The Effect of Complexing agents on the sorption and subsequent migration of Thorium through a natural sand matrix using static batch and flow through column experiments

8/8/2019 The Effect of Complexing agents on the sorption and subsequent migration of Thorium through a natural sand mat

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Zhn nllnez bl ebitanxcgm kmngzu bg zhn ubptzcbg kgj

u~`un{~ngz icmpkzcbg bl zhbpc~i cg k gkz~pka ukgj

ikzpcx ~ucgm uzkzce `kzeh kgj lab})zhpb~mh eba~ignxtnpcingzu'

'''

Acgjuks Sb~gm

0>zh Ikpeh 04;4

U~tnp|cubp? Jp Icpkgjk Fnczh)Pbkeh

@Ue (Hbgu# Kgkaszceka ehnicuzps

;


2/46

Zhn Nllnez bl ebitanxcgm kmngzu bg zhn ubptzcbg kgj

u~`un{~ngz icmpkzcbg bl Zhbpc~i cg k gkz~pka ukgj

ikzpcx ~ucgm uzkzce `kzeh kgj lab})zhpb~mh eba~ig

nxtnpcingzu

Jcueakcinp?

Zhn pnunkpeh tpnungznj cg zhcu zhnucu cu bpcmcgka kgj hku `nng ekppcnj b~z `s

zhn ~gjnpucmgnj nxentz }hnpn bzhnp}cun uzkznj'

Icuu Acgjuks Sb~gm 0>"45"04;4

]bpj eb~gz? ;44


3/46

K`uzpkez'' ;

; Cgzpbj~ezcbg '''5

;';' Unaaklcnaj kgj g~eankp }kuznu''5

;'0' Jpcmm ab} an|na }kuzn pntbuczbps:

;'5' Bpmkgce ebitanxcgm kmngzu kgj zhncp pban cg ib`cacucgm

pkjcbg~eacjnu>

;':' Ubptzcbg'=

;'>' Inzhbju ~unj zb jnznpicgn pkjcbg~eacjn zpkgutbpz''8

;'

0';' Pnkmngzu';>

0';';' Mpb~gj}kznp tpntkpkzcbg';>

0';'0' Tpntkpkzcbg bl kgkasznu kgj icxz~pnu'''; i5

bl }kuzn kgj zhkz >>44i5 tnp snkp bl }kznp lab}u zhpb~mh zhn uczn' Zhn tpcgectka

ebgzkicgkgzu }npn lb~gj zb `n eknuc~i! ~pkgc~i! kinpcec~i kgj ta~zbgc~i kgj

zhnun pkjcbg~eacjnu hk|n `nng lb~gj cg zhn }kznp kgj unjcingz bl k gnkp`s uzpnki

kgj jpkcgkmn usuzni'

;?5 Bpmkgce ebitanxcgm kmngzu kgj zhncp pban cg ib`cacucgm pkjcbg~eacjnu'

Ikgs uz~jcnu hk|n `nng ekppcnj b~z zb jnznpicgn zhn ib`caczs bl pkjcbg~eacjnu

zhpb~mh znppnuzpcka ikzpcenu kgj cg tkpzce~akp! zhn nllnezu zhkz bpmkgce ebitanxcgm

kmngzu hk|n bg zhncp icmpkzcbg'

Bpmkgce ehnakzcgm kmngzu! u~eh ku nzhsangnzpckicgntngzkkenzce kecj (NJZK#! tcebacgce

kecj kgj gczpcabzpckenzce kecj (GZK# kpn ~unj cg zhn jnebgzkicgkzcbg tpbenuu zb

pnib|n `~caj ~t bl pkjcbkezc|n inzkau lpbi zhn ebbacgm usuzniu bl g~eankp tb}np

uzkzcbgu(Unpgn! ;33


10/46

lpbi zhn }kuzn zpngehnu' Inkgu kaub u~mmnuznj zhkz zhn icmpkzcbg bl bzhnp

pkjcbg~eacjnu u~eh ku T~! Ki kgj Zh iks kaub `n kzzpc`~znj zb NJZK kgj bzhnp

ebitanxcgm kmngzu' Pkjcbg~eacjn icmpkzcbg hku kaub `nng b`unp|nj kz bzhnp AA]

jcutbuka ucznu u~eh ku zhn Ehkaf Pc|np Ak`bpkzbpcnu cg Ekgkjk (Pb`npzubg JN!

;33>#' Zhn k~zhbp uz~jcnj 0 ucznu! bgn `ncgm k ehniceka tcz! }hceh pnenc|nj k{~nb~u

}kuznu ebgzkcgcgm |kpcb~u pkjcbg~eacjnu kgj ehnicekau! zhn bzhnp `ncgm k 54 snkp baj

ubacj ab} an|na }kuzn uzbpkmn lkecaczs ebgucuzcgm bl k unpcnu bl zpngehnu ebgzkcgcgm

pkjcbkezc|n ikznpckau' Zhn uz~js ebgea~jnj zhkz pkjcbg~eacjn ib`caczs cu nghkgenj `s

zhn lbpikzcbg bl kgcbgce ebitanxnu' Zhn kgcbgce ebitanx utnecnu }npn uzk`an kgj

}npn gbz ucmgclcekgzas kaznpnj `s pnjbx ebgjczcbgu mc|cgm zhni zhn tbzngzcka lbp

ucmgclcekgz lkp)lcnaj icmpkzcbg'

Ebitanxcgm kmngzu kgj zhncp ebitanxnu }czh inzkau hk|n `nng uhb}g zb ankeh lpbi

zhn eningz ebglcgnu zhkz hbaj zhn }kuzn kgj ekg cgepnkun pkjcbg~eacjn ankeh pkzn `s

lkezbpu bl ;4 zb ;44 (Unpgn! ;33


11/46

k`ubptzcbg kgj kjubptzcbg hkttngcgm uci~azkgnb~uas(Bxlbpj ~gc|npuzcs tpnuu! 044:#

kgj ekg `n jnuepc`nj ku k ac{~cj bp mku `ncgm cgebptbpkznj cgzb kgbzhnp ikznpcka bl k

jcllnpngz uzkzn kgj kjhnpcgm zb zhn u~plken bl kgbzhnp ibane~an' Zhn ubp`ngz cu

jnuepc`nj ku zhn ikzpcx! bp ubacj thkun kgj zhn ubp`kzn ekg `n jnuepc`nj ku zhn

ibane~an bp ebitanx (ib`can thkun#' Zhn ubp`ngz! lbp nxkitan! ukgj hku cbgcuk`an

u~plken mpb~tu u~eh k zpken inzkau kgj BH ) mpb~tu! zhnun kpn znpinj `cgjcgm ucznu'

Zhn ehkpmnj ebitanxnu bp acmkgju ekg zhng eb|kangzas `bgj zb zhnun `cgjcgm ucznu

kllnezcgm zhncp ib`caczs' Zhn kjubptzcbg ektkeczs lbp bpmkgce tbaa~zkgzu jntngju ~tbg

5 ikcg cuu~nu?

c# Zhn ubp`kzn lnkz~pnu u~eh ku ibane~akp ucn! uba~`caczs cg k{~nb~u

uba~zcbgu! tbakpczs kgj zhn l~gezcbgka mpb~tu zhkz zhn ibane~an iks hk|n'

cc# Zhn ac{~cj ikzpcx (mpb~gj }kznp# ehkpkeznpcuzceu u~eh ku tH kgj cbgce

uzpngmzh kgj cbgce ebitbgngzu'

ccc# Zhn ubp`ngz lnkz~pnu u~eh ku u~plken kpnk'(P~llcgb @! 0443#

;?> Inzhbju ~unj zb jnznpicgn pkjcbg~eacjn zpkgutbpz

K uz~js ekppcnj b~z `s Unpgn nz ka cg 0440 (Unpgn PO! 0440# ~unj |kpcb~u inzhbju zb

jnznpicgn zhn nllnezu bl ebitanxcgm kmngzu bg pkjcbg~eacjn ib`caczs' Bgn inzhbj

~unj }ku k eba~ig kjubptzcbg nxtnpcingz' K eba~ig kjubptzcbg nxtnpcingz ~unu k

eba~ig tkefnj }czh k pntpnungzkzc|n ukitan bl zhn ubca"ukgj lpbi kpb~gj zhn AA]

pntbuczbps cg {~nuzcbg' Zhn ubca i~uz `n lpnn lpbi pkjcbg~eacjnu kgj ebitanxcgm

kmngzu' K uci~akznj mpb~gj}kznp ikzpcx cu zhng t~itnj ~t}kpju zhpb~mh zhn eba~ig

kz zhn pn{~cpnj lab} pkzn kgj zhn nlla~ngz cu zhng ebaaneznj b|np k unz zcinuekan kgj

kgkasunj ~ucgm kg kttpbtpckzn znehgc{~n' Zhcu inzhbj hku `nng ~unj zb jnznpicgn

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


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zhn |nabeczs bl k ebgzkicgkgz pkjcbg~eacjn pnakzc|n zb zhn mpb~gj}kznp |nabeczs ucgen

