The Earth is the only Planet in the Universe (that we know of) with liquid water on its surface!!!!!

The Oceans

The Earth is the only Planet in the Universe (that we know of)

with liquid water on its surface!!!!!

The Oceans (quick facts)

71% of the earth is covered by water most is salty (about 97%) Average depth – 14,000 feet (nearly

3 miles deep) divided up into 4 sections

What are the 4 sections?

4 Major Ocean Basins

Pacific Ocean – covers 30% of the planet Avg Depth – 13,740 ft Mariana Trench – 36,200 ft

Atlantic Ocean – 2nd largest, ½ the size of Pacific

Avg Depth – 12,254 ft Puerto Rico Trench –

28,374

4 Major Ocean Basins

Indian Ocean – 3rd largest Avg Depth – 12,740 ft Java Trench – 25,344 ft

Arctic Ocean – smallest and often ice covered

Avg Depth - 3,047 ft Eurasian Basin – 17,881 ft

How did the oceans form?

4 billion years ago water vapor from volcanoes on

Earth and comets from space As the Earth cooled the water

condensed, fell as rain, filling the ocean basins

Oceanography

Oceanography – the scientific study of the oceans.

Ocean depth Currents Temperature Water density Salinity (saltiness) Waves Life Forms

How did we figure out how deep the oceans are?

Bathymetry – using tools to determine ocean floor topography (changes in elevation)

3 ways: 1) Lead Line Survey 2) Sonar 3) Satellites

Bathymetry (underwater topography)

1st measured using a lead weight and rope

Bathymetry (underwater topography)

Sonar – sound waves sent through the water until they reach the sea floor. The time it takes for the noise to return and be detected relates to the distance

D = ½ t*v D= depth T = time V = 1,500 m/s

Bathymetry (underwater topography)

Satellites – (Seasat and Geosat) send signals that are bounced off the ocean surface and slight differences in water height are measured. Based on small differences in the pull of gravity, images are created that reflect the underwater features of an area.

Oceans are divided into 2 parts

Continental Margin – near the continents

Ocean Basin – deep ocean areas

Continental Margin

Continental Shelf – part of the continents that are under shallow water. Basically flat areas that extend outward from a few up to an average of 300km

Continental Margin

Continental Slope – begins at edge of shelf. Very steep area where water depth increases rapidly and change to oceanic crust occurs. May contain submarine canyons (huge cut into the slope from the motions of rivers

Continental Margin

Continental Rise – gently sloping region between the slope and oceanic basin. Composed of deposits of sediment that originated from the motions of rivers

Oceanic Basin

Abyssal Plain – beginning at the end of the continental rise, flattest area on Earth, found at or about 4,500 m in depth and made of spread out sediments

Oceanic Basin

Abyssal Hills - raised areas extending outward from the mid-ocean ridges. Can be totally covered by sediments in many places

Oceanic Basin

Mid-Ocean Ridge – underwater mountain range that forms at divergent plate boundaries and runs a total of 80,000km over the entire earth

Ocean Basin

Seamounts – cone shaped volcanic mountains rising from the sea floor from hot spots or diverging plates. If rise to water’s surface an island is formed. Often these islands have their tops eroded by waves.

Guyots – underwater seamounts with their tops cut off (plateau)

Ocean Basin

Trenches – deepest spots in the ocean. From wherever two plates converge and subduct

Ocean Water

WHAT IS SALT WATER?

96.5% H2O and 3.5% dissolved minerals (75 different elements)

sodium chloride magnesium chloride calcium sulfate Some rare metals

such as gold and uranium

Ocean Water

WHERE DID THE SALT COME FROM?

1) Each year the world’s rivers carry about 400 billion kg of solids into the ocean.

Most of the solids are salts that came from dissolved minerals on land

WHERE DID THE SALT COME FROM?

2)Water also evaporates from the oceans , leaving salts behind to accumulate

WHERE DID THE SALT COME FROM?

