The Effect of Ambient Particulate Metal Concentrates In Lagos Metropolis and the Adjoining Water Bodies, Northwest of Lagos Lagoon

Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume II, Issue XI, November 2014 29 ISSN 2201-2796

www.scirj.org 2014, Scientific Research Journal

The Effect of Ambient Particulate Metal Concentrates

In Lagos Metropolis and the Adjoining Water Bodies,

Northwest of Lagos Lagoon

1Popoola Samuel Olatunde,

2 Hauwa Momoh,

3 Oyeleke Peter Olaoye,

4Odeyemi Olusanmi Ebenezer

1department of Physical and Chemical Oceanography Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research PMB, 12729,

Victoria Island, Lagos, E-mail,[email protected] 2 Lagos state Waste Management Authority Ojota, Lagos state, Nigeria.

3 department of Science Laboratory Technology Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology Moor plantation,

Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria 4 department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology Moor Plantation,

Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria

Abstract: Ambient air particulate matter (PM10) is the most pervasive material that affects human health; recent studies have

pointed to evidence that coarse particle in the air could be significant contributor to respiratory and cardiovascular disease in

human and aquatic life. The study was carried out to determine the metallic constituents of particulate matter of part of Lagos

Metropolis and the potential environmental significance on nearby surface and subsurface water bodies that flows into the Lagos

lagoon. A total number of Thirty (30) samples comprising twenty nine (29) ambient particulate matters from the study area and

one (1) control sample from a distance of over 17km away from the study area with little or no industrial activity were collected

using High Air Volume Sampler (#1500) with cellulose filter disk and kept well labelled in a dessicator prior to geochemical

analysis conducted by Activation Laboratory Limited, Ontario Canada. The environmental units of sampling location include the

dumpsite, residential areas and bus-stops along highways, industrial and commercial areas respectively. Samples were digested

using microwave assisted extraction method with extract analysed for their trace metals using inductively coupled plasma mass

spectrometry. The following metal concentration values were obtained (in ppm): Zn (4.7 47.5), Mn (5.0 -20.0), Sr (3.6 6.1),

Ba (1.5 - 8.1), Cu (1.8-13.7), Pb (1.0 -5.0), Cr (1.0-2.0), V (0.5 1.7) and Zr (0.6 1.3). The correlation coefficient reveals that

Zn shows very strong positive correlation with Cu at probability of 0.05. Pb shows strong positive with virtually all the metals

with the exception of Zn and Cu, this is an indication that these metals are coming from the same origin which may be as a result

of anthropogenic input into the environment. The following metal associations were obtained through factor analysis; Factor

1(Mn, Pb, Ba, Cr, Sr, V and Zr) accounted for about 54.21%, Factor 2 (Cu, Zn and Ba) at about 25.5%. The results of the study

generally show higher concentrations of heavy metals in particulate matter when compared with the control, but interestingly

samples collected within the dumpsite have lower heavy metal concentrations compared to those taken far away from the

dumpsite close to the highway based on leaching, deposition, erosion and transportation of the waste dumps to the nearby streams

and underground water bodies. The comparison of metal concentrations and the geochemical data of the study area with similar

work done in the central area in Lagos metropolis, adjoining surface and subsurface water bodies reveals that urbanization, high

auto-traffic and other anthropogenic emissions are the major contributors to particulate matter concentration.

Index Terms: Ambient air particulate matter (PM10), anthropogenic emissions, surface and subsurface water bodies, Inductively

coupled mass emission spectrometer (ICP/MS), dumpsite, geochemical data.

I. INTRODUCTION

Atmospheric pollution in Nigeria has been worsened due to increase in the population, industrialization and urbanization. This is

further aggravated by limited street space, poorly maintained vehicles and roads, lack of emission control and management

programs. One of the most serious consequences of this pollution problem is the acute and chronic exposure of large fraction of

the populace to different doses and composition of air pollution on daily basis.