;3=3 (Pnsak'OL! ;380# kgj cu ~unj lbp zhn jcpnez inku~pningzu bl pnzkpjkzcbg lkezbpu

zhkz tpnjcez zhn ib`caczs cg mpb~gj}kznpu kgj ubcau(Pnsak'OL! ;380#' Zhn pnzkpjkzcbg

lkezbp (Pl# cu k inku~pn bl zhn ektk`caczs bl k znppnuzpcka ikzpcx zb kez ku k `kppcnp zb

pkjcbg~eacjn icmpkzcbg c'n' czu kjubptzcbg ektkeczs kgj cu ekae~akznj lpbi zhn

tkpzczcbg"jcuzpc`~zcbg ebnllcecngz (Fj |ka~n#' Zhn Fj |ka~n cu jnlcgnj ku zhn pkzcb bl zhn

{~kgzczs bl kjubp`kzn kjubp`nj tnp ikuu bl ubacj zb zhn kib~gz bl zhn kjubp`kzn

pnikcgcgm cg uba~zcbg kz n{~cac`pc~i(^gcznj Uzkznu Ng|cpbgingz Tpbznezcbg Kmnges!

;333# kgj cu k inku~pn bl hb} pnkjcas bgn utnecnu ubp`u zb kgbzhnp u~plken' K hcmh

Fj |ka~n cgjcekznu zhkz k ehniceka cu anuu acfnas zb ankeh kgj cz cu uzpbgmas kjubp`nj zb

zhn ubca kgj zhnpnlbpn jbnu gbz ib|n zhpb~mh zhn ubca ikzpcx' Zhn uz~js `s Unpgn nz ka

lb~gj zhkz zhn Fj |ka~nu zhns b`zkcgnj lbp pkjcbg~eacjnu! bpmkgce acmkgju kgj zhncp

ebitanxnu }npn hcmhas |kpck`an kgj k uzpbgm l~gezcbg bl tH! acmkgj ebgengzpkzcbg kgj

pkjcbg~eacjn ebgengzpkzcbg(Unpgn PO! 0440#' Zhns lb~gj zhkz kz hcmh tH ebgjczcbgu!

}hceh kpn epnkznj `s eningzcb~u }kuznu! ib`cacukzcbg bl Gc0& `s NJZK }ku |nps

ucmgclcekgz kgj zhkz kjubptzcbg bl Gc0& `s ubcau }ku npb'

Pnkj nz ka(Pnkj J! ;338# ebgea~jnj cg k ucicakp uz~js zhkz NJZK kezc|nas tpbibznu

zhn icmpkzcbg bl ^pkgc~i cg eakuhkeh ukgjuzbgn! kgj zhkz zhn bpjnp cg }hceh zhn

ebitanxcgm kmngzu kgj pkjcbg~eacjnu kpn cgzpbj~enj zb nkeh bzhnp kaub hku kg nllnez

bg zhn ib`caczs! lbp cguzkgen! }hng ~pkgc~i }ku cgzpbj~enj zb zhn ubca eba~ig khnkj

bl zhn bpmkgce ta~in (NJZK# zhn pnib`cacukzcbg bl pkjcbg~eacjnu zhkz hk|n ubp`nj zb

zhn ubca cu uab} `nek~un bl uab} jnubptzcbg fcgnzceu' Pnkj kgj hcu eb)}bpfnpu kaub

lb~gj zhkz k{~nb~u ~pkgc~i utnecnu hk|n k hcmh kllcgczs lbp gkz~pka icgnpka u~plkenu

kgj zhcu kllcgczs cu ucmgclcekgzas pnj~enj }hng ~pkgc~i kgj NJZK kpn tpn)n{~cac`pkznj

zbmnzhnp! }hceh cu enpzkcgas zhn ekun cg k AA] pntbuczbps u~eh ku zhn bgn kz Jpcmm'

Unpgn kgj hcu ebaanm~nu (Unpgn PO! 0440# kaub cg|nuzcmkznj zhn nllnezu bl zhn

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


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ebgengzpkzcbgu bl `bzh zhn pkjcbg~eacjn kgj zhn ebitanxcgm kmngz' Zhns lb~gj zhkz

nxenuu ebitanxcgm kmngz cg zhn k{~nb~u thkun hkj k akpmn nllnez bg zhn uba~`caczs bl

zhn pkjcbg~eacjnu' Zhn ebitanxcgm kmngzu ukz~pkznj zhn kgcbg `cgjcgm ucznu bl zhn ubca

ikzpcx kgj tpn|ngznj ubptzcbg bl zhn pkjcbg~eacjn ebitanxnu zhnpnlbpn kaab}cgm zhn

pkjcbg~eacjn ebitanxnu zb `n ekppcnj `s zhn lab} bl mpb~gj}kznp' N{~cibakp uba~zcbgu

ebgzkcgcgm `bzh NJZK kgj Gc0& kz tH ='> uhb}nj zhkz Gc)NJZK ebitanxnu kpn

cgczckaas! pktcjas kùbp`nj zb zhn ubca `cgjcgm ucznu (cpbg bxcjnu#' Bgen kùbp`nj zhn Gc)

NJZK ebitanxnu jcuubeckzn lpnncgm zhn Gc0& cbgu kgj Ln(CCC#)NJZK ebitanxnu lbpi'

Ubin Gc0& cbgu kpn zhng pn)kjubp`nj zb zhn `cgjcgm ucznu kgj ukz~pkzcbg bl zhn ubca

`cgjcgm ucznu cu {~cefas pnkehnj' Gc0& cbgu kpn gb abgmnp kùbp`nj `~z pkzhnp jn)

ubp`nj kgj zhn ebgengzpkzcbg bl Gc0& pnakzc|n zb NJZK cg zhn nlla~ngz cgepnkunj' Zhn

uz~js `s Unpgn nz ka (Unpgn PO! 0440# uhb}u zhkz zhn ikobp ekzcbgu tpnungz cg

mpb~gj}kznp kgj ubcau u~eh ku Ka! Im! Ln! Ek kgj bxcjnu hk|n k ucmgclcekgz nllnez bg

zhn ib`caczs bl pkjcbg~eacjnu cg zhkz zhns ekg jcutaken zhn pkjcbg~eacjn lpbi zhn

bpmkgce ebitanx' Zhn lcgjcgmu lpbi kgbzhnp uz~js ekppcnj b~z `s Hkfni(Hkfni!

