The Ebola-Silent Enemy. By Nelson Giovanny Rincon SIlva

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EBOLA – SILENT ENEMYBy: Giovanny Rincon Silva

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Some images may hurt the susceptibility of the public

CONTENTIntroduction

VIRUSES

What are them?

THE EBOLA

History

Characteristics

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Ebola virus disease

The Ebola outbreak

Vaccines Nowdays

INTRODUCTION4

5 Jordan MC, Jordan GW, Stevens JG, Miller G. Latent herpesviruses of humans. Annals of Internal Medicine. (1984), 100: pp 866–80

CHARACTERISTICS6

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Concepts- Nucleic acid

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409 (2014): pp 860–921.http://www.tripadvisor.co/Attraction_Review-g187484-d240430-Reviews-Biblioteca_y_Casa_Museo_de_Menendez_Pelayo-Santander_Cantabria.html. October 2014.

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Concepts- Nucleic acid

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409 (2014): pp 860–921.http://www.tripadvisor.co/Attraction_Review-g187484-d240430-Reviews-Biblioteca_y_Casa_Museo_de_Menendez_Pelayo-Santander_Cantabria.html. October 2014.

Structures

Viruses display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies

viruses are much smaller than bacteria. Diameter between 20 and 300 nm.

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A complete virus particle, known as a virion, consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protective coat of protein called a capsid

Jordan MC, Jordan GW, Stevens JG, Miller G. Latent herpesviruses of humans. Annals of Internal Medicine. (1984), 100: pp 866–80

Virus

10 http://www.humanillnesses.com/General-Information-and-Infectious-Diseases-A-Co/The-Nature-of-Germs-and-Infection.html. October 2014.

11 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch13-virus-2/deck/11402878. October 2014

GENOMIC DIVERSITY AMONG VIRUSES

Property Parameters

Nucleic acid

DNA RNA Both DNA and RNA (at different stages in the life

cycle)

Shape Linear Circular Segmented

Strandedness

Single-stranded Double-stranded Double-stranded with regions of single

trandedness

12 http://www.humanillnesses.com/General-Information-and-Infectious-Diseases-A-Co/The-Nature-of-Germs-and-Infection.html. October 2014

Sense

Positive sense (+) Negative sense (−) Ambisense (+/−)

Size 25 nm (pico or nano virus) to 250 - 350 nm

Edit by: Giovanny Rincon

Structures

In general, there are four main morphological virus types:

13 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-13-viruses-viroids-prions/deck/2245264. October 2014

Structures

Icosahedral virus

14 Mohammad W. Bahar, Stephen C. Structure. 19 2011), pp 1011-1020

Structure

Prolate virus

15 Molecular architecture of the prolate head of bacteriophage T4. Andrei Fokine. Current Issue. 01 (2012) pp 412-425.

Structures

Enveloped virus

16 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch13-virus-2/deck/11402878. October 2014

HIV VIRUS STRUCTURE

17 http://healthfavo.com/hiv-virus-structure-anatomy-picture-reference.html . October 2014

Virus replication cycle

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Virus replication

19 Regina Bailey. http://biology.about.com/od/virology/ss/Virus-Replication_7.htm. October 2014


How Viruses Infect Cells?

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Regina Bailey. http://biology.about.com/od/virology/ss/Virus-Replication_7.htm. October 2014

Virus replication

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Virus replication

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Virus replication

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Virus replication

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Virus replication

Virus

25 http://neurodojo.blogspot.com/2009/04/how-do-viruses-swap-genes.html. October 2014

The life cycle of influenza virus and known intrinsic antiviral factors that act against

influenza virus

26 Nan Yan & Zhijian J Chen. Nature Immunology. 13 (2012) pp 214–222.

RNP, RNA-protein; ppp, triphosphate; AAAAA, poly(A) tail; vRNA (−), negative-strand viral RNA; mRNA (+), positive-strand mRNA; cRNA (+), positive-strand complementary RNA.