Soil, sediment and dust (particulate matter) occur in different particles sizes most especially in fine and coarse particle mode. The

fine particles (PM2.5) are derived from combustion processes attributed mainly to anthropogenic sources while the coarse particle



sizes (PM10) are derived from re-suspension of soil dust and mechanical wear of rock and minerals (Godish, 1991 and Whitby,

1989. The most concentrated particulate matter pollution tends to be in densely populated metropolitan areas in developing

countries and the primary cause is the burning of fossil fuels by the transportation and industrial sources. The area of toxic air

pollutants has been the subject of interest and concern for many years. The pathways through which humans and other ecological

entities are exposed to environmental pollutants include water, air, soil and plants. The mode of exposure is either by ingestion,

inhalation, through the skin (dermal exposure) or a combination of two or all. Human activities which contaminate groundwater

include landfill, mining, accidental spills of chemicals or waste materials, placement of septic and other tanks in hydrological and

geological unstable locations, underground pipeline leakage, improper application of fertilizers and pesticides, among others

(Lehr, 2002). Because groundwater is part of the hydrologic cycle, contaminants in other parts of the cycle, such as surface water,

can be transferred into groundwater supplies (Groundwater Foundation, 2012). In the same vein, groundwater might contain some

impurities even, if it is unaffected by human activities; the composition depends on the prevailing geology including the

mineralogy of the urban areas (Samara et al, 1990).

Furthermore, groundwater being part of the hydrologic cycle also plays a significant role in maintaining the surface water systems

through flows into lakes and base flow into rivers, lagoons and oceans; thereby, supporting the inflow needs of the surface water.

These flows are often crucial for maintaining the biodiversity and habitats of sensitive ecosystems (Tharme, 2003).

Contaminated groundwater is unsafe for human consumption; the effects on any exposed populations can include sub-chronic

toxicity, chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity, depending on the type of contaminants, leading to higher public expenditure on

health care. In addition, surface water quality and the health of the aquatic organisms can be negatively affected when

groundwater transfers contaminants to surface water through the hydrologic cycle.

This present study examines the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in ambient particulate matter (PM10) in some part

of Lagos Metropolis. This includes collection of particulate samples from Olusosun dumpsite, along major highways, residential

and industrial areas and the aim is to assess the geochemical composition of the particulate matter, the source of the constituent

materials and the effect of the adjoining water bodies and the inhabitants of the communities that surround the landfill. The

locations within the study area are: Olusosun dumpsite, Oregun industrial layout, Alausa, Berger, Mile 12, Maryland and

Oworoshoki road. They are located within longitude 6036

1 N and

6

027

1 N and latititude 3

018

1 E and 3

027

1 E. Olusosun dumpsite

was formerly use as laterite mining site where laterite was excavated to provide filling materials for roads, foundations for

building. The dumpsite consist large burrow pits which resulted from long term laterite excavation. The site was identified and

selected by Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) as a dumpsite in 1992 and it had since been use for dumping of

refuse. The study area is easily accessible with good network of major and minor roads. Olusosun dumpsite can be accessed

through three authorised entrances: Motorway off Lagos-Ibadan Highway, Ikosi; Olusosun road, off Kudirat Abiola way, Oregun

and Ojota motor garage off Ikorodu road, Ojota. With this good accessibility, samples site were well connected and sampling was

done with ease. The dumpsite is very massive with a topographical height of about 150ft and it is situated within the Alaro

watershed. The Olusosun dumpsite covers an area of 42 Hectares of land; it is the largest of all existing dumpsites in Lagos state

in terms of area coverage its approximate distance to the Lagos lagoon is about 2.4 Km. There are industries located along the

nearby river, the Iyalaro stream which flows into the Ogudu canal and eventually drains into the Lagos lagoon (Oyeyiola etal.,

2006).Large quantities of industrial wastes are discharged into it without adequate treatment. As a consequence the river is



polluted by many kinds of chemicals including heavy metals World Environmental Systems (1997), Oyeyiola etal., (2006).The

Oregun road mainly consists of industrial activities while other locations have major highways with busy bus stops, residential,

commercial and industrial activities.

II. GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

The study area lie within the eastern part of the Dahomey Basin an extensive sedimentary basin stretching from eastern Ghana,

Togo and the Republic of Benin to the Western part of Nigeria up to the Benin hinge line. The Basin is one of the sedimentary

basins of Nigeria (Fig 1).It is bounded in the North by Precambrian Basement Complex of South-western Nigeria, the Gulf of

Guinea to the South and eastward by the Okitipupa ridge(Adegoke, 1969).

Fig 1: Generalized Geological setting of eastern Dahomey basin (Modified by Billman, 1976)



Plate1: Air combustion moving directly into the ocean as a sink around Leventis,cms,Lagos,Nigeria.

Fig 2: Location Map of the study area



Fig 3: Location Map of the Olusosun dumpsite area in relation to the Lagos lagoon and the Atlantic ocean



Plate 2&3: Olusosun dump site, Lagos, Nigeria

Plate4: Leachate around olusosun dump site



Plate5: A Plastic Factory, Oregun,Lagos,Nigeria.

III. METHODOLOGY

A total of thirty samples comprising twenty nine (29) ambient particulate matters and one (1) control sample from a distance of

over 17km away from the study area with little or no industrial activity were collected from the study area. The particulate

samples were collected along the major Expressways, Olusosun dumpsite, industrial and residential areas within the study area. In

addition to collection of samples along the highways, busy spots such as bus stops were also used for sampling. On the dumpsite,

sample collection was divided between areas of active wastes dumping and places of inactive wastes dumping.

Six separate samples were collected within the dumpsite, along the highways, within residential areas while three and eight

samples were collected at Bus stops and within commercial and industrial areas respectively. The control sample for the

particulate matters was collected in an area unaffected by industrialization, high traffic and population density around Victoria

Island (A30) about 17km away from the study area. Sampling took place during the dry season months, November 2011

January 2012 using High Air Volume Sampler 1500 with cellulose filter disk (Fig 4).

The sample medium collected is the particulate matter (PM10) and four (4) hours were used for collecting each sample. This

sampling strategy was designed so as to effectively monitor particulate matter in the study area. Selected filters discs were

labelled and placed in desiccators for several hours to remove whatever moisture in them and weighed on analytical balance to

nearest milligram. The filter disc was then placed on the supporting screen on top of the sampler and held in place with the filter

cover. The sampler was then place in the proposed area and then turned on to run for four hours. Powered for the sampler was

provided by a generator. The initial flow rate was recorded and this is done by reading the pressure differential on the manometer

and just before the unit was turned off, the final flow was recorded. After sampling, the filter was carefully removed and placed in

a desiccator for several hours to remove moisture content; when the filter paper had been desiccated it is then re-weighed to

determine the net gain. Samples were prepared for ICPMS by using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE).The filter paper

was cut longitudinally into strip of 1 x 8 inches for digestion, weighed and placed into the microwave vessels by folding them.

Deionized class 1 water and 10ml of high purity nitric acid was added to each vessel. A known concentration of NIST- traceable

standard (spike) was added to fortified laboratory blanks and laboratory fortified samples which were processed with each set of

sample digested.



Subsequently, the extract was analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP/MS) at the Activation

Laboratories Limited, Canada. The data obtained from the geochemical analysis were subjected to standard geochemical and

statistical evaluations using appropriate software and methods and compared with the heavy metals constituents of Iyalaro stream,

which is one of the most important streams in Lagos state. The stream flows into the Ogudu canal, where it eventually empties

into the Lagos Lagoon. There are industries located along the river and large quantities of industrial wastes are discharged into it

without adequate treatment. As a consequence the river is polluted by many kinds of chemicals including heavy metals, Oyeyiola

etal.,2006.The results of the geochemical analyses was also compared with the works of Oluyemi and Asubiojo,(2001).

Plate6: Sampling with High Air Volume Sampler

Fig 4: High Air Volume Sampler (Model N1500)



IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Tables 1 and 2 present the result of the selected heavy metals of the particulate matters (PM 10) collected from the study area.

