Scholars' Mine Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1965 The eccentric orifice as a flow measuring device in small diameter The eccentric orifice as a flow measuring device in small diameter pipes pipes James E. Casale Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Department: Department: Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Casale, James E., "The eccentric orifice as a flow measuring device in small diameter pipes" (1965). Masters Theses. 6684. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/6684 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected].
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Scholars' Mine Scholars' Mine
Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations
1965
The eccentric orifice as a flow measuring device in small diameter The eccentric orifice as a flow measuring device in small diameter
pipes pipes
James E. Casale
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses
Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons
Department: Department:
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Casale, James E., "The eccentric orifice as a flow measuring device in small diameter pipes" (1965). Masters Theses. 6684. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/6684
This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected].
in great measure to the effects of the boundary layer at the pipe
wall. In the small orifice the boundary layer at full eccentricity
occupies a considerable portion of the overall orifice area and
influences the flow through the orifice. In addition6 the eddy
currents on the upstream side of the orifice plate are not present
on the total circurn.ference of the orifice. Flov-r then is much
smoother through the lower portion of the orifice against the
pipe wall and no contraction takes place. This effect could explain
the increasing flow coefficient with increasing eccentricity, that is,
less energy is lost in now eddys and disturbances.
26.
As might be expected the largest orifice was least effected by
eccentricity in the range of Reynolds numbers tested. As shown in
Figure 7 the r.low coefficient curve flattened out rather smoothly.
At eccentricity ratios of 0 and 1/3 practically the same flow
coefficient values are observed. The flow coefficient is decreasing
with increasing Reynolds number from about o.7000 at Re o:f 50,000
and is still decreasing at o.635 for the maximum Re on the curve of
130,000. At the 2/3 eccentricity location, the :flow coefficient is
leveling off through the entire range of Reynolds numbers from about
o.692 at Re of 30,000 to again about o.635 at Re of 130,000. At the
:fully eccentric position the :flow coefficient is decreasing from
o.675 at Re of 30,000 to o.647 at Re of 130,000. Since the orifice
diameter is approximately 6~ of the pipe diameter 1 the boundary
layer at the pipe wall did not occupy a very large percentage of
orifice area and did not cause the disturbance that is observed for
the smaller orifices.
In the intermediate orifice sizes the effects, emphasized by
the large and small sized orifices, are not as striking, but as
Figure 5 and 6 show, the same effects are present.
III. CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of the test was to study the use of an eccentric
orifice as a flow meter and to determine its flow characteristics.
The results show that it is practical and reliable to use an orifice
in an eccentric position as congruous flow coefficients are obtained.
Further study will be required to provide accurate data over a large
range o:f Reynolds numbers, but no problems should be encountered
in the collection of this data. This data, When collected, will be
satisfactor,y for use in design criteria over a wider range of flows
than were possible in this investigation.
Certainly the intended use of the orifice will have to be
considered in selection of an orifice size. For large pressure
drops a small orifice is selected, but care must be taken in its
placement since it seems to be most effected by position as a fully
eccentric position is approached. The larger orifice is probably
better for use in eccentric positions unless rnnall flows or large
pressUre drops are required. It is least effected by eccentricity
and gives much smoother data over the range of Reynolds numbers
experienced in the test.
One factor which is certainly subject to question is the
roughness of the upstream flow tube as compared to a commercial
grade pipe. In small sizes roughness can be a significant factor
in affecting flow. In most cases it is considered constant over a
wide range of sizes. In the machining of the flow tube, the bore
was deliberately left with the tool marks not smoothed. This was
to simulate a commercial pipe and it is believed that the assumption
is valid.
28.
Because of the difficulty in controlling the flow rate with the
downstream globe valve in the first and second set-up, the author
has doubts about the ASME code requirement for downstream apparatus.
The code requires only 5 pipe diameters downstream and in this test
30 diameters were allowed and still the globe valve had a profound
influence on the orifice.
IV. RECONMENDATIONS
The results from this investigation indicate that further
study of eccentric orifices is worthwhile. The scope of any
further investigation should be broadened to include a wider range
of Reynolds numbers. A multiple pumping system should be employed
along with a better water supply and storage system.
