the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) and Its Applications in north America

1

THE DYNAMIC LAND ECOSYSTEM MODEL (DLEM) AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA

Ming-Liang Liu ([email protected])

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, WSU, Pullman, WA

Prior Institute:

International Center for Climate and Global Change Research

Ecosystem Dynamics and Global Ecology Laboratory

Auburn University, Auburn, AL

October 14, 2011

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS• Hanqin TIAN

• Chi ZHANG

• Guangsheng CHEN

• Chaoquan LU

• Wei REN

• Xiaofeng XU

• Jia YANG

• Supported by NASA IDS, NASA LCLUC, DOE NICCR

3

OUTLINE

• Model Introduction – Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM)

• Recent Improvements

• Validations

• Applications

• Discussions

4

INTRODUCTION• Regional Earth System Model

http://www.pnnl.gov/atmospheric/iresm/modeling.stm

5

MODEL (DLEM)

Chen et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2008; Ren et al., 2007a; Ren et al., 2007b; Ren et al., 2011b; Tian et al., 2011; Tian et al., 2010a; Tian et al., 2010b; Tian et al., 2010c; Xu et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2007

6

7

Dynamic

Land

Ecosystem

Model

Climate .Temperature .Precipitation .Radiation .Relative Humidity

Atmospheric Compositions .CO2

.O3

.Nitrogen Deposition

Land Use .Deforestation .Urbanization .Harvest .Fertilization .Irrigation

Other Disturbances .Wildfire .Disease .Climate Extremes

Dri

vin

g F

act

ors

Soil .Physical Properties .Chemical Properties .Depth

Geomorphology .Elevation .Slope .Aspect

River Network .Flow Direction .Accumulative Area .River Slope .River Length .River Width

Vegetation Functional Type Cropping System

Contr

olli

ng

Fact

ors

CO2 Related:

.Carbon Storage .Harvest .Ecosystem Respiration .Net Primary Productivity .Net Ecosystem Exchange .Export of DOC and POC

Nitrogen Related:

.Nitrogen Storage .Mineralization Rate .Nitrofication Rate .Denitrification Rate .Export of TN

Water Related;

.Surface Runoff .Subsurface Flow .Evapotranspiration .Soil Moisture .River Discharge

Non-CO2 GHG;

.CH4 Emissions .N2O Emissions

INPUT MODEL OUTPUT

8

IMPROVEMENTS

• From single land cover to cohort structure

• Rainfall disaggregation

• Multi-soil layer, TOPMOD, Ground water - CLM methods

• River routine

9

• From single land cover to cohort structure

vegetation cover, impervious surface, lake, stream, sea, bare ground, and glacier

10

• Rainfall disaggregation

Sivakumar & Sharma, 2008

Connolly et al., 1998

11

• Multi-soil layer, TOPMOD, Ground water - CLM methods

Liu et al., 2008

Niu et al., 2007, 2009

Beven & Kirkby, 1979

12

Rain

Precipitation

Snow

Liquid Snow

Impervious surfaceWater body

(lake, stream)

Aquifer

Snow cover

Soil

ThroughfallWater Uptake

Surface Runoff

Interception

Canopy(1, 2, …n types)Transpiration

Canopy Evaporation Sublimation

Sublimation

Water-surface Evaporation

Infiltration

Melt

Redistribution

Recharge

Drainage Runoff

Surface Runoff

Water Table

Zone of aeration

Zone of saturation

Soil Evaporation

Discharge

Recharge

Evaporation

Saturated area

Hydrological processes simulated by DLEM

13

• River routine

14

Scheme of C & N yield and export in the DLEM

15

VALIDATIONS

• Field observations, e.g. AmeriFlux network

• River gauges

• Model-data fusion data sets, e.g. up-scaled observations

• Other regional model results

16

Model Validations

Distributions of AmeriFlux towers for model validation

17

VALIDATIONS

The comparison of simulated ET vs observations

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1928 1938 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008

Riv

er D

isch

arge

(km

3 /ye

ar)

Year

Simulated

Dai et al., 2009

USGS_Mississippi+Afalatchalaya

Comparison of simulated discharges with reconstructed historical discharge and USGS observations (MARB)

18

Rosemount G19 Alternative Rotations (cropland)

Missouri Ozark (Deciduous Broad-leaf Forest)

19

WATERSHED 18 WITHIN THE COWEETA BASIN, NORTH CAROLINA, USA

20

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Observations

Simulated

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Observations

Simulated

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Observations

Simulated

Connecticut

Hudson

Delaware

21

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Observations

Simulated

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Observations

Simulated

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Observations

Simulated

Susquehanna

Potmac

James

22

VERIFICATION OF C&N EXPORT

DIN export from Mississippi river basin

23

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1/27

/198

1

2/3/

1981

2/10

/198

1

2/17

/198

1

2/24

/198

1

3/3/

1981

3/10

/198

1

3/17

/198

1

3/24

/198

1

3/31

/198

1

4/7/

1981

4/14

/198

1

4/21

/198

1

4/28

/198

1

5/5/

1981

5/12

/198

1

5/19

/198

1

5/26

/198

1

Tota

l Nitr

ogen

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

gN/L

)