The results showed that only few of the heavy metals were detected in the particulate matters. These metals include Cr, Pb, Zn,

Cu, V, Mn, Ba, Sr and Zr. Different values were observed between the different sampling locations which could have been as a

result of the effect of high industrialization, urbanization and vehicular activities that characterised the study area. Reasonably

high levels of heavy metals were observed in samples collected along the major highways where traffic is quite intense.

Table 3 shows the summary of the heavy metals in the particulate samples.

TABLE 1: GEOCHEMICAL RESULT FOR TRACE ELEMENTS OF THE STUDY AREA

Sampling

Location (ppm) Mn(ppm) Sr(ppm) Ba(ppm) Cu(ppm) Pb(ppm) Cr(ppm) V(ppm) Zr(ppm)

A1 5.7 7 3.9 1.7 2.1 Bdl Bdl Bdl 0.7

A2 20.9 10 4.8 3.6 4.0 3 1 1 1.0

A3 9.7 7 4.4 2.4 1.8 2 Bdl 0.6 0.9

A4 4.7 6 3.6 1.5 2.2 1 Bdl Bdl 0.6

A5 10.2 10 4.5 3.6 2.6 2 1 0.8 0.9

A6 6.3 5 3.6 2.1 1.8 1 Bdl Bdl 0.7

A7 9.8 11 4.4 3.7 3.7 2 1 0.6 0.8

A8 9.5 7 3.9 2.6 2.4 2 Bdl Bdl 0.7

A9 16.3 11 5.0 4.7 5.2 4 2 1.1 1.1

A10 9.8 13 4.7 3.3 5.3 3 2 0.9 1.0

A11 7.3 10 4.1 3.7 2.9 2 1 Bdl 0.7

A12 11.3 13 5.2 5.2 3.8 2 1 0.8 1.0

A13 7 10 4.7 3.2 2.6 2 1 0.7 1.0

A14 6.7 9 4.3 3.4 2.8 1 Bdl 0.7 0.9

*Bdl Below detection limit

TABLE 2: GEOCHEMICAL RESULT FOR TRACE ELEMENTS OF THE STUDY AREA

Sampling

Location Zn(ppm) Mn(ppm) Sr(ppm) Ba(ppm) Cu(ppm) Pb(ppm) Cr(ppm) V(ppm) Zr(ppm)

A15 13.6 20 6.0 5.0 4.3 4 2 1.1 1.3

A16 21.1 14 5.6 5.8 4.4 4 2 1.0 1.0

A17 8.2 8 4.4 2.5 2.3 1 Bdl Bdl 0.8

A18 8.4 10 4.9 2.8 2.5 2 1 0.5 0.8



A19 7.7 9 4.6 3.3 2.9 1 1 Bdl 0.9

A20 7.4 11 4.4 2.8 2.8 1 Bdl Bdl 0.7

A21 9.9 9 4.3 3.6 3.6 3 Bdl Bdl 0.8

A22 7.9 10 4.6 3.9 3.8 2 Bdl Bdl 0.8

A23 15.8 8 5.0 2.4 2.4 1 Bdl Bdl 0.9

A24 14.5 12 5.4 5.6 3.6 5 1 1.1 1.1

A25 11.2 8 4.1 4.1 3.2 2 Bdl 0.6 0.8

A26 18.9 15 6.1 8.1 6.3 4 2 1.7 1.1

A27 6.7 11 5.1 3.6 2.0 2 1 0.8 0.9

A28 7.4 9 4.6 2.8 1.8 1 Bdl 0.6 0.8

A29 47.5 11 5.0 7.1 13.7 3 1 0.7 0.8

Control 9.7 9 4.4 2.9 2.8 1 Bdl Bdl 0.7

*Bdl Below detection limit

TABLE 3: STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE STUDY AREA

Element Range(ppm) Mean(ppm) Control (V.I)

(ppm)

Zn 4.7 -47.5 11.8 9.7

Mn 5.0 20.0 10.1 9.0

Sr 3.6 6.1 4.7 4.4

Ba 1.5 8.1 3.7 2.9

Cu 1.8 13.7 3.59 2.8

Pb 1.0 5.0 2.2 1.0

Cr 1.0 2.0 1.3



Oworoshoki while minimum value was observed in sample A6 (Table 2),Lead (Pb) ranges from 1.0ppm to 5.0ppm with a mean

of 2.2ppm (Table 2 and Fig7) The highest concentration was observed in sample A24 collected beside Chinese village at Ojota at

about few metres away from major highway in the Metropolis while its minimum values were observed in samples A1, A6, A17,

A19 and A20 collected within and around the dumpsite with mean concentration of 2.2ppm.