The instrumentation should be improved for obtaining differential
pressures across the orifice plate. The tests were, of necessity,
restricted to :flows which could be kept within the range of
differential. pressures readable on the 30 psi gage.
Further investigation should be undertaken on finding the
effect of eccentricity on the vena contracta. With this information
a vena contracta tap could be employed, with an increase in
differential pressure available for control devices, for the same
flow rates. In conjunction with this, the author believes that the
pressure tap used for eccentric orifices should be located at the
vena contracta on the same side of the pipe as the eccentric position.
Study would be required to determine the flow coefficient for a tap
of this nature.
The investigation proved the feasability of using the
eccentric orifice in flow measurement. The orifices studied were
sharp edged and were in a thin plate. Further studies should now
be undertaken on the effects of eccentricity on rounded entrance
orifices and on thick plate orifices. In many instances a thick
plate "orifice" (in reality probably a short tube) may be necessary
for structural rigidity when high differential pressures are encountered.
30.
Another possibility worthy of investigation would be the use of
an elliptical shaped eccentric orifice with the major axis along a
diameter of the pipe. This shape would probably reduce the effects
of the boundary layer on the flow coefficient but still give high
differential pressures for control devices. This would incorporate
the good features of the large and small orifices, as brought out
by this investigation.
31.
V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS OF THE AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION Al·OOUCAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (1935), History-of Orifice Meters and the Calibration, Construction and Operation of Orifices for Metering, ASME, New York, N.Y.
2. SCOFIELD, G.L. (1964), Static Test Complex Requirements for Secondary Rocket Testing, Douglas Aircraft Company, Report No. TU-24931.
3. JUDD, H. (1916), Experiments on Water Flow Through Pipe Orifices, Journal of the ASME, New York, N.Y.
4. PO~JER TEST CODES (1940), Flow Measurement, Chapter 4 of Part 51
ASME, New York, N.Y.
5. AEROSPACE PROPULSION DATA BOOK (1961), Section 4 -Materials, Fuels and Oils, General Electric Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.
6. STEARNS, R.F., JOHNSON, R.R., JACKSON, R.M., AND LARSON, C.A. (1951), Flow 1·feasurement With Orifice Meters, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, N.Y.
7. BEITLER, S.R. (1935), The Flow of \vater Through Orifices, Ohio State University, The Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 89, Columbus 1 Ohio.
8. URQUHART, L.C., Editor (1959), Civil Engineering Handbook, McGraw-- Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., 4th ed., p. 4--36.
9. REPORT OF ASME SPECIAL RESEARCH C01-1MITTEE ON FLUID METERS (1937), Fluid 11eters, Their Theory and Application, Part 1, ASME, New York, N.Y., 4th ed.
10. KING, H.W., \fiSLER, CO., AND WOODBURN, J.G. (1948), Hydraulics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 5th ed.
ll. SHAW, G.V., AND LOOMIS, A.W. (1951), Cameron Hydraulic Data, Ingersoll-Rand Company, New York, N.Y., 12th ed.
12. SHAMES, I.H. (1962), Mechanics of Fluids, McGraw--Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N.Y.
32.
VI. VITA
The author was born December 30, 1936, in Quincy, Massachusetts.
During the early years of his life he moved quite frequently and his
primary and secondary education was received in no less than 11
schools in 11 years. He graduated from Port Clinton High School,
Port Clinton, Ohio in 1953. In November of 1953 he entered North
eastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, on a co-operative education
program. In June 1959, he received the degree of Bachelor of Science
in l~chanical Engineering.
In his co-operative work program at Northeastern University,
he was employed from August 1954 until April 1957 by Watertown
Arsenal, Watertown, Massachusetts, as a draftsman in the Plant
Maintenance Office. From the period August 1957 until November
1959 he was employed by Buerkel and Company, Incorporated, Boston,
Massachusetts, as an air conditioning systems designer.