044;# uhb}nj zhkz T~(C\# hcmhas ubp`nj zb Hkglbpj ubca! hb}n|np cg zhn tpnungen bl

NJZK kgj lbp k pkzcb bl NJZK"T~(C\# 7044! zhn ubptzcbg jnepnkunj j~n zb zhn

lbpikzcbg bl zhn uba~àn kgj gn~zpka ebitanx T~(C\#)NJZK' Zhn k~zhbp kaub

ebgea~jnj zhkz zhkz NJZK i~uz `n tpnungz cg ucmgclcekgz nxenuu cg bpjnp zb kaznp T~

icmpkzcbg'

Kgbzhnp inzhbj zb jnznpicgn Fj |ka~nu cu zhn ak`bpkzbps `kzeh inzhbj' Zhcu inzhbj

cu |nps uzpkcmhzlbp}kpj kgj cg|ba|nu zkfcgm k fgb}g ikuu bl unjcingz"ukgj kgj

kjjcgm zb k `nkfnp! zhng kjjcgm k fgb}g |ba~in kgj ebgengzpkzcbg bl zhn k{~nb~u

kgkaszn icxz~pn' Zhn `nkfnp cu unkanj kgj kmczkznj ~gzca ubptzcbg cu kuu~inj zb `n

ebitanzn (kttpbx ;)=jksu#(^gcznj Uzkznu Ng|cpbgingz Tpbznezcbg Kmnges! ;333#'

Zhn ukitanu kpn zhng lcaznpnj bp engzpcl~mnj kgj zhn pnikcgcgm ebgzkicgkgz

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


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ebgengzpkzcbg cu inku~pnj' Zhn Fj |ka~n cu ekae~akznj ~ucgm k ucitan n{~kzcbg

uhb}g cg n{~kzcbg ;'

N{~kzcbg ;? (^gcznj Uzkznu Ng|cpbgingz Tpbznezcbg Kmnges! ;333#

]hnpn! \} 9 Fgb}g |ba~in kjjnj (ia#E4 9 Fgb}g ebgengzpkzcbg bl ebgzkicgkgz (m"ia#E; 9 Ebgengzpkzcbg bl ebgzkicgkgz cg u~tnpgkzkgz (m"ia#Iunj 9 Ikuu bl unjcingz (m#

Ikgs tpn|cb~u uz~jcnu hk|n nitabsnj zhcu inzhbj kabgm }czh eba~ig nxtnpcingzu zb

jnznpicgn zhn Fj bl k ebgzkicgkgz' (Iks'E! 0443#! (Acuugnp! 0448#(Unpgn PO! 0440#!

(Pnkj J! ;338#!(Pnsak'OL! ;380#

;'< Ebaabcjka utnecnu

Znzpk|kangz kezcgcjnu u~eh ku Zh:& zngj zb lbpi tbasinpce ebaabcjka hsjpbxcjnu(Jbna!

;335#' Ebaabcju kpn ibane~anu bp tbasibane~akp tkpzceanu zhkz hk|n kz ankuz cg bgn

jcpnezcbg! k jcingucbg `nz}nng ;gi kgj ;~i (C^TKE! 0440# }hceh kpn jcutnpunj

}czhcg k ebgzcg~b~u injc~i (c'n' mpb~gj}kznp# cg k ikggnp zhkz tpn|ngzu zhni lpbi

`ncgm lcaznpnj nkucas bp unzzanj pktcjas' K g~i`np bl cg|nuzcmkzcbgu hk|n jbe~ingznj

zhkz ib`can ebgzkicgkgzu kuubeckzn }czh ubacj ebaabcjka tkpzceanu cg zhn lab}cgm la~cj

thkun kgj hk|n tpb|cjnj n|cjngen zhkz u~utngjnj ebaabcju kez ku ebgzkicgkgz

ekppcnpu' Ebaabcju ekg `n jnuepc`nj ku ib`can ubacj thkun (Lpciina! 044=#

K uehnikzce pntpnungzkzcbg bl ebaabcjka lkecaczkznj zpkgutbpz cu uhb}g cg Lcm ;'

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


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Lcm ;? Zhn ebgzkicgkgzu kpn nczhnp jcuuba|nj cg zhn ib`can thkun bp kjubp`nj zb zhn ubacj thkun (ukgj

ikzpcx#' Ebaabcju ekg lbpi kgj `n pnankunj lpbi zhn ubacj thkun `nebicgm ib`can kgj zhng kez ku

ekppcnpu lbp ebgzkicgkgzu' (Lpciina! 044=#

K pntbpz ebgj~eznj `s Lonaj(Lonaj! 0444# lb~gj zhkz 33. bl zhbpc~i cg zhn kùngen bl

NJZK hkj ab} ib`caczs cg zhn eba~ig kjubptzcbg nxtnpcingz kgj tpb`kàs lbpinj zhn

hcmhas cguba~àn Zh(BH#: utnecnu! zhn pnu~azu kaub u~mmnuznj zhkz ebaabcjka utnecnu

}npn tpnungz nghkgecgm zhn ib`caczs bl Zh ku kg ~g)jcuuba|nj u~utngjnj utnecnu cg

mpb~gj}kznp' K uz~js ebgj~eznj `s Kaakpj(Kaakpj @! ;385# u~mmnuznj zhkz zhn utnecnu

eb~aj `n ebitbunj bl hcmhas tbasinpcunj hsjpbxs ebitanxnu }czh akpmn pnucj~ka

ehkpmnu }hceh tpn|ngz zhni lpbi kmmpnmkzcbg `nek~un bl nanezpbuzkzce pnt~aucbg' )

kgj `nek~un bl zhcu! zhn uba~`caczs iks nxennj zhn nxtneznj n{~cac`pc~i uba~`caczs `s

ikgs bpjnpu bl ikmgcz~jn(Kaakpj @! ;385# ' Kaakpj kaub u~mmnuznj zhkz uzkàn

tbasinpce utnecnu eb~aj nxcuz kz ab} tH kgj hcmh kezcgcjn ebgengzpkzcbgu kgj zhnun

utnecnu }b~aj ekpps k tbuczc|n gnz ehkpmn'

Zhn uz~jcnu ingzcbgnj hnpn uhb} zhkz zhn kjubptzcbg bl pkjcbg~eacjnu kgj zhncp

ebitanxnu kpn |nps jcllce~az zb tpnjcez j~n zb g~inpb~u lkezbpu zhkz kpn uczn utneclce'

Lkezbpu u~eh ku tH! ebgengzpkzcbg bl ebitanxcgm kmngzu! kgj ebgengzpkzcbg bl

ebitnzcgm cbgu cg zhn mpb~gj}kznp kgj ubca kgj bxcjkzcbg uzkzn bl zhn kezcgcjn kaa

kllnez kjubptzcbg kgj hngen! zhn ib`caczs bl pkjcbg~eacjnu' Ubcau kgj ukgju kpn |nps

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


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jcllnpngz cg ebitbuczcbg lpbi bgn AA] pntbuczbps zb kgbzhnp' Kjubp`cgm u~plkenu

cgea~jn cpbg kgj ka~icgc~i bxcjnu! icgnpkau u~eh ku fkbacgkzn kgj u~plken `b~gj

bpmkgce u~`uzkgenu zhkz nkeh hku k |kpcnzs bl jcllnpngz `cgjcgm ucznu (Unpgn! ;33


17/46

;'= Cg|nuzcmkzcbg lbe~u'

Mc|ng zhn k`b|n jcue~uucbg kgj Iksu ebaabcjka cuu~nu cg zhn nxtnpcingzu ebgj~eznj!

zhcu cg|nuzcmkzcbg }caa lbe~u bg zhn nllnez bl GZK kgj NJZK bg Zh(C\# ib`caczs zhpb~mh

k gkz~pka ukgj ikzpcx! pntpnungzkzc|n bl ukgj lpbi Jpcmm' Zhn ebgengzpkzcbgu bl zhn

ebitanxcgm kmngzu }caa `n |kpcnj cg k ;?; kgj ;?;4 pkzcb Zh)ebitanxcgm kmngz ku cg

zhn tpn|cb~u uz~js `s Iks `~z }caa zps zb k|bcj ebaabcj lkecaczkznj zpkgutbpz `s ~ucgm

ebgengzpkzcbgu kg bpjnp bl ikmgcz~jn ab}np' Zhcu }caa kaab} zhn `nhk|cb~p bl zhn

ehniceka utnecnu zb `n cg|nuzcmkznj' Zhn nxtnpcingz }caa ~un k t~aun cgt~z }czh zhn

eba~ig inzhbj }czh k uci~akznj mpb~gj}kznp ucicakp cg ebitbuczcbg zb zhkz lb~gj kz

Jpcmm'

@kzeh ubptzcbg nxtnpcingzu }caa `n ekppcnj b~z zb jnznpicgn Fj |ka~nu lbp nkeh

kgkaszn icxz~pn kgj zhnun }caa `n ~unj zb jnznpicgn zhn kttpbxcikzn pnucjngen zcin

}czhcg zhn eba~ig! kgj zh~u zhn p~g zcin lbp nkeh eba~ig nxtnpcingz' Eba~ig

ehkpkeznpcuzceu }caa `n jnznpicgnj ~ucgm k `pbicjn zpkenp'