Copper (Cu) displays a wide variation of values ranging from 1.8ppm to 13.7ppm in the particulate matters collected from the

study area (Table 3, Fig.8). High concentration of copper was found in sample A29 collected close to the highway beside a central

motor park at Oworoshoki road while the least concentrations of copper was found in sample A6 and A28 collected beside

mechanic workshop at Oregun road close to the dumpsite and within Ogudu GRA respectively, Copper with mean concentration

of 3.95ppm (Table 3).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

concentration in ppm

Cu Mn Pb Zn Ba Cr Sr V Zr

The analysed metals

The concentrations of selected nine metals

Maximium

Minimum

Figure 5: Concentration of selected nine metals in the Study area

Chromiun (Cr) with mean concentration of 1.3ppm, varies from less than 1.0ppm to 2.0ppm in about five samples collected at

different locations within and around the dumpsite although some of the samples for example, sample A26 collected around

Ogudu towards the Lagos lagoon has high Cr concentrations,see fig 9.

Manganese (Mn) sranges from 5.0ppm, in sample A6 collected within Olusosun dumpsite to 20.0ppm in sample A15 collected

within a residential estate situated very close to highway off Ikosi road with Manganese mean concentration of 10.1ppm,see

fig10.

Barium (Ba) ranges from 1.5 8.1ppm with mean concentration of 3.7ppm. The highest concentrations of these heavy metals

were detected in different samples collected mostly outside the dumpsite. For instance, maximum concentration of Ba was

observed in sample A29 collected close to the highway beside the central taxi park at Oworoshoki road, Vanadium in sample A26

collected within residential area along Ogudu road while that of Zr and Sr were observed in samples A15 and A16 collected

within residential estate off Ikosi road and beside a sawmill off Ketu market close to the highway respectively, see fig14.



Fig 6 - 14 below shows the Trace elements concentration of the study area

Fig.6: The distribution of Zn concentrations in particulate matter from the study area

Fig.7: The distribution of Pb concentrations in particulate matter from the study area



Fig.8: The distribution of Cu concentrations in particulate matter from the study area

Fig.9: The distribution of Cr concentrations in particulate matter from the study area



Fig.10: The distribution of Mn concentrations in particulate matter from the study area

Fig.11: The distribution of Zr concentrations in particulate matter from the study area



Fig.12: The distribution of V concentrations in particulate matter from the study area

Fig.13: The distribution of Sr concentrations in particulate matter from the study area



Fig.14: The distribution of Ba concentrations in particulate matter from the study area

The concentrations of the heavy metals in PM10 from the study area were compared with that of control sample collected very

close to the road side at Akin Adesola road, Victoria island which is about (17km) away from the study area, with little or no

industrial activity and no traffic congestion, but there is high traffic density. From the comparison, the concentration of all the

heavy metals of the particulate matter (PM10) of the study area have higher concentration compared to the control sample which

may be due to no industrial activities, emission from car exhaust and traffic congestion which could contribute to the pollution of

the Air quality of the study area.

Pearsons correlation matrix

Correlation Matrix was employed for the data set to discover similarities in geochemical behaviour and basic relationship among

the elements (Davis, 1986; Ajayi and Suh, 1999). Correlation coefficient measures the strength of a linear relationship between

two variables on a scale of -1 (perfect inverse relationship) through 0 (no relation) to +1 (perfect sympathetic relation). The

correlation coefficients developed for particulate matter in the study area was based on 30 samples and its significant from 0 .5 at

0.001 confidence level (Table 4).