In November 1959 he entered the United States Army as a
Second Lieutenant and has now attained the rank of Captain in the
Regular Army. As part of' his military career developnent program
he returned in June 1963 to the Nissouri School of llines and l.fetallurgy,
Rolla, Missouri, to pursue f'urthur study. In May 1964, he was granted
the degree of' Bachelor of' Science in Civil Engineering and is presently
pursuing a program leading to a degree of' Master of Science in l.fech
anical Engineering.
The author is married to the f'onner Mona Lou Feeley and they
have two children. He is a registered Professional Engineer in
the State of' Missouri.
33
VII APPENDIX
The following Tables 1 to 16 contain the data taken with the
experimental apparatus. On Page 50 is a sample calculation showing
how the data was reduced and the desired parameters calculated.
Figures 1 and 2 are the differential pressure gage calibration
curves. Figures 3 to 11 are a series of curves for the four
orifice sizes, each in four positions in the flow. The reader is
reminded that in using Figures 3 to 11 the symbol, e, stands for
eccentricity as defined on Figure IX.
TABLE I
DATA FOR DETERMINING FLOW COEFFICIENTS FOR ORIFICE PLATES IN A 1" LINE, DIAMETER - o .3002", ECCENTRICITY - O.
RUN NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6
LINE TEMP ( .. F) 64.5 65.5 66.0 66.0 66.0 66.0
p1 (psi) 2.0 4.0 10.0 15.5 20.0 24-5
AP (psi) 3-75 8.0 14.75 20.5 25.25 29.75
TAP NO. 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T
LBS WATER 100 100 100 100 100 100
TIME (sec) 243.29 161.10 116.56 98.60 88.80 81.91
LINE TEMP ("'F) 65.0 65.0 66.0 66.0 66.0 66.0
PJ. (psi) 2.0 4.0 10.0 16.0 20.0 24-5
AP (psi) 3-75 7-75 14-75 20.5 25.25 29.75
TAP NO. 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T
LBS WATER 100 100 100 100 100 100
TIME (sec) 242.80 163.0.5 116.21 99.01 89.04 81.73
LINE TEMP (• F) 65.5 65.0 66.0 66.0 66.0 66.0
p1 (psi) 2.0 4.0 10.0 16.0 20.0 25.0
~p (psi) 3.75 7.75 14.75 20.5 25.25 30.0
TAP NO. 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T
LBS WATER 100 100 100 100 100 100
TIME (sec) 244.90 162.98 ll6.(f7 99-C17 88.63 81.52
35-
TABLE II
DATA FOR DETERMINmG FLOW COEFFICIENTS FOR ORIFICE PIA TES m A 111 LINE, DIAMETER - o. 3002", ECCENTRICITY - 1/3.
RUN NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6
LINE TENP (° F) 67.0 66.0 66.0 65.5 65.0 65.0
p1 (psi) 2.0 4.0 10.0 16.0 21.0 25.0
AP (psi) 4.25 8.5 14.0 19.75 25.25 29.75
TAP NO. 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T
LBS ~'lATER 100 100 100 100 100 100
TIME (sec) 227.72 152.61 116.70 98.53 88.09 80.71
LINE T.E1{)? (oF) 67.0 66.0 65.5 64.5 65.0 64.5
P:l. (psi) 2.0 4.0 10.0 16.0 21.0 25.0
~p (psi) 4.25 8.5 14.0 20.0 25.0 29.75
TAP NO. 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T
LBS WATER 100 100 100 100 100 100
TIME (sec) 227.87 152.72 116.38 98.49 88.01 80.91
LINE TEMP (oF) 67.0 66.0 66.0 65.0 65.0 64.5
p1 (psi) 2.0 4.0 10.0 16.0 20.5 25.0
AP (psi) 4.25 8.5 14-25 19.75 25.25 29.75
TAP NO. 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T
LBS WATER 100 100 100 100 100 100
TIME (sec) 226.30 152.71 116.92 99.02 87-49 81.48
36.
TABLE III
DATA FOR DETERMlNING FLOitl COEFFICIENTS FOR ORIFICE PlATES IN A 1" LINE, Dlli!ETER - o .3002", ECCENTRICITY - 2/3.