Zhn b|npkaa kciu bl zhcu uz~js kpn zb?

c# Jnznpicgn zhn nllnez bl Zh ebitanxkzcbg `s NJZK kgj GZK (ku k ehniceka

utnecnu# bg zhn icmpkzcbg bl Zh zhpb~mh k ukgj ikzpcx pnan|kgz zb k ab})

an|na }kuzn pntbuczbps k|bcjcgm ebaabcjka lkecaczkznj zpkgutbpz bl zhn

pkjcbg~eacjn-u' cc#

cc# Zb nxtabpn zhn nllnezu jcllnpcgm lab} |nabeczcnu hk|n ~tbg Zh ubptzcbg! kgj

u~`un{~ngzas zhn icmpkzcbg bl Zh'

ccc# Zb ebitkpn jkzk b`zkcgnj lpbi Iksu nxtnpcingzu (Iks! 0443# lbp

ebaabcjka lkecaczkznj zpkgutbpz ! }czh Zh)NJZK utnecnu zpkgutbpz

c|# Zb jnznpicgn zhn lkzn bl znzpk|kangz pkjcbg~eacjnu kz Jpcmm ab} an|na }kuzn

pntbuczbps'

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


18/46

0 Ikznpcka kgj inzhbju'

0'; Pnkmngzu

0';'; Mpb~gj}kznp tpntkpkzcbg

K usgzhnzce mpb~gj}kznp ucicakp cg ebitbuczcbg zb zhkz lb~gj kz zhn Jpcmm pntbuczbps

}ku ikjn ~ucgm k pnectn b`zkcgnj lpbi Jp Ebacg Iks! tnpu'Ebii! Bezb`np 0443'

Cbgce ebgengzpkzcbgu kpn uhb}g cg Zkàn ;'

Cbg icaacibakp ebgengzpkzcbg (iI#Ek 0& 4'=Im0& 4'0Gk& 4'=F& 4';Ea& 4'8

UB:0) 4'0

GB5) 4'44 4'4>4:Im(GB5#0>8

GkHEB5 Lcuhnp Uecngzclce 4'03:4 4'0384EkEa00H0B Lcuhnp Uecngzclce 4'>88; 4'>88:EkUB:0H0B Ucmik Kajpceh 4';=00 4';=50

Ek(GB5#0:H0B Ucmik Kajpceh 4';=:; 4';884 ia |ba~inzpce lakufu ~ucgm

zhn usgzhnzce mpb~gj}kznp! kgj jca~znj jb}g zb zhn pn{~cpnj ebgengzpkzcbgu' Zkàn :

uhb}u zhn pn{~cpnj ikuunu bl zhn ukazu kgj zhn kez~ka ikuunu ~unj'

Ukaz Ebitkgs Ikuu pn{~cpnj (m# Ikuu ~unj (m#NJZK Lcuhnp Uecngzclce 4'=::> 4'=:>;

GZK (zpcubjc~iibgbhsjpkzn ukaz#

Ucmik Kajpceh 4'>>40 4'>>8=

Zkàn :' Ebitanxcgm kmngzu ~unj zb tpntkpn :4iI uba~zcbgu

Zhbpc~i gczpkzn hsjpkzn (53):>. Zh# }ku jcutngunj cg k l~in hbbj cgzb k tpn)

}ncmhnj ebgzkcgnp }czh k fgb}g kib~gz bl mpb~gj}kznp' Zhn ebgengzpkzcbg }ku zhng

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


20/46

ekae~akznj' ^ucgm zhn :4iI ebitanxcgm kmngz uba~zcbgu kgj zhn zhbpc~i uba~zcbg! zhn

pn{~cpnj kgkaszn icxz~pnu uhb}g cg zk`an 5 }npn ikjn cg |ba~inzpce lakufu ~ucgm zhn

mpb~gj}kznp'

Zhn tbzkuuc~i `pbicjn zpkenp (0>4iI# }ku kaub tpntkpnj ~ucgm Kgkakp mpkjn @JH

F@p ukazu'

0'0 Ak`bpkzbps `kzeh nxtnpcingzu'

@kzeh ubptzcbg nxtnpcingzu }npn ekppcnj b~z ku jnuepc`nj cg g~inpb~u uz~jcnu! nm

(Iks! 0443#(Hkfni! 044;#(P~llcgb! 0443# zb ekae~akzn k Fj |ka~n'

Kaa `kzeh nxtnpcingzu }npn ekppcnj b~z cg zpctacekzn kgj tnplbpinj kz pbbi

znitnpkz~pn ~gjnp gbpika kzibuthnpce ebgjczcbgu' Lbp nkeh kgkaszn icxz~pn k unz bl

ebgzpba uba~zcbgu }npn tpntkpnj ~gjnp zhn ukin ebgjczcbgu `~z }czhb~z zhn ukgj' Zhcu

}ku zb ibgczbp kgs ubptzcbg zb zhn }kaa bl zhn ebgzkcgnp kgj zb kaub ehnef zhn cgczcka

ebgengzpkzcbg bl Zh t~z cg' Jpcmm ukgj }ku lcpuz ucn|nj }czh k 0 ii ucn|n' Zhn akpmn

lcgnu }npn jcuekpjnj' ;44 m bl zhn 10 ii ukgj }ku zhng inehkgcekaas ucn|nj ~ucgm

kg bp`czka uhkfnp (; pti# kgj


21/46

z~`nu kgj }ku jca~znj }czh 0.HGB5 lbp kgkasucu `s CET)IU' Zhn CET)IU ekac`pkzcbg

inzhbj cu nxtakcgnj cg unezcbg 0':

Fj |ka~nu ~ucgm zhn nxtnpcingzka jkzk }npn ekae~akznj ~ucgm zhn lbaab}cgm n{~kzcbg?

N{~kzcbg ;? (^gcznj Uzkznu Ng|cpbgingz Tpbznezcbg Kmnges! ;333#

]hnpn! \} 9 Fgb}g |ba~in kjjnj (ia#

E4 9 Fgb}g ebgengzpkzcbg bl ebgzkicgkgz (iba"ia#

E; 9 Ebgengzpkzcbg bl ebgzkicgkgz cg u~tnpgkzkgz (iba"ia#

Iunj 9 Ikuu bl unjcingz (m#

Zhn ekae~akznj Fj |ka~nu }npn zhng ~unj zb ekae~akzn zhn kttpbxcikzn pnucjngen

zcin bl zhbpc~i }czhcg zhn eba~ig' Unn unezcbg 0'5 Zhcu }ku ekae~akznj ~ucgm k

utpnkjuhnnz n{~kzcbg b`zkcgnj `s Jp Icpkgjk)Fnczh Pbkeh tnpu'Ebii! Gb| 0443

kgj pn{~cpnj kg kttpbxcikzn tbpn |ba~in lbp zhn tkefnj eba~ig' Zhcu }ku b`zkcgnj

`s tkefcgm k eba~ig l~aa bl ukgj ku jnuepc`nj cg unezcbg 0'5 kgj cgonezcgm >4a bl

0>4iI `pbicjn zpkenp' K ebgunp|kzc|n zpkenp jbnu gbz cgznpkez }czh zhn mnbabmceka

injc~i! jnmpkjn bp ehkgmn j~pcgm zhn tkuukmn zhpb~mh zhn ukgj tkefnj eba~ig' Cz

iciceu zhn ib|ningz bl }kznp kgj `s ebitkpcgm zhn `nhk|cbp bl zhn zpkenp zb zhkz bl

zhn ebgzkicgkgz cz cu tbuuc`an zb jnznpicgn cl zhn ebgzkicgkgz cu kjubp`nj j~pcgm zhn

tkuukmn zhpb~mh zhn eba~ig' K uz~js ebgj~eznj `s An|s ebgea~jnj zhkz `pbicjn

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


22/46

uhb}nj gb ubptzcbg zb znppnuzpcka ikzpcenu ~gjnp `kzeh nxtnpcingz ebgjczcbgu (An|s!

044


23/46

0'5 Eba~ig nxtnpcingzu'

Eba~ig nxtnpcingzu }npn ekppcnj b~z ~ucgm k inzhbj b`zkcgnj lpbi Iks (Iks!