Underwater volcanoes also add salts to the water

Ocean Water

The amount of dissolved salts has not changed over time due to the natural processes that remove salts from the water

For example: Deposition of sediment Plant and animal processes

SALINITY

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SALINITY Salinity levels vary around the world

Equator = high evaporation = higher salinity

Poles = low evaporation = lower salinity(freezing increases salinity, melting decreases salinity)

Rivers = added freshwater = lower salinity

Currents and depth impact salinity as well!

SALINITY

The measurement of the amount of salt dissolved in salt water

1000 g of ocean water

965 grams H2O 35 grams of salt

What you should know right now…

% of Earth covered by water 4 ocean basins Where the oceans came from Oceanography definition What an Oceanographer might study Parts of the Continental Margin (3) Parts of the Ocean Basin (5) Salinity definition % of salt in salt water Names of the salt in salt water Where the salt came from Conditions that affect salinity Conditions that affect water density

Ocean Currents

2 types of ocean currents:

1) Surface Currents

2) Deep Water Currents

Surface Currents

Warm Currents move away from the Equator

Cold Currents move away from the Poles

Surface Currents

Water on the surface moves because of surface winds!!!!!!!

Shaped by the spinning of the Earth and the locations of the continents

Hot water at the equator moves toward the poles (western (left) side of the ocean basins)

Cold water at the poles moves toward the equator (eastern (right) side of the ocean basins)

Deep Water Currents

Caused by differences in density!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Cold Water at the poles sinks (more dense) to the bottom of the ocean, Hot water (less dense) at the equator moves across the surface –causing a slow movement of water

Polar water is the densest – extremely cold and salty due to freshwater ice forming

GLOBAL “CONVEYOR BELT”

GLOBAL “CONVEYOR BELT” The 2 currents work together to completely

circulate the waters of the ocean

Surface waters move from the equator to the poles, sinks and returns to the equator where it is eventually warmed again

Slow – takes 1,000 years to complete

Important for life on Earth as it recycles and redistributes heat, nutrients, and oxygen.

Make a 1 slider – find 1 thing on the internet that you didn’t know

Topic 1: How much of the Earth is covered with water?, what are the 4 ocean basins? How did the

oceans form?Topic 2: Define Oceanography. What things does an oceanographer study?Topic 3: Define Bathymetry, How do (did) we measure the depth of the ocean? What is SONAR? What

is the formula?Topic 4: What are the parts of the continental margin? Describe eachTopic 5: What are the parts of the ocean basin? Describe eachTopic 6: How much salt is in salt water? What is the most common salt? Where did the salt come

from?Topic 7: Define salinity, How is salinity measured? What conditions cause changes in salinity?Topic 8: What is density? What factors affect water density? Where would there be the most dense

ocean water? Where would be the least dense ocean water? Topic 9: What are the 2 types of currents? What causes them? How do they move?Topic 10: What is the global conveyor belt? How long does it take? Why is it important?

ECOSYSTEMS: 3/10

1.1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY?

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment

1.1 What is ecology?

Structure of life--- Atoms Macromolecules Genes Chromosomes Nucleus Cell Organism (species)

Smallest

Largest

1.1 What is ecology?

Macromolecules – large and complex organic compounds

4 major macromolecules: 1) Complex Carbohydrates (glucose) 2) Proteins (amino acids) 3) Nucleic Acids (nucleotides) 4) Lipids (fats and oils)

1.1 What is ecology?

Genes – sequences of nucleotides that contain the genetic information for making specific proteins

Chromosome – single DNA molecule together with a number of proteins which contains thousands of genes

1.1 What is ecology?

Cells are the basic units of life!!!!!!!

Cell Theory = all living things are composed of cells

Cells – smallest, most fundamental structural and functional units in life

1.1 What is ecology?

Species – similar organisms that generally resemble one another in their appearance, behavior, chemistry, and genetic make up… and can produce fertile offspring

We have identified 1.8 million species – mostly insects

May be somewhere between 4 and 100 million species (10 -14 million best guess)

1.1 What is ecology?

ECOLOGISTS STUDY CONNECTIONS IN NATURE!