Various ranges of r were observed between both the trace metals and the major elements. The correlation that exists among the

heavy metals contents in PM10 of the study area can be summarised as follows (Table 5) Cu with Zn and Ba; Mn with Pb, Ba, Cr,

Sr, V and Zr; Pb with Ba, Cr, Sr, V and Zr; Zn with Ba; Ba with Sr, V and Zr; Cr with Sr, V and Zr; Sr with V and Zr; V with Zr.

TABLE 4: PEARSONS CORRELATION TABLE

Cu Mn Pb Zn Ba Cr Sr V Zr

Cu 1.00

Mn 0.39 1.00

Pb 0.45 0.67 1.00

Zn 0.91 0.32 0.47 1.00



Ba 0.71 0.70 0.74 0.68 1.00

Cr 0.19 0.70 0.62 0.10 0.40 1.00

Sr 0.40 0.86 0.69 0.45 0.76 0.60 1.00

V 0.25 0.64 0.76 0.23 0.71 0.64 0.78 1.00

Zr 0.21 0.78 0.72 0.26 0.60 0.64 0.84 0.75 1.00

From (Table 4) above, Zinc shows a very strong and positive correlation with Cu at probability of 0.05. Pb shows strong positive

correlation with virtually all the metals with the exception of Zn and Cu. This is an indication that these metals are coming from

the same region which may be as a result of anthropogenic input into the environment. This source may be linked to high

vehicular emissions, incomplete combustion of petroleum products and burning of industrial and domestic wastes which are very

obvious in the study area. The fairly weak correlation that exit between Pb and Zn and Cu, Pb- Zn (0.47), Pb Cu (0.45) suggests

that these metals have other anthropogenic sources of input different from those metals.

Scattered plots were plotted for those metals showing some reasonable level of correlations and this is showing in figures below.

y = 0.2509x + 0.5906

R2 = 0.8268

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Zn concentration in ppm

Cu c

oncentr

ation in p

pm

Cu against Zn

Cu against Zn

Linear (Cu against Zn)

Linear (Cu against Zn)

Fig 15: Plot of Cu against Zn concentrations



Chart Title

y = 4.1498x - 9.2085

R2 = 0.7402

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Sr concentration in ppm

Mn

co

ncen

trati

on

in

pp

m

Mn against Sr

Linear (Mn against Sr)

Fig16: Plot of Mn against Sr concentrations

Chart Title

y = 3.3556x + 1.7115

R2 = 0.7163

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Zr conc. in ppm

Sr

co

nc.

in p

pm

Sr against Zr

Linear (Sr against Zr)

Fig 17: Plot of Sr against Zr concentrations



Chart Title

y = 0.0254x + 1.9832

R2 = 0.0101

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Pb

Zn Pb versus Zn

Linear (Pb versus Zn)

Fig 18: Plot of Pb against Zn concentrations

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Principal Component Analysis is widely used to reduce data and to extent among the observed variables (Loska and Wiechula,

2003). This was applied to assist in the identification of sources of pollutants. This is best interpreted based on the geogenic and

anthropogenic assumptions (Abimbola et al, 2007).

To reduce the complexity of the relationship that exists among the metals, principal component analysis performed on the data set

were grouped into five (5) different factors and the significant was set at 0.5, any less than 0.5 is considered not significant.

TABLE 5: PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE PARTICULATES OF THE STUDY

AREA

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Communality

Cu 0.35 0.89 0.21 .957

Mn 0.80 -0.29 0.44 .905

Pb 0.84 0.01 -o.27 .785

Zn 0.34 0.91 0.04 .946

Ba 0.78 0.50 -0.17 .883

Cr 0.78 -0.25 0.33 .736

Sr 0.90 -0.11 -0.01 .813

V 0.85 -0.14 -0.35 .883



Zr 0.77 -0.49 -0.02 .844

Eigen Value 4.879 54.207 54.207

% Variance 2.294 25.494 79.701

Cummulative % 0.579 6.429 86.123

The principal component analysis grouped or separated the analysed metals into three distinct factors and these three (3) factors

accounted for total variance of 86.13%.