0443#' G~inpb~u uz~jcnu hk|n nitabsnj zhn lab})zhpb~mh eba~ig inzhbj }czh k

t~aun cgt~z nm (Ikpzcg)Mkpcg! 0440#(Hkgjans)Ucj~! 0443#(Hkgjans)Ucj~! 0443# zb

uz~js zhn zpkgutbpz bl |kpcb~u utnecnu zhpb~mh znppnuzpcka ikzpcenu'

K unal)tkef TNNF tbasnzhnpnzhnpfnzbgn eba~ig (>4ii x ;4 ii! |ba 5'35 ei5#

}czh k 4'0 i cg)acgn lcaznp lpcz }ku ~unj cg kaa eba~ig zpkgutbpz nxtnpcingzu' K

tnpcuzkazce t~it kgj lpkezcbg ebaanezbp }ku ~unj (Aki`jk Bigcebaa# zb t~it

usgzhnzce mpb~gj}kznp zhpb~mh zhn eba~ig cg kg ~t}kpj jcpnezcbg' T~itcgm ~t}kpju

}ku zb ngu~pn l~aa eba~ig ukz~pkzcbg' K >4 a cgonezcbg abbt }ku ~unj zb inku~pn zhn

|ba~in bl kgkaszn icxz~pn cgoneznj cgzb zhn eba~ig kgj T\E z~`cgm }ku ~unj zb ekpps

zhn mpb~gj}kznp kgj icxz~pn' Lab})pkznu ucicakp zb zhbun ~unj cg Iksu nxtnpcingz

(Iks! 0443# }npn ~unj kgj ekg `n lb~gj cg Zk`an >'

Cg nkeh eba~ig nxtnpcingz! zhn z~`cgm }ku la~uhnj zhpb~mh }czh ;4. HEa 70: hpu

zhng icaac)[ }kznp 70: hpu! zb pnib|n kaa zpkenu bl tpn|cb~u nxtnpcingzu ngu~pcgm zhkz

gb Zh pnucj~n }ku anlz cgucjn zhn z~ cgm' Zhn usgzhnzce mpb~gj}kznp }ku zhng

t~itnj zhpb~mh zhn z~`cgm' Zhn eba~ig }ku tkefnj }czh tpn)n{~cac`pkznj ukgj kgj

zkttnj jb}g zb ngu~pn gb kcp tbefnzu }npn cgucjn' Zhcu }ku zhng tpnuunj jb}g }czh

k takuzce ta~gmnp zb pnib|n nxenuu }kznp kgj zb ngu~pn ~gclbpi tkefcgm `nz}nng

nkeh nxtnpcingz' Zhcu }ku pntnkznj ~gzca zhn eba~ig }ku l~aa bl ukgj (>'8 4'0 m#'

Zhn tkefnj eba~ig }ku unkanj! zhng tpn)ebgjczcbgnj }czh zhn mpb~gj }kznp lab}cgm

cg kg ~t}kpj jcpnezcbg 70: hpu' Cg nkeh nxtnpcingz zhn cglab} kgj b~zlab} tH }ku

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


24/46

inku~pnj ~ucgm Inzzanp Jnazk 5:4 tH cguzp~ingz' Cg nkeh ekun zhn cglab} mpb~gj

}kznp tH }ku ='4 4'0 kgj b~zlab} tH }ku ='5 4'0'

Zhn tnpcuzkazce t~it }ku unz zb 44< zb `nmcg }czh kgj k uhbpz nxtnpcingz ~ucgm o~uz

zhn mpb~gj}kznp }ku ekppcnj b~z zb kzzkcg zhn lab})pkzn' Ucx kecj)}kuhnj tpn)}ncmhnj

|nuunau }npn t~z bg zhn ebaanezcbg mpcj kgj zhn lpkezcbg ebaanezbp }ku unz zb ib|n

n|nps ;4 icg~znu' Zhn jnguczs bl zhn mpb~gj }kznp }ku ekae~akznj kgj lb~gj zb `n

4'33>4m ia); 5'3x;4)5' ^ucgm zhn jnguczs kgj zhn ikuu bl zhn mpb~gj}kznp cg zhn

tpn)}ncmhnj ebaanezcbg |ckau! zhn |ba~in cg nkeh |cka eb~aj `n ekae~akznj' Zhcu }ku

pntnkznj 5 zcinu kgj nkeh zcin k jcllnpngz |ba~in bl mpb~gj}kznp }ku lb~gj cg nkeh

|cka }czh pnakzc|n uzkgjkpj jn|ckzcbgu `nz}nng nkeh unz bl jkzk `ncgm ;4);'< 0hpu =

5 ;?;4Zh?NJZK

4';3 53'= :hpu ;:

: Zh bg b}g 4'88 ='= 0hpu =

Zk`an >?Eba~ig nxtnpcingzu pkg }czh lab})pkznu kgj ebaanezcbg zcicgmu

Lbp nkeh eba~ig nxtnpcingz! zhn pnucjngen zcin bl Zh }ku ekae~akznj ~ucgm zhn

`kzeh nxtnpcingzka Fj |ka~n kgj n{~kzcbgu ; kgj 0 kgj lpkezcbg ebaanezbp zcicgmu

}npn `kunj ~tbg zhcu zb ngu~pn `nuz na~zcbg e~p|n pnuba~zcbg'

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


25/46

Zhn kgkaszn icxz~pn cg nkeh nxtnpcingz }ku cgoneznj ~ucgm zhn >4 ~a cgonezcbg abbt

kgj anlz zb p~g lbp zhn pnan|kgz nxtnpcingz j~pkzcbg (zk`an >#' Zhn nxtnpcingz j~pkzcbg

zcin }ku jnecjnj `s zhn pnucjngen zcin bl Zh cg zhn eba~ig (jnznpicgnj `s `kzeh

nxtnpcingzu (unezcbg 0'0# kgj kaub zb unn cl kgs na~zcbg e~p|n zkcacgm bee~ppnj }hceh

eb~aj cgjcekzn uab} fcgnzce jnubptzcbg tpbenuunu (Iks! 0443#' Ciinjckznas klznp

cgonezcbg 5 kac{~bzu bl zhn kgkaszn icxz~pn }ku zkfng lbp kgkasucu zb jnznpicgn zbzka Zh

ebgengzpkzcbg'

Kz zhn ngj bl zhn nxtnpcingz j~pkzcbg zcin! zhn |ckau }npn pn}ncmhnj kgj zhn |ba~in

ekae~akznj' Nkeh |cka }ku zhng jca~znj }czh 5iau 0. HGB5 lbp kgkasucu `s CET)IU'

>4 ~a bl 0>4 iI tbzkuuc~i `pbicjn uba~zcbg }ku zhng cgoneznj bgzb zhn eba~ig' Zhcu

}ku zb jnznpicgn eba~ig ehkpkeznpcuzceu u~eh ku tbpn |ba~in kgj cu jnuepc`nj cg

unezcbg 0'0' Zhn `pbicjn zpkenp }ku anlz zb p~g lbp < hb~pu lbp nxtnpcingzu ;!0 , :

(zk`an ># bg zhn ukin lab})pkzn kgj zhn lpkezcbg ebaanezbp }ku unz zb ebaanez n|nps ;4

icg~znu zb ngu~pn mbbj tnkf pnuba~zcbg' Bg nxtnpcingz 5 (ab} lab} pkzn# zhn lpkezcbg

ebaanezbp }ku unz zb ebaanez n|nps 04 icg~znu bg zhn ukin ab} lab})pkzn' Zhcu pnu~aznj

cg k |nps uikaa |ba~in bl na~ngz cg nkeh |cka kgj b|np zhn eb~pun bl zhn nxtnpcingz

zhn na~ngz n|ktbpkznj' Cz }ku jnecjnj zhkz zhn eba~ig uhb~aj `n }kuhnj zhpb~mh

}czh mpb~gj }kznp 70: hpu kgj zhn `pbicjn zpkenp pntnkznj `~z }czh k hcmhnp lab} pkzn

cg bpjnp zb kzzkcg ibpn na~ngz |ba~in'

