cells collection- Na EDTA- washed Hanks salt solution- yeild 95%

• Reactive Oxygen Species generation:measured by chemiluminiscence

• Nuclear NFkB and Oct-1 DNA-binding activity was measured by EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay)

• Nuclear extracts -salt extraction method from MNC

Real Time-PCR.

•The mRNA expression of JNK-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TNFalpha,SOCS-3, IL-1B, and IL-10

Quantification of JNK-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TNF alpha

Statistical analysisStatistical analysis was conducted using Sigma Stat software(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL)• All data are represented as mean ± SE.Baseline measurements were

normalized to 100%, and changes from baseline were calculated as percent change from baseline.

• Statistical analysis was carried out using one way repeated measures ANOVA (RMANOVA) with Holm-Sidak post hoc test.

• Two-factor RMANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc was used for multiple comparisons between different treatments.• Paired t test and Student’s t test were used where appropriate.• Multivariate analysis of changes in inflammatory mediators from baseline with changes in free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, glucose, percent HbA1c, body mass index, Systolic and diastolic blood

pressure was performed using multiple linear regression.

Placebo Exenatide Baseline At 12 Wk Baseline At 12 Wk

Age (Yrs) 54±4 56±3

Weight (lbs.) 231±13 234±18 251±18 251± 20

BMI(Kg/m2) 39.1±1.6 39.1±1.7 39.8 ±2.0 39.2±1.8

HbA1c(%) 8.5±0.3 8.0±0.3 8.6±0.4 7.4±0.5 Â

Diabetes duration (Yr)

12±2 12±2

Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

128 ±13 139± 33 139±17 110± 9 Â

Fasting insulin(uU/ml)

13.1±3.1 13.9±5.9 12.7±2.8 16.4±3.2 Â

FFA (mM) 0.64±0.08 0.61±0.09 0.69±0.07 0.50±0.03 Â

SBP (mmHg) 128± 5 130±6 134± 6 127± 5

DBP (mmHg) 78±2 76±4 82±2 77±3

Insulin Dose (U) 82± 13 88 ±13 105± 30 105± 31

• Data represented as mean ± Standard Error(SE)

• Â - P value <0.05(paired t test compared with baseline)

Fasting blood glucose fell from 139 ±17 to 110 ±9 mg/dl(P<0.05)

HbA1c from 8.6% ± 0.4% to 7.4%±0.5%(P<0.05)•Data are presented as mean +/- SE; n =12 each. * and**, P < 0.05 by RMANOVA (compared with baseline) in exenatide and placebo groups, respectively; # P <

0.05 by two-way RMANOVA compared with control groups.

Insulin increased (P <0.05 ) in the Exenatide group whereas it did not change significantly in the placebo group

•Data are presented as mean ±SE; n =12 each. * and**, P # 0.05 by RMANOVA (compared with baseline) in exenatide and placebo groups,

respectively; # P < 0.05 by two-way RMANOVA compared with control groups.

Percent change in FFA(C) after placebo and exenatide 10 mic g twice daily for 12 wk Percentage change in FFA (D) after a single dose of 5 mic g exenatide or placebo in type 2 diabetic subjects. Percentage FFA decreased by 21.5% from baseline (P<0.05)with exenatide

•Data are presented as mean +/- SE; n =12 each. * and**, P # 0.05 by RMANOVA (compared with baseline) in exenatide and placebo groups, respectively; # P < 0.05 by two-way RMANOVA compared with control groups.

Percent change in ROS generation by MNC after (A) Placebo and exenatide 10 micg bid for 12 wk (B) Single dose of placebo or exenatide (5 micg) and after 6 h

Change in NFkB/Oct-1 DNA-binding activity (B and C)

Data are presented as mean +/-SE; n = 12 each. *, P < 0.05 by RMANOVA (compared with baseline); #, P <0.05 by two-way RMANOVAcompared with control groups..

Time (weeks) Time (hours)

Change of mRNA expression of TNFalpha (D and E) IL-1B (F and G) from baseline (100%) after placebo and exenatide 10 micg twice-daily treatment for 12 wk and after 6 h of a single dose of placebo or exenatide (5 micg) in type 2 diabetic subjects.

• Percent change in JNK-1 (B), TLR-2 (C), and SOCS-3 (D) proteins in MNC after placebo and exenatide 10 micg twice-daily treatment for 12 wk (W) in type 2 diabetic subjects.

Data are presented as mean +/-SE; n =12 each. *, P <0.05 by RMANOVA (compared with baseline); #, P <0.05 by two-way RMANOVA compared with control

Discussion

• Data shows clearly that exenatide suppresses several indices of inflammation when given over a period of 12wk.

• They include ROS generation by MNC, Intranuclear NFkB binding, Expression of TNF alpha, JNK-1, TLR-2, IL-1B, and SOCS-3

in MNC There was Fall in the plasma concentrations of MCP-

1,SAA, IL-6, and MMP-9 All these changes were independent of weight loss

• Effect more impressive as all patients were on insulin which has its own anti-inflammatory effect

• An explanation for the lack of exenatide induced weight loss could be the short duration of our study in subjects on relatively large doses of insulin.

• HbA1c was also reduced significantly from 8.6 to 7.4%, and the reduction in calorie loss from glycosuria could have neutralized the effect of exenatide on weight loss.

• Potent but transient Rapid Anti inflammatory effect: single injection of 5micg exenatide: peak effect at 2hrs : coincides with time of peak plasma concentration.

• Possible mechanisms for the anti inflammatory/antioxidant effects of exenatide include the

suppression of FFA ₤enhancement of the anti inflammatory action

of insulin ₤Suppression of Glucagon(not studied)

Limitations of study

• Small sample size• Diet recommendations were made at baseline

and dietary history was not collected at the end of the study.

• Likely that subjects did not make any substan-tial dietary changes during the course of the study.

Conclusion

Exenatide when administered for 12 wkcomprehensive ROS suppressive and anti

inflammatory effect in presence of insulinSingle dose of 5micg: rapid but transient anti

inflammatory effect.

Future studies

• Whether exenatide might be used in acute inflammatory settings in the intensive care unit or following heart attacks and strokes, where a rapid anti-inflammatory effect is required and such drugs may be of potential use.

• THANK YOU

Acknowledgement

• Faculty Diabetic Research Center of WNY

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