1 The fact that Earth always casts a curvedshadow as shown here is evidence of itsspherical shape
2 When Earth was moltenthe force of gravity pullingequally in all directionscaused Earth to form into aspherical shape
3 Earthrsquos rotation and movement of matter inits core cause Earthrsquos magnetic field
4 Earth is different than other planets Thesedifferences enable life to flourish on Earth
2 During the year the Sun appears to moveon the ecliptic through a background ofconstellations called the zodiac
3 Earth experiences changing seasons becauselocations on Earth receive sunlight forvarying amounts of time each day and atvarying angles throughout the year asshown here
4 The Sun reaches its greatest distance northof the equator on the summer solstice forthe northern hemisphere and on the wintersolstice for the southern hemisphere
1 Tides in Earthrsquos oceans are affected by thegravity of the Moon and the Sun TheMoonrsquos gravity has a greater effect becausethe Moon is much closer to Earth
2 Changing positions of the Moon in relationto the Sun cause it to go through a lunarphase cycle every 295 days
3 Solar eclipses occur during a new moonand lunar eclipses occur during a fullmoon
4 Craters like this one are depressions on theMoonrsquos surface Some large depressionsmay have filled with lava forming maria
Use the foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to review the Earth-Moon-Sun system
Match the correct vocabulary word or phrasewith each definition given below
1 dark-colored relatively flat areas on theMoon
2 Earth spinning on its axis
3 a large wave in Earthrsquos oceans caused bythe gravity of the Moon and the Sun
4 a round three-dimensional object the sur-face of which is the same distance from thecenter in all directions
5 Earth moving in orbit around the Sun
6 eclipse that occurs during a new moon
7 15deg-wide area on Earthrsquos surface in whichthe time is the same
8 occurs when the Sun is directly aboveEarthrsquos equator
9 attractive force between two objects
10 yearly path of Earth around the Sun
Choose the word or phrase that best answerseach question
11 How long is a month of lunar phasesA) 14 daysB) 273 daysC) 295 daysD) 365 days
12 During winter solstice in the northernhemisphere the Sun is directly over whichpart of EarthA) equatorB) poleC) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn
13 Which movement causes lunar phasesA) Earthrsquos revolutionB) Earthrsquos rotationC) the Moonrsquos revolutionD) the Moonrsquos rotation
14 Which eclipse do you experience if you arestanding in the Moonrsquos umbraA) partial lunar C) total lunarB) partial solar D) total solar
15 Which phase occurs when the Moon is onthe opposite side of Earth from the Sun
16 Which material may have been found onthe Moon by the Clementine spacecraftA) atmosphereB) dark-colored rocksC) light-colored rocksD) water-ice
17 On average how many degrees of longi-tude are contained in one time zoneA) 05deg C) 235degB) 15deg D) 30deg
18 Which occurs a few days after a full moonA) waning crescentB) waxing crescentC) waning gibbousD) waxing gibbous
A) C)B) D)
212 CHAPTER REVIEW
ecliptic p 192ellipse p 188equinox p 195gravity p 187lunar eclipse p 202maria p 203moon phase p 199regolith p 203
revolution p 192rotation p 192solar eclipse p 201solstice p 195sphere p 186tide p 199time zone p 190
Vocabulary PuzzleMaker gpesciencecom
19 Which season begins around December 21in AustraliaA) spring C) fallB) summer D) winter
20 Which forms when small meteorites crashinto the MoonA) craters C) mountainsB) maria D) cracks
21 Make an illustration showing how magneticforce lines surrounding Earth are similarto those surrounding a bar magnet
Use the data in the table below to answer question 22
22 What is the difference between the diame-ter of Earth through the poles comparedto the equator How many times fartherfrom Earth is the Sun compared to theMoon
23 Infer why more craters are present on theMoonrsquos surface than on Earthrsquos HintConsider gravity and the presence of anatmosphere
24 Infer how seasons would be affected ifEarth had no tilt instead of the 235deg tiltthat it has
25 Explain why a lunar base would bestbe built on a plateau that is always insunlight
26 Form a hypothesis about why during crescentphases we can often see a dim image ofthe rest of that side of the Moon HintRecall the arrangement of Earth the Moonand the Sun during crescent phases
27 Form a hypothesis about how the thickness ofthe Moonrsquos crust might play a part in thefact that the side of the Moon facing Earthhas more maria than the side facing away
Earthrsquos Physical Properties
Diameter (pole to pole) 12714 km
Diameter (through equator) 12756 km
Circumference (poles) 40008 km
Circumference (equator) 40075 km
Average distance to the Sun 149600000 km
Average distance to the Moon 384400 km
Interpreting Graphics
Use the illustration below to answer questions 28ndash29
28 Model to Scale If you are making ascale model of the Moon (diameterapprox 3500 km) what scale shouldyou use to obtain a model that is about35 cm in diameter
29 Calculate Using your scale what wouldthe thicknesses be in centimeters forthe near-side crust and the far-sidecrust
Far side crust(approx 150
km thick)
Far side crust(approx 150
km thick)
Near side crust(approx 65km thick)
Near side crust(approx 65km thick)
To EarthTo Earth
CHAPTER REVIEW 213More Chapter Review gpesciencecom
Use the illustration below to answer question 1
1 Which theory explaining the Moonrsquos originis widely accepted by astronomers
A binary accretion theory
B capture theory
C fission theory
D giant impact theory
2 How far is Earthrsquos magnetic axis tilted fromits geographic axis
A 5deg
B 115deg
C 15deg
D 235deg
3 On which number did the Babylonians basetheir counting methods
A 10
B 60
C 100
D 360
4 Which is a way that Venus and Earth aresimilar
A atmospheric density
B liquid water oceans
C rocky nature
D surface temperature
Use the illustration below to answer question 5
5 Which is a group of constellations throughwhich the Sun appears to move
A ecliptic
B equinox
C solstice
D zodiac
6 Which contains bands of charged particlesknown as the Van Allen belts
A exosphere
B ionosphere
C magnetosphere
D stratosphere
EarthEarthEarthEarth
NovemberNovember JanuaryJanuarySunSun
214 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Caution Read each question carefully for full understanding
Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper
7 During which month of the year is Earthfarthest from the Sun
A January
B April
C July
D September
8 If a synodic month is 295 days long anda sidereal month is 273 days long howmuch longer is a synodic month
Use the illustration below to answer question 9
9 If it is 900 AM in New York city whattime is it in San Francisco
10 If the collision of two planetary-sizedobjects (Earth and another object) formedthe Moon why is the Moonrsquos iron core sosmall compared to Earthrsquos
11 What may have caused the great differencein the percentage of CO2 found in Earthrsquosatmosphere compared to those of Venusand Mars
12 What causes the auroras
Use the illustration below to answer question 13
13 PART A The Lunar Prospector discoveredpossible concentrations of water-ice in the area of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon Howdoes location and geographic ter-rain affect the possibility of find-ing water there
PART B How might this discovery affectthe future of spaceflight
San Francisco
New York
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STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 215Standardized Test Practice gpesciencecomNASAGSFC