Factor 1 accounted for about 54.21% of the total variance and it is strongly loaded with metals such as Mn (0.79), Pb (0.85), Ba

(0.76), Cr (0.75), Sr (0.89), V (0.86) and Zr (0.77) (Table 4.5)

This is strongly supported with the result of the Pearson correlation coefficient where most of these metals showed strong and

positive significant correlation with one another. This indicates that all these metals were derived from the same common sources

and their precipitations were strongly influenced by similar geochemical factors.

Factor 2 consists of about 25.5% (Table 5) of the total variance with strong and positive loadings factors in Cu (0.89) and Zn

(0.91) but weakly loaded with Ba (0.50). This further support the strong association between Zn and Cu which is an indication,

that Zinc and Copper are precipitated from similar source under similar geochemical influence.

The general implication of these geochemical associations is that there are two significant sources of metals input into the

atmosphere in the study area, and out of these two pathways none can be attributed to the geology of the study area since the

concentrations of the heavy metals in PM10 does not show any relationship to the geology of the area.

TABLE6: COMPARISON OF SOME METALS FROM THE STUDY AREA WITH SOME PREVIOUS WORKS

Location Cu Pb Zn Cr Mn Vn Fe Ba Ni Sr Oluyemi&

Asubiojo(2001)mumg/l)

- 0.84 1.38 1.39 0.72 0.73 1.38 ND 0.72 ND

Current Study(ppm) 3.28 2.2 11.8 1.3 10.1 0.9 ND 3.64 ND 4.64

Control sample (VI, Lagos)(ppm) 2.8 1.0 9.7



Zinc (Zn) 0.049 0.266 0.1478 3.0 NS

Cobalt (Co) 0.025 0.084 0.0620 NS NS

Copper (Cu) 0.036 0.058 0.0455 1.0 2.0

Calcium (Ca) 4.008 16.833 9.195 75 75

Magnesium (Mg) 22.5 97.92 58.212 NS 50

Table 6, the results of the geochemical analysis when compared with the work of Oluyemi & Asubiojo, 2001, carried out in Lagos

metropolis (Yaba,Ikeja and Eti-Osa local government) shows Zinc as the dominant heavy metal particulates in both analysis. The

control sample in Victoria Island area shows lesser values of heavy metals based on the reduced level of industrialization, traffics

and its far distance from Olusosun dumping areas. This is also evident in the low values of heavy metals recorded in water

samples of CMS and Apapa Jetty,see table 8 , (Eruola etal, 2011). A study by Oyeku and Eludoyin (2010) also confirmed that the

groundwater supplies of Oregun, Ojota and Ketu communities were contaminated with heavy metals including Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb,

Mn and high concentrations of Zinc (see table 7), they however suggested the possibility of co-polluting sources such as the paint

and the plastic industries in Oregun, as the source based on the groundwater migration from upstream to downstream. Oyeyiola

etal., 2006 also recorded high values of zinc and lead in the water samples from Iyalaro upstream and downstream (see table 9)

,most of these heavy metals occur as a result of anthropogenic activities including use of fossil fuels, loaded gasoline paint,

plastics and emissions from industries located around the Oregun, Ikeja and Ojota axis. Moreover as a result of landfill from the

Olusosun dump site and its environs the discharged is being transferred into the atmosphere and is further deposited as a sink to

the nearby water bodies such as the Iyalaro stream and eventually falls into the Lagos lagoon. The heavy metal constituents are

toxic and can result to adverse biological effects on aquatic living organisms

TABLE8: COMPARISON OF SOME METALS FROM THE STUDY AREA WITH THE PREVIOUS WORKS OF

ERUOLA ETAL, 2011

PARAMTERS CMS(mg/l) APAPA JETTY

Iron Nil Nil

Nickel 0.03 0.04

Cadmium 0.06 0.05

Copper Nil Nil

Lead Nil Nil

TABLE 9: COMPARISON OF SOME METALS FROM THE STUDY AREA WITH THE PREVIOUS WORKS OF

OYEYIOLA ETAL., 2006

HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATIONS(Mg/l) Alaro upstream

CONCENTRATIONS(Mg/l)

