The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 33 Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post-Cold War World, 1975-1991 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton.

The Earth and Its Peoples

3rd edition

Chapter 33

Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the

Post-Cold War World,

1975-1991

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Achebe, Anthills of the SavannahThe powerful novels of the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe focus on complex and believable individuals caught up in the unfolding drama of colonialism, independence, and nation building in Africa. As this book jacket photo suggests, Achebe is an intensely serious writer, a man who speaks for his people and believes in the high moral calling of literature and art. (Reproduced with permission of publisher, Anchor Books/Doubleday)

Achebe, Anthills of the Savannah


Celebrating victoryA Russian soldier flashes the victory sign in front of the Russian parliament on August, 1991, as the last-gasp coup attempt of Communist hard-liners is defeated by Boris Yeltsin and an enthusiastic public. The soldier has cut the hammer and sickle out of the Soviet flag, consigning those famous symbols of proletarian revolution to what Trotsky once called the "garbage can of history." (Filip Horvat/Corbis Saba)

Celebrating victory


Chicago, The Dinner PartyThe multimedia creation of Judy Chicago (American installation artist, b. 1939)--features thirty-nine handcrafted placemats and ceramic plates, each embellished with a painted motif associated with the woman being honored. Begun in 1974 and completed in 1978, with the participation of more than one hundred women, Chicago wanted to represent the “historic struggle of women to participate in all the aspects of society.” It attracted enormous crowds. ((c) Judy Chicago. Photo: Donald Woodman.)

Chicago, The Dinner Party


Destruction of the rainforestThe destruction of large portions of Brazil's virgin rain forest has come to symbolize the growing threat to the environment caused by population growth and economic development. In this photograph from the 1980s we see a tragic moonscape of tree stumps and fragile topsoil ripped open by settlers. The name given to this place is "Bom Futuro" (Good Future). (Jacques Jangoux/Peter Arnold, Inc.)

Destruction of the rainforest


Fall of Berlin WallErected in 1961 to stop emigration from communist East Germany to the West , the Berlin Wall had become an all-too-tangible symbol of the division of Europe, and much of the world, for more than four decades after World War II. In 1989, when the communist regime in East Germany collapsed, the East German government opened the wall on November 9th. In this photo we see East Germans (backs to camera) streaming through the dismantled Berlin Wall into West Berlin. (Wide World Photos)

Fall of Berlin Wall


Five generations of Chinese familyThis group portrait of five generations of the Yang family suggests the enduring Chinese commitment to close family ties. It also puts a human face on social transformation, for the great-great-grandmother has bound feet and the baby she holds will be an only child. In the 1980s the Chinese government prohibited couples from having more than one child, a major factor in China's falling birthrate. (Dermot Tatlow/Panos Pictures)

Five generations of Chinese family


Indira Gandhi's funeralJawaharlal Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi (1917–1984) became prime minister of India in 1966. She dominated Indian life for a generation with a combination of charm, tact, and toughness. In a heavy-handed approach to resolving the problem of population growth, her government had 7 million men sterilized in 1976. Many felt that her emergency measures marked the end of parliamentary democracy. Her defeat in the next election and then a subsequent re-election undoubtedly strengthened India's democratic tradition. But Mrs. Gandhi cracked down hard on Sikh radicals seeking independence and was assassinated by Sikhs in retaliation. In this photo the body of Indira Gandhi is cremated in a solemn public ceremony according to Hindu religion and custom. (David Turnley/Corbis)

Indira Gandhi's funeral


Italian feministsThese Italian feminists demonstrate in Rome in 1981 for the passage of legislation legalizing abortion, which the pope and the Catholic church have steadfastly opposed. This woman's provocative sign says that she does not want the pope in her bed. (Giansanti/Corbis Sygma)