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http://neurodojo.blogspot.com/2009/04/how-do-viruses-swap-genes.html. October 2014

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Ebola virus

http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/ebola-outbreak-kills-59-guinea, October 201428

Ebola virus - History

Named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), near the first epidemics.

Two species: Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV)

Case fatality rates of 83% and 54%.

29 Ebola virus disease". Fact sheet N°103. World Health Organization. April 2014.

The Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 when an outbreak occurred in Sudan.

So far, five subtypes have been identified:

Ebola virus - History

A third species, Reston ebola virus (REBOV), was discovered 1989 in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) imported from the Philippines. (Uganda).

Ivory Coast ebola virus(ICEBOV) Only one case.

30 Ebola virus disease". Fact sheet N°103. World Health Organization. April 2014.

The virus was deposited with the CDC 2007, and was patented in 2009.

Ebola virus

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Virus classification

Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)

Order: Mononegavirales

Family: FiloviridaeGenus: EbolavirusSpecies: Zaire ebolavirus

Member virus (Abbreviation)

Ebola virus (EBOV)Tan, DX; Reiter, RJ; Manchester, LC "Ebola virus disease: Potential use of melatonin as a treatment.". Journal of pineal research. 12 (2014). Pp 456-460.

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Ebola Virus Disease

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Helen Branswell. "Nancy Writebol, U.S. missionary, didn't get TKM-Ebola drug, Tekmira says“. August 201434

The Ebola outbreak

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The Ebola outbreak in 2014


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The Ebola outbreak in 2014


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization (1998).Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting. Atlanta, Georgia, US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 8 February 2013.

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The Ebola outbreak mapped in 2014

Hampton, Tracy. Vaccines Against Ebola and Marburg Viruses Show Promise in Primates Studies. Maedical News and Perspectives. JAMA. Vol. 294 No. 2 July 2005. 38












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Symptons of Ebola

45 In Liberia's Ebola-Stricken Villages, Residents Face 'Stark' Choices". n Liberia's Ebola-Stricken Villages, Residents Face 'Stark' Choices. Common Dreams. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.10

46http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/ebola-outbreak-kills-59-guinea10Source: Centers for disease Contral. 2014.

47http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/ebola-outbreak-kills-59-guinea10 Source: Centers for disease Contral. 2014.

48 Ebola virus: From symptoms of common cold to bleeding out the ears and eyes, http://tribune.com.ng /news/top-stories/item/12283-ebola-virus-from-symptoms-of-common-cold-to-bleeding-out-the-ears-and-eyes/12283-ebola-virus-from-symptoms-of-common-cold-to-bleeding-out-the-ears-and-eyes

Real cases of ebola

http://tribune.com.ng/

49 Ebola virus: From symptoms of common cold to bleeding out the ears and eyes, http://tribune.com.ng /news/top-stories/item/12283-ebola-virus-from-symptoms-of-common-cold-to-bleeding-out-the-ears-and-eyes/12283-ebola-virus-from-symptoms-of-common-cold-to-bleeding-out-the-ears-and-eyes

Real cases of ebola

http://tribune.com.ng/

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How is it transmitted?

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52 Castillo M (2012). "Ebola virus claims 31 lives in Democratic Republic of the Congo".United States: CBS News. Retrieved 14 September 2012.

http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/health/ebola-what-are-the-symtoms-and-treatments-how-is-it-transmitted-30471300.html


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56 How is the Ebola virus transmitted?: http://article.wn.com/view/2014/08/11/How_is_the_Ebola_virus_transmitted/10

DIAGNOSIS

How Do Doctors Test for Ebola?. Tanya Lewis, Staff Writer 2014. http://www.livescience.com/48141-how-doctors-test-for-ebola.html

How Do Doctors Test for Ebola?