Kz zhn ebgea~ucbg bl zhn `pbicjn zpkenp lbp nkeh nxtnpcingz! zhn eba~ig }ku

~guepn}nj kgj zhn ukgj t~uhnj b~z ku k ucgman ebpn ~ucgm k takuzce ta~gmnp' Zhn

ukgj }ku zhng e~z cgzb > x ; ei unezcbgu kgj t~z cgzb tpn)}ncmhnj jcmnuzcbg |ckau

(tbasla~bpbkafbxs |nuunau#' Zhn ukgj }ku lpnnn jpcnj! pn)}ncmhnj kgj zhng jcmnuznj

~ucgm ebgengzpkznj HGB5 kz k znitnpkz~pn bl ;:4 E lbp 78hpu' Zhn u~tnpgkzngz

}ku tctnzznj b~z bl zhn jcmnuzcbg |cka ~ucgm k makuu tkuz~pn tctnzzn kgj jca~znj }czh

0. HGB5 lbp kgkasucu bl Zh `s CET)IU' 5 x ; m bl zhn ukgj }ku jcmnuznj kgj

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


26/46

kgkasunj lbp zbzka zhbpc~i ebgzngz' Zhn inkg ukgj `akgf |ka~n }ku zhng u~`zpkeznj

lpbi zhn eba~ig ukgj pnu~azu'

0': Kgkasucu `s CET)IU

Kaa eba~ig b~zlab} ukitanu! @kzeh ukitanu kgj kgkaszn icxz~pn kac{~bzu }npn

kgkasunj lbp Zh 050 `s CET)IU' Zhn btnpkzcgm ebgjczcbgu kpn uhb}g `nab} cg Zk`an


27/46

Zhn ekae~akznj Fj |ka~nu lbp nkeh kgkaszn icxz~pn kpn uhb}g cg zk`an ='

Nxtnpcingzp~g

Ikuubl ukgj

~unj(m# ;UJ(g95#

Ibanu bl Zhkjjnj PUJ .

(g95#

Ibanu bl Zh anlz cguba~zcbg PUJ .

(g95#

Ibanu bl Zh ubp`njzb ukgj PUJ .

(g95#

Fj |ka~n(ia"m#

PUJ .(g95#

;?;4Zh?NJZK

;'43 4'43

;'08 x ;4)< 4'40

3'5< x ;4)8 08'= ;';3 x ;4)< 0'5 0:'< 0='4

;':0 x ;4)< 4'44=

:'5< x ;4)8 58'; ;'5= x ;4)< ;'0 >>'4 0 x ;4)< 0': ;;'3 0>'0

;?; Zh?GZK ;'0;4; 4'488

;'00 x ;4)< 4'4;


28/46

zhkz ekae~akznj Fj |ka~nu lbp nxkezas zhn ukin usuzni ekg |kps ku i~eh ku 5 bpjnpu

bl ikmgcz~jn }hng ekppcnj b~z `s 3 jcllnpngz ak`bpkzbpcnu kgj ebgea~jnj zhkz zhn

|kpck`caczs }ku j~n zb g~inpb~u lkezbpu cgea~jcgm ubacj)uba~zcbg pkzcb! ubacj)uba~zcbg

untkpkzcbg inzhbj kgj znitnpkz~pn (^gcznj Uzkznu Ng|cpbgingz Tpbznezcbg Kmnges!

;333#! zhnpnlbpn zb ebitkpn Fj |ka~nu jcpnezas zb Iksu }b~aj gbz `n |ckàn! `~z ~ucgm

zhn b|npkaa zpngj `nz}nng zhn |ka~nu mc|nu kg cgjcekzcbg zhkz zhn pnu~azu kpn cg

kmpnningz zhkz Zh bgas uhb}nj k hcmhnp jnmpnn bl ubptzcbg zb zhn ukgj zhkg Zh cg k

;?;4 pkzcb }czh NJZK'

Cz cu kaub kttkpngz lpbi zhn `kzeh nxtnpcingzu zhkz zhn ebgengzpkzcbg bl acmkgj kaub

taksu kg citbpzkgz tkpz cg zhn ubptzcbg bl Zh' Cg zhn ;?; usuzniu lbp `bzh GZK kgj

NJZK zhn Fj |ka~nu }npn ucmgclcekgzas hcmhnp zhkg zhn ebppnutbgjcgm ;?;4 pkzcb

usuzniu! cgjcekzcgm zhkz zhn Zh cg zhn ;?; usuzniu }ku ibpn hcmhas ubp`nj zb zhn

ukgj' Keebpjcgm zb Iks (Iks! 0443#! zhn lbpikzcbg bl zhn uba~àn kgj uzkàn

VZhNJZK0Y:) utnecnu cg zhn nxenuu usuzni kaab}nj zhn Zh zb pnikcg cg zhn uba~zcbg

thkun! cg zhn n{~cibakp usuzni zhn tpnjbicgkgz utnecnu VZhNJZKY cu gbz ku uba~àn

kgj iks hk|n jcuubeckznj j~n zb ebitnzczcbg lbpi u~plken `b~gj inzkau jcutakecgm

zhn Zh lpbi zhn ebitanx' Zhn uba~`cacukzcbg bl zhn ikzpcx inzkau }b~aj hk|n

cgepnkunj zhn g~i`np bl `cgjcgm ucznu lbp zhn Zh zh~u kaab}cgm ibpn Zh ubptzcbg

(Iks! 0443#'

Zhn eba~igu zb p~g }npn jnecjnj `s zhn `kzeh nxtnpcingz Fj pnu~azu' Cz }ku jnecjnj

zhkz ;?;4 Zh?NJZK kgj Zh bg cz b}g uhb~aj `n ebitkpnj kgj kaub zhn nllnez bl lab}

|nabeczs' Cz }ku jnninj ~glnkucàn zb p~g eba~ig nxtnpcingzu lbp zhn ;?; Zh?NJZK!

;?; Zh?GZK kgj ;?;4 Zh?GZK j~n zb zhn abgm pnucjngen zcinu ekae~akznj lpbi zhn

`kzeh nxtnpcingzu'

5'0 Eba~ig ehkpkeznpcuzceu

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


29/46

5'0'; @pbicjn Zpkenp

Cg nkeh nxtnpcingz! zhn CET)IU ebgengzpkzcbg }ku i~azctacnj `s zhn jca~zcbg lkezbp zb

mc|n zhn ebgengzpkzcbg bl Zh bp @p cg nkeh ukitan tbz' Zhn ebgengzpkzcbg bl zhn

kgkaszn icxz~pn kac{~bzu }ku ekae~akznj kgj zhn g~i`np bl ibanu cgoneznj bg zb zhn

eba~ig }ku ekae~akznj' Kg na~zcbg e~p|n }ku zhng mngnpkznj ~ucgm zhn zbzka |ba~in

bl na~ngz |u ibakp ebgengzpkzcbg bl Zh bp @p' Zhn @p na~zcbg e~p|n (lcm 0# }ku ~unj zb

jnznpicgn cl zhn Zh kgkaszn icxz~pn }ku pnzkpjnj cg zhn eba~ig pnakzc|n zb zhn

`pbicjn zpkenp' Eba~ig ehkpkeznpcuzceu }npn kaub ekae~akznj lpbi zhn @p zpkenp

tpblcanu' Tbpn |ba~in }ku zkfng ku zhn |ba~in o~uz `nlbpn zhn `pbicjn na~znj (lcm 0# !

kgj zhn tbpbuczs }ku ekae~akznj ~ucgm n{~kzcbg :

N{~kzcbg :' \ba~in bl eba~ig 95'35ei5

Zhn `~af jnguczs bl zhn ubca }ku ekae~akznj lbp nkeh eba~ig kabgm }czh lab} |nabeczs cginznpu tnp snkp' Eba~ig ehkpkeznpcuzceu lbp nkeh eba~ig kpn uhb}g cg zk`an 8 kgj @p

na~zcbg tpblcanu lbp nkeh eba~ig kpn uhb}g cg Lcm 0

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


30/46

Zkàn 8' Thsuceka tpbtnpzcnu bl zhn nxtnpcingzka eba~iguK# ;?;4 Zh?NJZK hcmh lab}! ; jks j~pkzcbg?

