The Earth’s Structure. The Earth’s Lithosphere S and P Waves S and P waves travel at different speeds Both waves travel through sold material Only P.

The Earth’s Structure

The Earth’s Lithosphere

S and P Waves

• S and P waves travel at different speeds

• Both waves travel through sold material

• Only P waves can travel through liquids

• Seismology is the study of vibrations in the Earth

• What causes vibrations?

Seismic Data

Seismology

• Earthquakes cause waves inside Earth

• Seismology allows us to study the interior of the Earth

• The speed of the waves depends on the both the density and temperature of the mantle and the core

Earth’s Interior

• Seismic data can beinterpreted to find the

• Density and temperature of the Earth’s interior

• The metal core is denser as predicted by differentiation

• Why is the inner core solid?

• Pressure!

Molten Iron Core

• Iron is a good conductor

• The Earth’s spincreates eddies inthe liquid outer core

• The iron in theouter core canproduce magneticfields

Magnetosphere

The Earth’s Crust

Plate Tectonics

Seismic Activity

Continental Drift

Continents a Long Time Ago

Tectonic Effects on Geography

Tectonic Effects on Geography

California: On the Edge

Earth’s Atmosphere

Oxygen and Ozone

Carbonate-Silicate Cycle

Ocean Balances Climate

Ice Ages End

Upsetting the Balance

Global Warming

Depletion of Ozone

How the Moon Formed

• Best theory involves a catastrophic collision

• Fission, accretion, and capture theories all have weaknesses

• Figure depicts fission, accretion, and capture theories