Italian feminists


Jomo KenyattaIn April 1964, Prime Minister Jomo Kenyatta (right) of Kenya waves his plumed symbol vigorously to a crowd before entering the East African Heads of Government Conference held in Nairobi. Sharing the delight of the cheering reception are Dr. Nyerere (left) of Tanganyika and Dr. Obote (center) of Uganda. (Bettmann/Corbis)

Jomo Kenyatta


Juan O'Gorman, Credit Transforms MexicoEmerging as an important architect in the 1930s, Juan O'Gorman championed practical buildings and then led the movement to integrate architecture with art in postrevolutionary Mexico. These panels from a 1965 fresco for a bank interior, entitled Credit Transforms Mexico, combine an optimistic view of economic development with many Mexican motifs. O'Gorman believed that Mexico had to preserve its cultural values in order to preserve its independence. (Enrique Franco-Torrijos)

Juan O'Gorman, Credit Transforms Mexico


Juan O'Gorman, Credit Transforms MexicoEmerging as an important architect in the 1930s, Juan O'Gorman championed practical buildings and then led the movement to integrate architecture with art in postrevolutionary Mexico. These panels from a 1965 fresco for a bank interior, entitled Credit Transforms Mexico, combine an optimistic view of economic development with many Mexican motifs. O'Gorman believed that Mexico had to preserve its cultural values in order to preserve its independence. (Enrique Franco-Torrijos)

Juan O'Gorman, Credit Transforms Mexico


Kiefer, Osiris and IsisThe German artist Anselm Kiefer (b. 1945) combines unusual materials to create haunting images that often suggest the horrors of recent history. In this work, Osiris and Isis, painted between 1985-1987, the interpenetrating layers of human culture include images of ruin and death, hope and resurrection. (San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Purchased through a gift of Jean Stein by exchange, the Mrs. Paul L. Wattis Fund, and the Doris and Don Fisher Fund. Photo: Ben Blackwell)

Kiefer, Osiris and Isis


Korea's Hyundai's dry docksThis photo from the 1980s shows the busy dry docks owned by Korea's Hyundai Corporation, which was founded on December 8, 1976. As the largest general trading company in Korea, in 1999 it was the first Korean company to exceed $20 billion in exports. Korea's rapid industrialization symbolizes Pacific Rim economic growth. (Tony Stone/Getty Images)

Korea's Hyundai's dry docks


Lech WalesaAn inspiration for fellow workers at the Lenin Shipyards in the dramatic and successful strike against the Communist bosses in August 1980, Lech Walesa (a feisty Lenin Shipyards electrician and devout Catholic) played a key role in Solidarity before and after it was outlawed. Speaking here to old comrades at the Lenin Shipyards after Solidarity was again legalized in 1988, Walesa personified an enduring opposition to Communist rule in eastern Europe. (G. Merrillon/Gamma)

Lech Walesa


"Le Hijab est Notre Honneur"During the fall of 1989, three teenaged Muslim girls were suspended from a public school near Paris because they insisted on wearing the headscarves traditional for Islamic women. In this photo from October 1989, Muslim women and girls demonstrate in Paris and hold aloft a sign reading "The hijab (headscarf) is our honor." (Wide World Photos)

"Le Hijab est Notre Honneur"


Nicaraguan RevolutionThe broad alliance of revolutionaries and reformers calling themselves Sandinistas overthrew the corrupt dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua in 1970. The Somoza family had ruled Nicaragua since the 1930s and maintained a close relationship with the United States. (Susan Meiselas/Magnum Photos)

Nicaraguan Revolution


Nkrumah opening parliamentUnder the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), the Gold Coast--which he rechristened "Ghana"--became the first independent African state to emerge from colonialism. As part of an ancient ritual, two medicine men pour out sacred oil and call on the gods to bless the work of the Second Parliament and President Nkrumah, standing on the right. The combination of time-honored customs and modern political institutions was characteristic of African states after they secured independence. (Wide World Photos)

