The Dynamic Need for Multiracial Education and Ministry.

Christopher Edley, Jr., Dean of the University of California Berkeley School of Law

“Race isn’t rocket science. Race is harder than rocket science.”

2

1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

12M

10M

8M

6M

4M

2M

0

1.71

2.60

5.25

8.80

.53

3.32

7.26

9.08

10.50

THE NUMBER OF DOCUMENTED U.S. IMMIGRANTS, IN MILLONS, BY DECADE (1820-

2010)

1492 to1965: 85% percent from Europe.

The “Hart-Celler Act” in 1965: opened the door for the first time to large numbers of non-Europeans.

1966-2011: 85% non-European.

U.S. IMMIGRATION POLICY BEFORE AND AFTER THE REFORM ACT OF 1965

1. US: 40 million

2. Russia: 12 million

3. Germany: 10 million

4. 21% of world’s total immigrants are in the U.S.

FOREIGN BORN POPULATIONS

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)

The Demographic Revolution Will Continue

Hi Dad!

ETHNICITY BY AGE IN HARRIS COUNTY (2007-2011 COMBINED)

ETHNICITY BY AGE IN HARRIS COUNTY (2007-2011 COMBINED)

ETHNICITY BY AGE IN HARRIS COUNTY (2007-2011 COMBINED)

20

1999

Black: 32% Hisp: 18%

Asian: 27% White: 23%

21

2004

Black: 45% Hisp: 23%

Asian: 32% White: 00%

= move

RACE IN THE U.S. Classification of human groups as

exclusive and discrete, based on n selected physical characteristics (e.g., skin color, hair type)

Groups created or evolved distinct from one another

Inheritable Outer physical characteristics tell us

of inner realities Ranking, hierarchy 22

23

American

Indian

Asian

White Black

Hispanic

RACIALIZED SOCIETY

Race matters profoundly fordifferences in life

EXPERIENCES, lifeOPPORTUNITIES, and social RELATIONSHIPS. Rewards

allocated

UNEQUALLY by racial group.

24

RACE IN THE U.S.

More of Society’s Rewards

Less of Society’s Rewards

WHITES

BLACKS

Foreign American

ASIANS

HISPANICS

NATIVE

AMERIC

ANS

26

Differential Returns on Education

28

387 are white9 are Asian

3 are Hispanic1 is African American0 are Native American

Bill Warren Larry Christy Charles David Jim Alice Robson Michael Sergey Larry Sheldon George Gates Buffet Ellison Walton Koch Koch Walton Walton Walton Bloomberg Brin Page Adelson Soros

Michael Steve Paul Jeff Ann John Donald Abigail Phil Carl Ron Rich John Jacqueline Dell Balmer Allen Bezos Chambers Paulson Bren Johnson Knight Icahn Perelman Kinder Mars Mars

George James Len Steve Edward Philip Mark James Jack Rupert Jim Blair Samuel SteveKaiser Simons Blavatnik Cohen Johnson Anschutz Zuckerberg Goodnight Taylor Murdoch Kennedy Okeden Newhouse Jobs

US IS RACIALIZED IN AT LEAST THE FOLLOWING AREAS

(1) health (2) death (3) employment

(4) marriage (5) occupation (6) life expectancy

(7) crime (8) persnl & social identity (9) advertising

(10) names (11) education (12) neighborhoods

(13) auto loan rates (14) SES & spatial mobility (15) consumerism

(16) respect (17) expectations (18) music

(19) religion (20) cost of products (21) mortgage rates

(22) history (23) TV watching (24) wealth

(25) property values (26) politics (27) entrepreneur

(28) access to hi-qual affdble products (29) self-esteem (30) mark-up prices

(31) env polltion, haz waste (32) social networks (33) lunch tables

(34) child poverty (35) standardized exams (36) language

(37) crim. justice (38) generational mobility (39) respect

29

WEALTH DIFFERENCES 2002

Black Median Net Worth 6,000

Hispanic Median Net Worth 8,000

White Median Net Worth 90,000

White/Hispanic Ratio 11.25 (10.0 1988)

White/Black Ratio 15.00 (11.8 1988)

30Source: http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=race_wealth_and_intergenerational_poverty

WEALTH DIFFERENCES OVER TIME

Followed same 2000 black and white families

from 1984 to 2007, examining

changes in the racial wealth

gap.

Found a 4 fold-increase in

the gap over this time.

31

32Source: Thomas Shapiro et al. May 2010. The Racial Wealth Gap Increases Fourfold. Institute on Assets and Social Policy, Research and Policy Brief. Brandeis University.

