The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 23 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights.

The Earth and Its Peoples

3rd edition

Chapter 23

The Early Industrial Revolution,1760-1851

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Borsig Ironworks, GermanyAugust Borsig, an artisan, founded the Borsig Ironworks in Berlin in the 1840s. The factory expanded to meet the needs of the burgeoning German rail system. By the time of Borsig's death in 1854, his factory had built 500 locomotives. (Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz)

Borsig Ironworks, Germany


Crystal Palace interiorBuilt in 1851, the Crystal Palace was the largest glass and steel structure of its time. Site of the first great international exposition, this remarkable building displayed the inventiveness and opulence of the age. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum)

Crystal Palace interior


Dore, Overcrowded LondonThis engraving by the French artist Gustave Dore (1832-83, the most popular and successful French book illustrator of the mid-nineteenth century) depicts the overcrowded and unsanitary conditions in industrial London in the nineteenth century. Because municipal authorities were unable to cope with the rapid pace of urbanization, the working class was forced to live in dwellings such as these row houses that did not have adequate sanitation or recreational facilities. (Courtesy, Dover Publications)

Dore, Overcrowded London


Engraving, textile factoryThis engraving from Frances Trollope's nineteenth-century novel Michael Armstrong, Factory Boy depicts the hardship of the times. Here a boy is tearfully leaving his family to work in a textile mill. (British Library)

Engraving, textile factory


Friedrich, Traveler Looking over a Sea of FogCaspar David Friedrich (1774-1840) was Germany's greatest romantic painter, and his Traveler Looking over a Sea of Fog (1815) is a representative masterpiece. Friedrich's paintings often focus on dark silhouetted figures silently contemplating an eerie landscape. He came to believe that humans were only an insignificant part of an all-embracing higher unity. (Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz)

Friedrich, Traveler Looking over a Sea of Fog


Girl dragging coal wagon in mineThis engraving of a girl dragging a coal wagon in the mines was one of several that accompanied a parliamentary report on working conditions in the mines. They shocked public opinion and contributed to the Mines Act of 1842. (British Library)

Girl dragging coal wagon in mine


Hogarth, Beer StreetBeer Street, an engraving by William Hogarth (British, 1697- 1764 ), shows an idealized London street scene where beer drinking is associated with manly strength, good humor, and prosperity. It is a representation of an ideal polity, an England in which all foreign elements--like the scrawny Frenchman being thrown out by the jolly pipe-smoking blacksmith--are rigorously excluded. The self-satisfied corpulent figure in the left foreground has been reading a copy of the king's speech to Parliament. We can imagine him offering a running commentary to his drinking companions as he reads. (Courtesy, Dover Publications)

Hogarth, Beer Street


McDonald, The Discovery of Potato Blight in IrelandIn this painting, The Discovery of the Potato Blight in Ireland, 1847, Daniel McDonald depicts an Irish family that has dug up its potato harvest and has just discovered to its horror that the blight has rotted the crop. Like thousands of Irish families of the time, this family now faces the starvation and the mass epidemics of the Great Famine. (Depart. of Folklore, University College,Dublin)

McDonald, The Discovery of Potato Blight in Ireland


Model of Hargreaves' spinning jennyA gifted carpenter and jack-of-all-trades, James Hargreaves invented his cotton-spinning jenny about 1765. It was simple and inexpensive; it was also hand-operated. The loose cotton strands on the slanted bobbins passed up to the sliding carriage and then on to the spindles in back for fine spinning. The worker, almost always a woman, regulated the sliding carriage with one hand, and with the other she turned the crank on the wheel to supply power. By 1783 one woman could spin by hand a hundred threads at a time on an improved model. (Science Museum, London/Michael Holford)

Model of Hargreaves' spinning jenny


Nat-Y-Glo Iron Works, WalesThis watercolor painting by George Robertson depicts the Nat-Y-Glo (Natyglo) Iron Works, Collieries, and Mine Works, in the parish of Aberystwith, South Wales, belonging to Messrs. J. & C. Bailey. This mining operation figures in the Royal Commission Reports of 1842 on the Employment (and Treatment) of Children and Young Persons in the Iron Works of South Wales. (National Museums & Galleries, Wales)

Nat-Y-Glo Iron Works, Wales


Steam tractor, IndiaPower machinery was introduced slowly into India during the nineteenth century because of the abundance of skilled low-cost labor. In this scene, a steam tractor fords a shallow stream, to the delight of onlookers. The towerlike construction on the right is probably a pier for a railroad bridge. (Billie Love Historical Collection)

Steam tractor, India


Watt steam engineIn the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt (1736-1819) was called on to repair a Newcomen engine being used in a physics course. He saw that this engine's waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. Watt went into partnership with a wealthy English toymaker who provided the risk capital and manufacturing plant. Twenty years of constant effort and the help of skilled mechanics enabled Watt to create an effective vacuum and regulate a complex engine. (Science Museum, London)

Watt steam engine


Map: Continental European Industrialization, ca. 1850

Continental European Industrialization, ca. 1850Although continental countries were beginning to make progress by 1850, they still lagged far behind Britain. For example, continental railroad building was still in an early stage, whereas the British rail system was essentially complete. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Cottage Industry and Transportation in Eighteenth-Century England

Cottage Industry and Transportation in Eighteenth-Century EnglandEngland had an unusually good system of navigable rivers. From about 1770 to 1800 a canal-building boom linked these rivers together and greatly improved inland transportation. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800 and 1900

European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800 and 1900 There were more large cities in Great Britain in 1900 than in all of Europe in 1800. Northwestern Europe was the most urbanized area. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850

Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850Industry concentrated in the rapidly growing cities of the north and the Midlands, where rich coal and iron deposits were in close proximity. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850-1870

The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850-1870Broad boulevards, large parks, and grandiose train stations transformed Paris. The cutting of the new north-south axis - known as the Boulevard Saint-Michel - was one of Haussmann's most controversial projects. It razed much of Paris's medieval core and filled the Ile de la Cite with massive government buildings. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 23 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights.

Documents

british library engraving

factory boy

beer street beer street

industrial london

british library girl

coal wagon

william hogarth british

idealized london street