Nkrumah opening parliament


Rock Concert for African Famine ReliefThe Live-Aid concerts, like this one in London's Wembley Stadium, were organized in the 1980s by the Irish musician-turned-activist Bob Geldof. Modern electronics and satellite technology amplified its impact and carried it throughout the world. Popular music has been used for centuries to mobilize public concern and engage the feelings of young people. (Redferns Music Picture Library)

Rock Concert for African Famine Relief


Students demonstrating, Tiananmen SquareIn the late 1980s the Chinese government banned all demonstrations and slowed the trend toward a freer economy. In April 1989 China's idealistic university students spearheaded demonstrations against these policies and the increasing corruptness in Chinese society. More than a million people streamed into Beijing's central Tiananmen Square on May 17 in support of the students' demands. These exuberant demonstrators personify the idealism and optimism of China's prodemocracy movement. After some hesitation the Communist government crushed the student leaders and their supporters with tanks and executions, reaffirming its harsh, authoritarian character. (Erika Lansner/stockphoto.com)

Students demonstrating, Tiananmen Square


UN in CambodiaThese soldiers are part of a French battalion serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Cambodia (Kampuchea), a country that had been wracked by war and civil conflict since 1970. United Nations forces usually provide humanitarian aid as they try to preserve fragile cease-fires after warring armies agree to stop fighting. (J.F. Roussier/Sipa Press)

UN in Cambodia


Vaclav HavelDenied admission to the university because of his upper-middle-class origins, Vaclav Havel gravitated to the theater. In 1968 when the Soviets rolled into Czechoslovakia, Havel threw himself into the intellectual opposition to communism and became its leading figure for the next twenty years. Havel was a voice of hope and humanity during these years, one that inspired his compatriots with a lofty vision of a moral postcommunist society. As president of the Czech Republic (1989-2003), Havel continued to speak eloquently on the great questions of our time. (Chris Niedenthal/stockphoto.com)

Vaclav Havel


Women's work in Soviet UnionThis cartoon adapts the caryatid form from ancient sculpture to depict the special burdens that were coming to bear more heavily on women as the Soviet economy bogged down. Intended to commemorate International Women's Day, the image appeared in the Soviet magazine Krokodil in 1984. (Krokodil Magazine, March 1984)

Women's work in Soviet Union


Youth revolution, London, ca. 1980A wonderful photograph of colorfully--and outrageously--dressed youth in London (ca. 1980), during what is called the "youth revolution." (Anthea Sieveking/The Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Library)

Youth revolution, London, ca. 1980


Map: The End of Soviet Domination in Eastern Europe

The End of Soviet Domination in Eastern EuropeThe creation of new countries out of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia and the reunification of Germany marked the most complicated changes of national borders since World War I. The Czech Republic and Slovakia separated peacefully, but Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina achieved independence only after bitter fighting. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The End of the Soviet Union

The End of the Soviet UnionWhen Communist hardliners failed to overthrow Gorbachev in 1991, popular anti-Communist sentiment swept the Soviet Union. Following Boris Yeltsin's lead in Russia, the republics that constituted the Soviet Union declared their independence. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Russia and the Successor States

Russia and the Successor StatesAfter the attempt in August 1991 to depose Gorbachev failed, an anticommunist revolution swept the Soviet Union. Led by Russia and Boris Yeltsin, the republics that formed the Soviet Union declared their sovereignty and independence. Eleven of the fifteen republics then formed a loose confederation called the Commonwealth of Independent States, but the integrated economy of the Soviet Union dissolved into separate national economies, each with its own goals and policies. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: World Population Growth

World Population GrowthAt current rates of growth, every three years, the world's population will increase by the equivalent of a nation the size of the United States. Most of this population increase will be in some of the world's poorest nations. By 2050, for example, Pakistan, a nation of only 40 million in 1950, will surpass the United States and become the country with the world's third largest population. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 33 Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post-Cold War World, 1975-1991 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton.

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