As of 2012

Whites have:

50% more wealth than Asians18 times more wealth than Hispanics20 times more wealth than African Americans

Based on U.S Census Bureau Figures

34

35

A Real World Example: Milwaukee, 1971-1993

For Whites and Blacks, if in 1971 home worth $40,000

In 1993, that same house for Whites worth:

$250,000In 1993, that same house for Blacks worth:$32,000

Source: Sunwoog Kim. 2003. “Long-Term Appreciation of Owner-Occupied Single Family House Prices in Milwaukee Neighborhoods” Urban Geography 24(3): 212-231.

Emerson’s Neighborhood

80% African American

16% Latino 4% Other

Source: 2010 U.S. Census

Built/Purchased in 2006$273,000

Sales Agreement Sept 2012$225,000

Appraised/Sold Dec. 2012 $160,000 Net Gain: $-

113,000

CIRCLE OF FRIENDS: PERCENT REPORTING MOST OR ALL THE SAME RACE

Same R No Cong Interracial n

ALL 83 70 36 2550

White 87 78 44 1615

Black 70 46 46 296

Latino 73 50 33 304

Asian 58 36 15 209

38All Differences significant at .05 level, one-tailed, using both ANOVA and chi-square tests. Exception: Blacks not in congregations and Blacks in Interracial congregations.

RACIAL COMPOSITION OF SOCIAL TIES, BY INTERRACIAL CONGREGATION CONTEXT

Never Past Only Now Only Now & Past

Mix marriage 1% 1% 17% 25%

Both Friends Same

88% 82% 64% 42%Friends in

Cong88% 67% 28% 24%

Circle of Friends

84% 64% 44% 25%Social

Network72% 57% 31% 9%

39

40

A. Social Ties

B. Organizational Home for Multiracial families and people

C. Group Formation and Solidarity

D. Altered Racial Attitudes

E. Reduced Inequalities—economic, social, spiritual

Benefits

“The use of race, in and of itself, to choose students simply achieves a student body that looks different.

Such a criterion is no more rational on its own terms than would be choices based upon the physical size or blood type of applicants”

HOPWOOD V. UNIVERSITY OF TEXASFifth Circuit Court of Appeals denied that diversity impacts educational experience:

Structural Diversity

Informal Interactional

Classroom Diversity

Tested uses two longitudinal databases:

University of MichiganCooperative Institutional Research Program (national)

TYPES OF DIVERSITY

The three types of diversity associated with increased: Intellectual

Engagement Academic Skills Citizenship

Engagement Racial/Cultural

Engagement

Classroom diversity, diversity programming, opportunities for interaction, and learning across diverse groups of students in the college environment now constitute important initiatives to enhance the education of all students.

FINDINGS

WHY? SUBCULTURAL THEORY

• Between-group contact leads to mutual influence, and

hence innovation

• Subcultural fusions lead to

innovations

• Thus creative force built into

diverse organizations

04/19/2344

I see a day when seminarians will be trained in understanding race and ethnic relations, educated in cultural understandings, learn Biblical interpretation from great scholars around the world (rather than principally western thinkers), be trained in multiple styles of preaching, and weave throughout their courses methods of generating a united body through diversity. And I see the day this will be done with a diverse faculty, staff, and student body.

WHAT I HOPE FOR MY SON . . .

EM 850 (3 Credit Hours) Race, Culture, and MinistryHouston Graduate School of Theology

Dates: July 9-11, 2012 

Course Description:An exploration into the topics of race, ethnicity, culture, and faith. The course will look at how these have become intertwined, the ways in which faith can be compromised, sociological realities, and biblical and theological models for restoring right relationships and structures.

Course Outcomes:Upon completion of this course, students will:1.Understand the linkages between race, ethnicity, culture, and religion.2.Analyze biblical perspectives on the above issues.3.Gain a theological and sociological grasp of multiracial/ethnic/cultural congregations.4.Have a basic understanding of how to put into practice the course topics in the local church context.5.Participate in group discussion regarding these often complex issues.

Required Texts:

Anderson, David A. Gracism: The Art of Inclusion. IVP, 2007. Boesak, Allan Aubrey, and Curtiss Paul DeYoung. Radical Reconciliation: Beyond Political Pietism and Christian Quietism. Orbis Books, 2012.  Branson, Mark Lau, and Juan F. Martínez. Churches, Cultures, and Leadership: A Practical Theology of Congregations and Ethnicities. IVP Academic, 2011.  DeYoung, Emerson, Kim, and Yancey. United by Faith: The Multiracial Congregations as a Response to the Problem of Race. Oxford University Press, 2003.  Emerson, Michael O., and Christian Smith. Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America. Oxford University Press, 2000. Rah, Soong-Chan. The Next Evangelicalism: Freeing Your Church from Western Cultural Captivity. IVP Books, 2009.

Topic Coverage During Our Time Together:

Monday: Race, Culture, and Religious Complexities Divided by Faith/Next Evangelicalism

Tuesday: Multiracial Congregations and God’s Work United by Faith/Radical Reconciliation

Wednesday: Intercultural Relations, Perspectives, Methods Gracism/Churches, Cultures, Leadership