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Feb 23, 2016
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2The Earth’s Structure
• series of layers or spheres which differ in density, chemistry (or composition) and physical properties.
2Density
• is the relative heaviness of a substance• Or how heavy something is for its size• defined as the mass per unit volume• usually expressed in g/cm3
• EARTH HAS DENSITY STRATIFICATION
2Evidence of the Earth’s Interior Composition
• Can only drill about 7.5 miles (earth’s radius = 4000 mi)
• Vents, volcanoes, variation in pull of gravity, etc.
• study of the shocks from distant earthquakes
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Seismic Waves reveal that Earth’s Interior Is Layered
If Earth were uniform (homogeneous) throughout
If the density, or rigidity, of Earth increased evenly with depth
If Earth were layered inside
2Compositional Layers
of the Earth
• the Crust– thin outermost layer
• the Mantle – thick middle layer
• the Core– densest inner layer– composed mainly or iron (90%)
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2Continents and Ocean
Basins Differ• Continental crust
– is mainly composed of granite, a light colored, lower density (2.7 gm/cm3) rock
– thicker• Oceanic crust
– is composed of basalt, a dark colored, higher density (2.9 gm/cm3) volcanic rock
– thinner
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Figure 1.17
2Physical Properties of
the Layers
• Not determined only by chemical composition• The behavior of the rock (brittle or plastic) is
determined mainly by temperature and pressure
2Effects of Pressure and
Temperature on Physical State of
Layers• Increasing pressure raises the melting point
of a material.• Increasing temperature provides additional
energy causing material to melt.• Both pressure and temperature increase
toward the center of the Earth, but at different rates.
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2Divisions of the Earth Based Upon Physical
State • the Lithosphere
– cool, rigid outer layer– comprised of continental crust, oceanic crust
and the uppermost cool, rigid portion of the mantle
• the Asthenosphere – hot, slowly flowing layer of the upper mantle
• the Mesosphere (Lower Mantle)– rigid layer, similar chemically to the
asthenosphere but very different physically• the Outer core
– thick liquid layer• the Inner core
– solid layer (due to tremendous pressure)
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What Are the Sources of Internal Heat That
Keep the Asthenosphere Plastic?• Radioactive decay (atoms of elements give
off heat when their nuclei break apart)• Internal heat moves to the surface by
conduction – slow migration of heat through a material by collision of atoms
• And by convection – movement of heat in a fluid as it expands, becomes less dense and rises.
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Fig. 3-11, p. 57
2 Isostatic Adjustment
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_geo/geo_animations/isostatic-adjustment/isostatic-adjustment.html