Alaro downstream Cd 42.1 1.9

Cu 94.5 22

Pb 108.3 25

Cr 31.0 15.9

Zn 805 64.5



V. CONCLUSION

The study reveals that the assessment of heavy metals contents of ambient particulate matter (Pm10) of the study area follows this

increasing order of magnitude Zn > Mn > Sr > Ba > Cu > Pb > Cr > V > Zr. A wide range of values was observed between the

different sampling locations which could have been as a result of the effect of high industrialization, urbanization and vehicular

activities that characterised the study Area. Comparison of metal concentration content of ambient particulate matter (Pm10) with

geochemical data of the control and similar work done Oluyemi& Asubiojo, 2001 reveals that urbanization, high auto-traffic and

other anthropogenic emissions are the major contributors to particulate matter concentration

Highest levels of metallic ions were observed in samples collected very close to the highways where traffic density runs several

thousand per hour and it is interesting to see that samples collected within the dumpsite have low concentrations of heavy metals

with exception of sulphur which is significantly enriched in samples collected within the dumpsite, this may be that the

contaminants have either been leached via groundwater infiltration or transported and eroded to the nearby stream or adjoining

water bodies. These led to the comparison of the result of the investigation to the work of Eruola etal., on the nearby stream. The

result of his investigation also further confirmed that Zn, Mn and Cu are the major contaminants in the particulates matter and the

adjoining Iyalaro stream which flows into the Ogudu canal, where it eventually empties into the Lagos Lagoon. The result of the

investigation also agreed with the study carried out by Oyeku and Eludoyin (2010) which confirmed that the groundwater

supplies in the communities around:Olusosun, Oregun, Ojota and Ketu communities were contaminated with heavy metals

including Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb, Mn and high concentrations of zn, based on the anthropogenic factors such as; heavy traffics over

populations and industrialization of the area of study. Excessive concentrations of zinc are harmful to aquatic life during its early

stages as a result of domestic and industrial sewage, corrosion of zinc alloys and galvanized surfaces. The lead exposure from the

atmosphere can be deposited in vegetations, further into the nearby water bodies, streams or underground water it may inhibit the

growth of microorganisms and the formation of organic matter.

ACKNOWEDGEMENT

The author acknowledge Late Professor Akinlolu Festus Abimbola, before his demise a professor of Geology, at the University

of Ibadan, Nigeria for his supervisory role on this project, may his gentle soul rest in peace. Doctor A.S Olatunji, of the

department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria and Mr Teslim kolawole of Osun state university, Oshogbo Iam indebted to

you both, thank you all..



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APPENDIX

Statistical summary of major elements in the study area

Element Range Mean Median Mode Standard deviation

Variance Control (V.I)

Ca 1960.0 3700.0 2665.7 2590.0 2490.0 394.4 155563.3 2640

Mg 400.0 830.0 606.3 570.0 460.0 138.9 19286.1 560

Al 260.0 1130.0 590.3 575.0 430.0 222.4 49451.6 410

Fe 90.0 820.0 343.0 285.0 280.0 168.1 28242.4 200

Na 160.0 230.0 194.3 190.0 190.0 17.4 301.3 200

S 91.0 197.0 130.8 126.5 104.0 23.1 534.4 101

K 50.0 130,0 73.2 70.0 70.0 22.1 489.5 70

P 5.0 130.0 13.6 12.0 11.0 6.4 40.9 8



Waste Compactor on Olusosun Dumpsite at work,Lagos.

Traffic congestion, Ojota,Lagos.



Ojota Bus-top,Lagos

Berger Bus - stop,Lagos,Nigeria



Lateritic part of the Coastal sand of Dahomey basin as exposed in Ojota area

Borehole Strata Logs of the Study Area

Filter Paper use in Sampling



Gas emission at industrial company, 7up Alausa,Lagos,Nigeria

Asphalt Construction Company, Berger,Lagos,Nigeria

The Effect of Ambient Particulate Metal Concentrates In Lagos Metropolis and the Adjoining Water Bodies, Northwest of Lagos Lagoon

Documents

lagos metropolis

northwest of lagos lagoon

oyo state

ambient particulate

study area

factor analysis factor

trace metals

exception of zn