=fEfPiP++=t+H~~;fHfH±i=±±tii:~{jR=+~~H==H±1 r 1 - 1 1 1 ' , ~ , ,--·-::_ r 1 , 1 1 , 1 ' 1 1 I ·-tt---o • 70 1 I ~r-.)- l I ' I I I I I i ·. I -~ i --t++ _.__ "" I 111 11 i •11 1 lt+---!-A..~L___j___j. I I I i l ; I ! I i I I r- 1 i -~ r:--.~. I ~ • .... , I ~ I I • 1 1 I - j_ .. i I I - -·"". ·---·- 'T I i I I ! . Oo65 1- T + _ , I I : : :. •-· -;--C :_w_ \o_C , , • I < ~ · : · .
FIGURE 3 - FLOW COEFFICIENTS FOR SHARP EOOED ORIFICE PLATES IN A 111 LINE, ECCENTRICITY - 0
(AT REDUCED VERTICAL SCALE)
C!J - D2 • o.J002" e. - D2 = o.4000"
G - ~ = o.5013" - D2 "' o.6005" •
• I ' 80 100 120 140
REYNOLDS NUMBER (in 1000's)
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FIGURE 5 - FLO~·T COEFFICIDITS FOR SHARP EOOED ORIFICE PLATES IN A 1" LDlli1 DIAMETER-o.4000"
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FIGURE 7 - FW.'l COEFFICIENTS FOR SHARP EDGED ORIFICE PLATES m A 111 LINE, DIAMETER-o.600511
--1-+--+±fliill ifi1f"-0J ~-H-·-j';; ;hTtiti;·;~-~-· FIGURE S - FLOW COEFFICIENTS FOR SHARP EDGED ORIFICE PLATES IN A 1". LINE, ECCENTRICITY - 0
0 - D2 = o.3002" b:. - D2 = o.4000"
m ~
- D2: o.5013" - D2 :. o.6005"
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] ' .. '. -Yr .-~. . , , L : 'LL -~-~- 1 -++~ ·--'-·--- ..... L.... .-:!:IT ·- .LL, __ L .... -. . . . ... I . O '-I--f- 0··~ _,r, ··--+--·- . ·--,-1 - --,-::j:II '1 1 I , I I ~··
r r : 1 . , 1 1 1 • • • ----i-- • · -+- · r r-f-t--t - r-· --,-·-' -r-;·-t --j----;· , ...,-- 1 1 · 1 1 1 1 ' -;- ; ' "t' : "t: ~+ ' :: ; · : ~~ ->-r -n-FF, I FIGURE 9 - FLOH COEFFicmrrs FOR SHARP EOOED ~~.~t Jyrl~}~ ~~--~~j-1~ :£8i : ~.-+~- +} j -l T +ir. ORITICE PLATES IN A 111 LINE, ECCbiTRICITY-1/3
1 I I ' i -t l ' -:--r- -~LLLH-.L -L '-!--1-- .J- --,-!--+-- -.L.J+-~ . ~-- ~--- . ·- __ , __ j_. -- ·-+-+-+- I T i I I I I I I I i I I I VJ i I I I I I ' ' ' I ! I ' . D 3002" D 501
1 1 , 1 : i 1 _J l. j .J-.U-' , I I I I ~-; H-t--. -+- _ t-f--+- -±! . G,) - 2 : Oe t!) -- 2 : Oe 3" 0 ~TJ _~1:j_[r'=Lrl·; .. ·f·f-t-_+-t- -1-t--4- ! I ~=~b-H. J-it-fr I i _;_J_;_~ ~ -- D2 ~ o.4000" <:> - D2 = o.600511 r'- ---+ J_ L I t --! j t • --r .. L +-H +- -· . ! ' fl I J 1 ! .