Date

Simulated TN (mg/L)

obs_TN

Simulated vs. observed TN of the Potomac river

24

APPLICATIONS

• The Gulf of Mexico

• The Eastern Coast

25

DATA DEM, slope: HRDRO1K data sets Lake, river fractional data: SRTM-Water Body Data; GLC2000; Global Lakes

and Wetlands Database (GLWD) Soil data: ISRIC-WISE derived soil properties with 5×5 arc-minute

resolution Climate: North America Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data from NCEP River networks: 5 arc-minute global river networks (Graham et al., WRR,

1999)

26

Study area and land cover in 2005 (land cover shows the dominant type in each 5 arc-minute grid) Sub-basins: EC: East Coast of GOM; MARB: Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin; TB: Texas Basin; RGB: Rio Grande Basin; WSC: Western and Southern Coast of GOM

27

Land use conversions during 1901-2005 (The different color shows the dominant conversion in each 5 arc-minute grid and total change is larger than 5% of grid area)

28

29

Anomalies of ET, runoff, and precipitations during 1901-2008 (unit: mm per year)

30

31

32

33

34

35

EASTERN COAST

Eastern Coast Study Area

36

LAND-USE/LAND-COVER

Land use, 2005 Land use conversions, 1901-2005

37

CLIMATE CHANGE

% per Century of precipitation °C per Century

Trend in annual temperature and precipitation, 1901-2008

38

SPATIAL PATTERN OF RUNOFF

Trend in annual runoff, 1901-2008 (% per Century)Mean annual runoff, 1901-2008 (mm/year)

39

DISCHARGE

1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

Discharge (km3) 5 year Mov. Avg. Trend (1971-2008)

Year

Dis

char

ge (k

m3)

40

EXPORT OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

TOC

flux

(TgC

/yea

r)

Year

TOC Average 5 per. Mov. Avg. (TOC)

SS GOM MAB SAB GS1901-1970 0.045 0.438 0.743 0.682 0.0281971-2008 0.049 0.524 0.891 0.617 0.026Change (%) 8.95% 19.83% 20.01% -9.49% -6.91%

41

TOC YIELD AND TREND

Trend in TOC yield, 1901-2008 (gC/m2/year/year)Mean TOC yield, 1901-2008 (gC/m2/year)

42

EXPORT OF NITROGEN

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Nitr

ogen

exp

ort (

TgN

/yr)

Year

DIN TONLinear (DIN) 5 per. Mov. Avg. (DIN)Linear (TON) 5 per. Mov. Avg. (TON)

43

TOTAL NITROGEN YIELD AND TREND

Trend in TN yield, 1901-2008 (gN/m2/year/year)Mean TN yield, 1901-2008 (gN/m2/year)

44

Mean TN export, 1901-2008 (Thousand ton N (109 gN)/year)

45

DRIVING FORCES - ON TN EXPORT

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Anom

aly

of T

N e

xpor

t (T

gN/y

ear)

Year

ALL ALL_noppt ALL_notemp Climate Land-use

Estimated anomaly of TN export under different simulation experiments

46

OTHER APPLICATIONS• NACP – Site and regional model-data comparison

• North America GHG emissions

• Southeast of US

• China GHG budget

• Monsoon Asia

• Global

47

The annual mean leaching and exports of nutrients from land surface of North America during 1961-1990 as estimated by Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model with Nutrients Export (DLEM-NE) A. TN leaching from inland watershed (gN/m2/year) B. TN export from each 0.5° ×0.5° grid to downstream grid (Metric ton N/grid) C. TOC leaching from inland watershed (gC/m2/year) D. TOC export from each 0.5° ×0.5° grid to downstream grid (Metric ton C/grid)

48

49

NEE Seasonal cycle (Howland)

Image credit: Dan Ricciuto

Preliminary results of model-data Inter-comparison for the NACP Site-Level Interim Synthesis

Peter Thornton, Kevin Schaefer NACP Synthesis Management Team Ameriflux and Fluxnet Canada Investigators Modeling Team Investigators Dan Riccuito, Barbara Jackson

50

Forward Models Inverse ModelsNet Ecosystem Exchange

Temperate North AmericaRegional Interim SynthesisBreakout Discussion Report

NACP Interim Synthesis WorkshopOak Ridge, TN, November 9-11, 2009

By W. Mac Post

51

DISCUSSIONS• Coupling with water quality model and regional climate model

• Social-economic data/model

• Model-data fusion

• Super computer technology

52

CO2,s

H2CO3*

(M/L)HCO3

-

(M/L)CO3

2-

(M/L)

Phytoplanktona (mg Chla/m3)

Herb. ZooplanctonZh (g(C,N)/m3

POC & PONCp Np

(g(C,N)/m3)

DOC & DONCd Nd

(g(C,N)/m3)

NH3

NH4+

O2

NO2-

Carn. ZooplanctonZc (g(C,N)/m3)

NO3- N2

N2,SO2,s

Sediments

εh

R P

aca

R

R

excr

egestion

excr

excr/death

egestion

settling

hydrolysis

dissolution1-εh

εc1-εc

Nitri.

Nitri.

Den..

Den..

NH3,s

ana

azhnc

azcnc

acdnc

N uptake

photosynthesis

Nitrogen (N) flux

Oxygen (O) flux

LEGEND

Carbon (C) flux

C&N flux

Chemical equilibrium

53

THANK YOU!

http://hill.chem.wsu.edu/PhotoGallery/Pullman

http://www.yearofplenty.org/2010/10/index.html