@# Zh bgas! hcmh lab}? E# ;?;4 Zh?NJZK hcmh lab}! = jks j~pkzcbg? J# ;?;4 Zh?NJZK ab} lab}! ;: jks

j~pkzcbg' Lab} |nabeczs lbp Zh eba~ig gbz @p eba~ig

Lcm 0 @pbicjn zpkenp na~zcbg jkzk lbp eba~igu? K# ;?;4 Zh?NJZK (hcmh lab}! ;jks j~pkzcbg# @# Zh bgas

(hcmh lab}! = jks j~pkzcbg# E#;?;4 Zh?NJZK (hcmh lab}! = jks j~pkzcbg# J# ;?;4 Zh?NJZK (ab} lab}! ;:

jks j~pkzcbg#

Ku ebgea~jnj `s An|s! `pbicjn cu kg nllcecngz ebgunp|kzc|n zpkenp cg zhkz cz jbnu gbz

cgznpkez }czh mnbabmceka injc~iu6 zhnpnlbpn k uhkpt gkppb} tnkf uhb~aj ehkpkeznpcn

k ebgunp|kzc|n zpkenp tpblcan' Hb}n|np zhn tpblcanu unng cg lcm 0! zhn tnkfu hk|n

jcllnpcgm }cjzhu' Zhn }cjzh bl k tnkf mc|nu kg cgjcekzcbg bl jcutnpucbg }czhcg zhn

eba~ig }hnpn`s zhn t~aun cgt~z utpnkju j~n zb jcllnpngz lab} tkzhu (^'U Jntkzingz

bl Ngnpms! 044:#' Zhn jcllnpngz lab} tkzhu kpn kzzpc`~znj zb eba~ig tkefcgm }czh k

zcmhzas tkefnj eba~ig pnu~azcgm cg anuu jcutnpuc|czs' Cz ekg `n unng cg lcm 0@ kgj 0E

zhkz zhn tnkfu kpn }cjn cg ebitkpcubg }czh lcm 0 K! cz ekg kaub `n unng lpbi zkàn 8

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN54@ >'4;0< 3='< ='> 0'05 4'>< ;'08E >'=5>> 33 :': ;'0; 4'5; ;':

5 ' N ) 4 >

: ' N ) 4 >

> ' N ) 4 >

L a b } | b a ~ i n i A

]hng ebitkpnj zb Iksu jkzk (lcm 5 @# (Iks! 0443# lbp ;?;4 Zh?NJZK eba~ig kz zhn

ukin lab} pkzn! zhn hcmh ebgengzpkzcbg tnkf bee~ppnj kz kttpbxcikznas :'> ia kgj kaa

Zh hkj na~znj klznp kttpbxcikznas ;> iau' Cz cu citbpzkgz zb gbzn zhkz zhn

ebgengzpkzcbgu ~unj `s Iks }npn kg bpjnp bl ikmgcz~jn mpnkznp zhkg ~unj cg zhcu

uz~js' Iks ebgea~jnj zhkz ebaabcjka Zh utnecnu }npn pnutbgucàn lbp zhn nghkgenj

icmpkzcbg' Zhn bgn)jks eba~ig nxtnpcingz uhb}nj zhkz gb ebaabcjka lkecaczkznj

zpkgutbpz }ku zkfcgm taken kgj zhkz ucitan ehniceka utnecnu fcgnzceu }ku cg kezcbg' Cz

cu n|cjngz lpbi zhn ebitkpcubg bl zhn z}b tpblcanu zhkz ebgengzpkzcbg bl Zh kgj

ebitanxcgm kmngz taksu kg citbpzkgz pban cg }hnzhnp Zh)ebaabcju bp Zh)NJZK utnecnu

lbpi' Cg hcmhnp ebgengzpkzcbg usuzniu! Zh)ebaabcju lbpi! zhkz nghkgenu Zh icmpkzcbg

kgj `cgjcgm uczn k|kcak`caczs }caa `n pnj~enj zhnpnlbpn pnj~ecgm ubptzcbg bl zhn Zh'

5'5'0' Zh bgas eba~ig

Lcm :? Zh bgas na~zcbg tpblcanu? K# B`zkcgnj lpbi zhcu uz~js (= jks j~pkzcbg#

@# B`zkcgnj lpbi Iksu uz~js (: jks j~pkzcbg# (Iks! 0443#

Zhn Zh bgas eba~ig uhb}nj gb eankp na~zcbg tnkf kgj ab} ebgengzpkzcbgu bl Zh }npn

jnzneznj zhpb~mhb~z zhn = jks nxtnpcingz (lcm : K#' K ucicakp tpblcan }ku unng `s Iks

(lcm : @#' B|np zhn ngzcpn nxtnpcingzka tnpcbj bgas 5. bl zhn Zh cgoneznj bgzb zhn

eba~ig na~znj' Ku }ku unng cg Iksu nxtnpcingz zhn Zh bgas eba~ig (lcm : K# uhb}nj

k hcmh jnmpnn bl ubptzcbg zb zhn ukgj }hceh kaub pncglbpenu Hkfniu kgj Inkgu

ebgea~ucbg zhkz znzpk|kangz kezcgcjnu }czhb~z ebitanxcgm kmngzu kpn hcmhas ubp`nj zb

zhn ubca kgj icmpkzcbg }caa `n acicznj (Hkfni! 044;#(Inkgu! ;3=8#'

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


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5'5'5' ;?;4 Zh?NJZK ab} lab} eba~ig (;: jks j~pkzcbg#

Zhn ;?;4 Zh?NJZK ab} lab} pkzn eba~ig tpblcan (lcm >K# uhb}nj |nps uikaa

ebgengzpkzcbgu bl Zh na~zcgm zhpb~mhb~z zhn nxtnpcingz j~pkzcbg zcin bl ;: jksu }czh

gb pnuba|nj tnkf bl ikxci~i ebgengzpkzcbg'

Klznp |cu~ka cgutnezcbg! zhn tpblcanu bl zhn Zh bgas eba~ig kgj zhn ;?;4 Zh?NJZK ab}

lab} pkzn eba~ig (lcm :K , >K pnutnezc|nas# abbfnj ucicakp cg zhkz ab} ebgengzpkzcbgu

}npn unng zhpb~mhb~z zhn j~pkzcbg kgj `bzh hkj k uacmhz zkcacgm bl ab}np

ebgengzpkzcbgu'

Zhn ;?;4 Zh?NJZK ab} lab} pkzn eba~ig hkj k ikxci~i zbzka na~zcbg |ba~in bl


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`bzh ekunu (zk`an ;4# ' Zhcu u~mmnuzu zhkz zhn Zh?NJZK cu jcuubeckzcgm lpbi zhn NJZK

cg zhn eba~ig' Zhcu eb~aj `n kzzpc`~znj zb zhn abgmnp zcin zhn ZhNJZK ebitanx utngz

cg zhn eba~ig cg zhn ab} lab} usuzni! zh~u abgmnp ebgzkez }czh zhn ukgj' Zhn inzkau

zhkz kpn `b~gj zb u~plken `cgjcgm ucznu cg zhn ukgj }caa ebitnzn lbp zhn NJZK (Unpgn!

0440# (Pb`npzubg! ;33>#kgj iks `n k`an zb jcutaken Zh lpbi zhn ebitanx (Iks!