' ' ~ I 1 -f ' I I I I ; ~~-- - . - . ---- . -~ - , ... --~ -t-+- . -·--·--·~ ·-~--r--~--r- r-~ ~··1 .-~~-r- -. · · :. -·~ 1 1 1 1 1 ---------------. •
I T II/ .I .l tl -- 1-l- --- -l-----~---·---·-·-L+----1-j_ t··'-··· --t--1-+-++-+--t-+-H-++-t-t-t- .- -1 - , - - ~..,./" · · r - r 1 , r • , , , , 1 ,
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1-H-t-t-. I I I ~ T. :=r= 1.:: 1, ++++-+-.I _ l-l-:J_~~f:::])2+1 = -O•J QQ<L+-+-+-H-
((1 i H- r=w~/;-- ; , I +I : I I : I i-l·f +-+-H-';; r:~;t~~=~-~- -- -~v, ~--;~-1+T~~ :~~:-t:- ~--+ ··/:·_. ~ -~-~~: =+--in ~t·_::t'-fq~ ~Jl_[l- : :_+-!_:: -+~-H+++-f-H-t · I , l , 1//_i·~- r • 1 ! ! • • _j_
I ' ~- I' ' ' ' II +' ' i i 1 ' I 1' I j' i=i·~·iitif-t=±t=ti! ' ... - . -T : . : I f- T '· -' j -~~--- .. -- -~~- ! ' • ·±. t-tti-+,-L,._ L I - - • -- . i 40 50 60 70 80
FIGURE 10 - FLO~T COEFFICIENTS FOR SHARP EDGED ORIFICE PLATES IN A 1" LINE, ECCENTRICITY- 2/3
G> &:l
D2 -= o.J002" D2 = o.4000"
8 ~
----~~----~------~ 90 100 110
D2 ::. o. 5013" D2 : o.6005"
,··---' 120
REYNOLDS NUHBER (in 1000's)
\.11 '-()
•
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-:t~--t+++tr-H+-t-+-i t-+ -~_;_-:f -~ t ;_ ; H+-·-H11 I i I I I I 1 ! r ,_ ~ • \!]
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11-ul I '+. __ LJ_L{_ I 1-tJ . . I J i J l- ±±r+ -H _ I LL I I I I : : i I I
--++-t-----t-t-t-----t+-f _:_- l =H-=tt -H~-Y_ -~ i: _i ___ : lJ ~~---t ±i±± __ -: - ~~lJ_L :tff+=H·+ -H=i+-u_ ±tli=~FTn.++- -! u_,~- J;.-1: o 1-H- _)+1~ ~---~-- t.IJ+=r-~~-:-~q+l+H f- 1 -f=tty-n~!~-o.3oo~n-:~,q=- _L__ -+f-+-+1--fT- T-·-:-; t+: ·-·-· ~,... -H- ® ' ! ' I I - _,__ I ' / ... ' ' ' ' I I I I I I I J I i II : : I . : -...., ' I ' ' ~ ' ' I I I I I I ' ;~&'' ' - -· : - ___ ;_,_ _ro:-'--' -·-·----r -· t -!---_ -~ ' '-·- ., . ..,.. ..•• , -- ~ •• ° C+-i :fi~ll :1% :;n;~ rll~~~F~;fH t• . . . . . . . .... ·~c._... -·
' r-- t---- w-+-: V, __ t+ L -t +:-f ~+t- f--f-- I f-- ;--+ Ll +_ : 1-i-i ~-+--'--t j ' I
+- ,_ _:-s . L -l! -·-t- -n-H- # +-- r--1-++ J~ ~ 1-t-t----+-1-++-+-+--r-- -~ I , ..., l~ - ---r--- _,____ t '- - -t--+-+-w 1-t-t- - t- - .. . 1 l l ' I I I 1 : I I I I I I ; '
~ I I I ' I : ; ,~: _f'- __ :- (_: '-- l 11 II' 1- - + +t·.L· -! o -t-t- ·T ,_%; ; : 1 l L_- _L1 - ~-~-.Il -~_-r- - -t--.- -r- i- i --i---H--1 I: 1f1 11.-f-'.11--l-t---- .-tt--'--·•--·
1-t--t-_ ·i·l- . : t iTj -t 11 i t I ; I --- l; '-l- __ l_;;)t-~ -H- . ~-; r t - -· ·--t -·----~ ;--~- :--- t··t· i · r, r, ~ _: i I I . !...,t __ -
4b 50 6~ 70 sb
FIGURE 11 - FLOW COEFFICIEl'ffS FOR SHARP EOOED ORIFICE PlATES m A 111 LINE, ECCENTIUCITY - 1