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Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Electron microscopy

Virus isolation by cell culture

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay

How Do Doctors Test for Ebola?. Tanya Lewis, Staff Writer 2014. http://www.livescience.com/48141-how-doctors-test-for-ebola.html


PCR looks for genetic material from the virus and creates enough copies of it that it can be detected

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A strip of PCR tubes, each containing a 100 μl reaction mixture

How Do Doctors Test for Ebola?. Tanya Lewis, http://www.livescience.com/48141-how-doctors-test-for-ebola.html. Staff Writer 2014.


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Saiki, R.; Gelfand, D.; Stoffel, S.; Scharf, S.; Higuchi, R.; Horn, G.; Mullis, K.; Erlich, H. (1988). "Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase". Science 239 (4839): 487–491


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Treatment and vaccinesNew Drugs and Vaccines Can't Stop This Ebola Outbreak. But researchers are ramping up efforts in the hope of saving lives in the future. Molly Redden| Mon Aug. 18,

2014 6:00 AM ED

http://www.motherjones.com/authors/molly-redden

Treatment


There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD.

Dr E. Levy: meanwhile, common-sense basics like hygiene, nutrition, vitamin D, and intravenous vitamin C.

Massive doses of vitamin C may be of particular importance.

Rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids

A range of potential treatments including: blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.

The Ebola vaccine is based on the 1976 strain of the Zaire species and protects from the 1995, but not the other 2 species that affect humans.

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Dr. Feldmann and Geisbert: had successfully vaccinated monkeys against the deadly Ebola virus.

No licensed vaccines are available yet, but 2 potential vaccines are undergoing human safety testing.

Vaccines

Biotechnology Focus January 22, 2014. Vol 12 pp 124-132. Mercola

Vaccines

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Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation already began a Phase 1 human clinical trial of a drug called TKM-Ebola.

This drug is being developed under a $140 million contract with the US Department of Defense.

Vanderbilt Vaccine Center also received a $5.0 million grant from the US DoD for Ebola vaccine development and other Ebola treatments.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has also been working on an Ebola vaccine for more than a decade.

Biotechnology Focus January 22, 2014. Vol 12 pp 124-132. Mercola

Bioterrorism

http://lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=bioterrorism&lang=165

Airborne transmission of Ebola Zaire has been demonstrated in monkeys in a controlled laboratory experiment.

Fear-Mongering is a LucrativeBusiness

http://lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=bioterrorism&lang=166

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GENERAL IDEAS

General Ideas

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The world is facing an unprecedented outbreak of the Ebola virus, with more than 4000 deaths so far and is estimated to be 10000 infections every week.

Don't Fear Ebola, Fear the State, http://www.freedomsphoenix.com/News/160544-2014-08-01-dont-fear-ebola-fear-the-state.htm

Infections and potential cases have now been reported as far afield as the Australia, Spain, Germany and the US – which this week also suffered its first death.

General Ideas

Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg and wife Priscilla Chan donate $25 million to Ebola fight, By Abby Phillip October 14

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Mark Zuckerberg donates US 25 million to fight Ebola . The founder of Facebook says it is necessary to control the virus so that it does not become as "HIV and polio.“

In Colombia, at this time any hospital in the country is ready to attend Ebola

General Ideas

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Ultimately, the only way to stop Ebola cases emerging around the world is to tackle it at source in West Africa. Britain has just sent around 750 soldiers and officials to help bolster the infrastructure required – and Dr Wright says “feet on the ground” is probably the best way we can help tackle the disease right now.

Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014". CDC. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.

71 Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014". CDC. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.Edit by: Giovanny Rincon S.

General Conclusion

The MOF research community has made great progress in the last decade, yet we may have just seen the tip of the iceberg in respect to the application potential of MOFs. Many new types of applications will emerge as the research topic becomes more and more popular. The future of the field is indeed very bright.

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Ebola – Silent EnemyBy: Giovanny Rincon Silva

The Ebola-Silent Enemy. By Nelson Giovanny Rincon SIlva

Health & Medicine

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virus replication21

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hiv virus structure

complete virus particle

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