0443#' Zhn jcutakenj Zh ekg zhng n kjubp`nj zb ukgj u~plken `cgjcgm ucznu

kaab}cgm lbp acicznj zpkgutbpz bl Zh' Zhcu eb~aj nxtakcg zhn ab} ebgengzpkzcbgu bl Zh

zhpb~mhb~z zhn nxtnpcingz kgj zhn uacmhz zkcacgm bl zhn tpblcanu ku Zh cu uab}as

pnankunj lpbi zhnun `cgjcgm ucznu'

B|np zhn ngzcpn nxtnpcingzka j~pkzcbg (= jksu lbp Zh bgas kgj ;: jksu lbp ab} lab}

usuzni# 5. bl zhn zbzka Zh cgoneznj na~znj lpbi zhn Zh bgas eba~ig kgj 0. lpbi zhn

ab} lab} eba~ig' Ku }ku unng cg Iksu nxtnpcingz zhn Zh bgas eba~ig (lcm : K#

uhb}nj k hcmh jnmpnn bl ubptzcbg zb zhn ukgj }hceh kaub pncglbpenu Hkfniu kgj

Inkgu ebgea~ucbg zhkz znzpk|kangz kezcgcjnu }czhb~z ebitanxcgm kmngzu kpn hcmhas

ubp`nj zb zhn ubca kgj icmpkzcbg }caa `n acicznj (Hkfni! 044;# (Inkgu! ;3=8#'

Ebgzpkps zb Hkfniu lcgjcgmu zhkz NJZK cg nxenuu tpbibznj zhn icmpkzcbg bl

pkjcbg~eacjn-u! cz }ku gbz zhn ekun cg zhn ab} lab} pkzn usuzni cg zhcu uz~js kgj zhn Zh

`nhk|nj ibpn acfn zhn Zh bgas usuzni'

5'5': ;?;4 Zh?NJZK hcmh lab} pkzn eba~ig (= jks j~pkzcbg#

Lcm


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gnenuukps zb pnib|n 3>'3. bl zhn zbzka Zh zhkz na~znj' Zhn `pnkfzhpb~mh lab} |ba~in

}ku ;:': iau (;0 tbpn |ba~inu# kgj zhn ikxci~i Zh ebgengzpkzcbg cg zhn na~ngz

pnkehnj ;;8'5gI kz 03'0 ia' Zhn tpblcan }ku ehkpkeznpcunj `s k ikxci~i

ebgengzpkzcbg tnkf lbaab}nj `s k abgm na~zcbg zkca bl ab}npcgm ebgengzpkzcbgu uhb}cgm

k eankp cgjcekzcbg bl Zh pnzkpjkzcbg `s ubptzcbg bgzb zhn ukgj'

Zhn uhktn bl zhn tpblcan (lcm . bl zhn zbzka Zh cgoneznj hkj na~znj }czh zhn pnuz uzcaa cgucjn zhn eba~ig' Zhn

ebgengzpkzcbg bl Zh zhng jnepnkunj uab}as j~n zb uab} Zh jnubptzcbg fcgnzceu

(Hkgjans)Ucj~! 0443#(Iks! 0443# tpbj~ecgm k abgm zkca bg zhn tpblcan' Zhn tpblcan

unng `s Iks (Iks! 0443# lbp zhn ;?;4 Zh?NJZK usuzni (lcm 5@# kaub uhb}nj zkcacgm

kgj k ikxci~i ebgengzpkzcbg tnkf kz :'> ia' Zhn nkpas ebgengzpkzcbg tnkf unng `s

Iks eb~aj `n kzzpc`~znj zb NJZK injckznj ebaabcjka lkecaczkznj zpkgutbpz bl zhn Zh'

Zhcu uhb}u zhkz zhn lbpikzcbg bl Zh)ebaabcju nghkgenu Zh icmpkzcbg {~czn

ebgucjnpk`as'

B|np zhn nxtnpcingz zcin (= jksu#! 0


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cu eankp zhkz NJZK nghkgenj zhn icmpkzcbg bl Zh }hceh cu kaub cg kmpnningz }czh

tpn|cb~u uz~jsu ebgea~ucbgu(Hkfni! 044;#!(Unpgn! 0440#! (Pnkj! ;338#!(Iks!

0443#'

Ebitkpcgm zhn ab} lab} eba~ig }czh zhn ;?;4 Zh?NJZK gbpika lab} eba~ig (lcm


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hkttng ku pnkjcas j~n zb zhn uab} ekzcbg nxehkgmn fcgnzceu! zhnpnlbpn zhn tpcgectka

utnecnu cg zhn hcmhnp lab} usuzni }caa hk|n `nng zhn uba~`an kgcbgce ebitanx!

cgepnkucgm Zh ib`caczs'

5': Ubacj thkun jcmnuzcbg

Nkeh ukgj unezcbg bl zhn eba~ig }ku kgkasunj lbp zbzka Zh ebgzngz' Zhn ukgj `akgf

(5'08 4';; gibanu"m# }ku u~`zpkeznj lpbi zhn |ka~n' Zhn nppbp `kpu uhb} ;4.

PUJ lpbi nxtnpcingzka kgj kgkaszceka ~genpzkcgzs'

Lcm


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}czh Iksu Zh bgas eba~ig jcuzpc`~zcbg (Iks! 0443# kaub u~ttbpz zhn zhnbps zhkz zhn Zh

cg zhn ab} lab} usuzni jcuubeckznj lpbi zhn NJZK kaab}cgm ubptzcbg kgj uab}

jnubptzcbg bl Zh zb zhn ukgj'

Zhn eba~ig nxtnpcingzu kpn cg kmpnningz }czh zhn uzkzce `kzeh znuzu cg zhkz zhn Fj

ekae~akznj lbp Zh bgas }ku hcmhnp zhkg zhn ;?;4 ZhNJZK (55'8 ia"m 5='8. kgj 0:' (;338#? 05>)0:8'

Pnsak! O L' Zhnbpnzceka kgj nxtnpcingzka ebgucjnpkzcbgu lbp zhn ~un bl zhn eba~ig

inzhbj lbp jnznpicgcgm pnzkpjkzcbg lkezbpu' Pkjcbkezc|n }kuzn ikgkmngingz kgj

zhn g~eankp l~na esean (Hkp}bbj kekjnice t~`acuhnpu# 5! gb' 0 (Jneni`np ;380#?

;>;);#? 05=)

0>0'

P~llcgb @! _kgnzzc I' Kjubptzcbg uz~js bl un|npka hsjpbthb`ce bpmkgce ebgzkicgngzu

bg kg k{~clcnp ikznpcka' kinpcekg ob~pgka bl ng|cpbgingzka uecngen (Uecngen

t~`acekzcbgu# >! gb' : (0443#? >4=)>;>'

Unpgn PO! Ekgzpnaa E]! Acgjngincnp KZ! B}ng C\! F~zgskfb|'PJ! Lnais KP'

Pkjcbg~eacjn)ehnakzcgm kmngz ebitanxnu cg ab} an|na pkjcbkezc|n }kuzn? uzk`caczs!

kjubptzcbg kgj zpkgutbpz tbzngzcka' Tkeclce Gbpzh}nuz Gkzcbgka Ak`bpkzbps! 0440'

Unpgn! P O! nz ka' Ehkpkeznpckzcbg bl pkjcbg~eacjn)ehnakzcgm kmngz ebitanxnu lb~gj

cg ab} an|na pkjcbkezc|n jnebgzkicgkzcbg }kuzn' Tkeclce Gbpzh}nuz gkzcbgka ak`bpkzbps!

;33


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^'U Jntkzingz bl Ngnpms' Zhn pban bl jcutnpucbg cg pkjcbg~eacjn zpkgutbpz ) Jkzk

ibjnacgm kgj pn{~cpningzu' ^'U Jntkpzingzu bl ngnpms! ^'U Jntkpzingz bl Ngnpms!

044:'

^gcznj Uzkznu Ng|cpbgingz Tpbznezcbg Kmnges' Zhn Fj ibjna! inzhbju bl

inku~pningzu!kgj kttacekzcbg bl ehniceka pnkezcbg ebjnu' NTK! ]kuhcgmzbg' ^UK?

NTK! ;333'

8' Kefgb}anjmningzu

C }b~aj acfn zb zhkgf is u~tnp|cubp! Jp Icpkgjk Fnczh)Pbkeh lbp hnp ebgzcg~ka

u~ttbpz! ngeb~pkmningz kgj m~cjkgen zhpb~mhb~z is jcuunpzkzcbg' C kaub }kgz zb

zhkgf Jp Kgjs Lcuhnp lbp kaa hcu hnat kgj nxtnpzcun cg CET)IU! Okgn Nkmacgm lbp

ikfcgm is ak~mh }hng zhcgmu mbz zbb i~eh kgj lcgkaas is lkicas! }czhb~z }hbi gbgn

bl zhcu }b~aj hk|n `nng tbuuc`an+

Kttngjcenu

Kttngjcx ;

Thbzbmpkth bl zhn eba~ig nxtnpcingz unz ~t' Uhb}cgm zhn tnpcuzkazce t~it

kgj lpkezcbg ebaanezbp

Acgjuks Sb~gm NBN5


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Ktngjcx 0

;

The Effect of Complexing agents on the sorption and subsequent migration of Thorium through a natural sand matrix using static batch and flow through column experiments

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