Levels of Organization in Ecology: Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism-------------------- Cell Nucleus Chromosomes Genes Macromolecule Atom

Largest

smallest

Organism-

Population

Population - # of a particular species in a particular place

Community

Community – all the populations of all the species living in a particular area

Ecosystem

Ecosystem – all the living and non-living things in a particular area

Biosphere

Biosphere – Where life is found on Earth

Ocean Zones Web Exploration In assigned groups…

Click on the links on my web page to complete the provided chart – BENTHIC ZONES

Tomorrow we will continue with the PELAGIC ZONES

When finished with both charts, complete the 10 question google doc “Ocean Zone Analysis Questions” – please be sure to share this with me

Both charts and the analysis questions will be collected on FRIDAY

Reminder – STEM Project revisions due Thursday

Life Zones of the Ocean

Ocean Bottom Zones “Benthic”

- Intertidal - coast- Sublittoral - shelf- Bathyal – slope &

rise- Abyssal – abyssal

plain- Hadal - trench

Open Ocean Zones “Pelagic”

Neritic – above the shelf

Oceanic – deep water

Epipelagic – 0-200mMesopelagic – 200-1,000Bathypelagic – 1,000-4,000Abyssopelagic – 4,000-

6,000Hadalpelagic – 6,000 +

3.2 Earth’s Major Life Support Systems

What do we get from each?

Biosphere -

Atmosphere -

Geosphere -

Hydrosphere -

Roles of organisms in an ecosystem

Autotrophs – photosynthesis/chemosynthesis (producers) Heterotrophs – must eat to obtain food energy

(consumers)___________________________________________________

Carnivores – eat animals only (consumers)

Omnivores – eat plants and animals (consumers)

Herbivores – eat plants only (consumers)

Decomposers/Detritivores/Scavengers – eat dead organisms

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

Tertiary Consumers: Shark

Secondary Consumers: Blue Fish

Primary Consumers: Shrimp

Producers/Autotrophs: Algae

Energy Sources: SUN

Energy

Flow

Living components in an ecosystem

Trophic levels – where does an organism feed in a food chain/web. Depends on what it eats

Other important parts of an ecosystem:

Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) – recycle nutrients

Detritivores = scavengers

3-5 Ecological Efficiency

ONLY 10% of the food energy is passed on to the next trophic level.

MOST IS used in metabolic activity, growth, movement

THIS IS WHY FOOD CHAINS ARE SO SHORTPyramid of energy flow

10 humans 100 perch 1,000 shrimp 10,000 phytoplankton

DecomposersDecomposersDecomposersDecomposers

Trophic levels – ENERGY PYRAMID

3-5 What happens to energy in an Ecosytem?

Food Chains – single pathway of energy flow through an ecosystem

Food Webs – several interconnected food chains

Food webs are more accurate because most organisms eat more than one type of organism

Energy Pyramids – show how much energy is available at each level

Food Chain

TrophicLevel 1

TrophicLevel 2

TrophicLevel 3

TrophicLevel 4

TrophicLevel 5

Food Web

Movement of Pollution Through the Environment

Bioaccumulation – the increase in pollution

concentration from the environment into the 1st creature of a food web

Biomagnification – the increase in pollution concentration

from one link in a food chain to another.

- Increases at each trophic level

Biomagnification

Highest concentrations of pollutants exist in

1) higher trophic level organisms2) Older organisms

4 Common Pollutants

DDT – kill mosquitoes and other pests

-remain in environment a long time-causes nervous system damage-causes reproductive system damage-causes cancer (carcinogen)

Builds up in the fat of organisms

Thins the egg shells of birds!

4 Common Pollutants

PCBs/DIOXINS

Chemicals used in manufacturing

-remain in environment a long time-causes nervous system damage-causes reproductive system damage-causes cancer (carcinogen)

Builds up in the fat of organisms

4 Common Pollutants

MERCURY

Heavy metal released in electrical generation

-remain in environment a long time-causes nervous system damage

Builds up in the MEAT of organisms