The domain matrix of EMOTION: Conceptual, cultural, and historical knowledge of human experience.

A Time for AngerA Time for Anger

Conceptions of Human Conceptions of Human Feeling in Modern Feeling in Modern

English, A.D. 1500-1990English, A.D. 1500-1990

James J. Mischler, IIIJames J. Mischler, IIIOklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University

IntroductionIntroduction

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) holds:Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) holds:

1. Physical experience in the real world 1. Physical experience in the real world leads to leads to conceptualization—conceptualization—a cognitively-a cognitively-based schema of the physical experience.based schema of the physical experience.

2. The cognitive conceptualizations 2. The cognitive conceptualizations (or (or conceptual metaphorsconceptual metaphors) are used to ) are used to interpret new experiences and are often interpret new experiences and are often expressed via linguistic metaphors.expressed via linguistic metaphors.

IntroductionIntroductionCM = ANGER IS A HOT FLUID IN A CONTAINERCM = ANGER IS A HOT FLUID IN A CONTAINER Lakoff and KLakoff and Kövecses (1987)övecses (1987)

Linguistic metaphor: Linguistic metaphor: His blood boiled with rageHis blood boiled with rage..

Properties of the conceptualization:Properties of the conceptualization:1. Container (= human body)1. Container (= human body)2. Fluid is in the container2. Fluid is in the container3. Fluid is heated; creates steam3. Fluid is heated; creates steam4. Heat rises/falls on a heat scale4. Heat rises/falls on a heat scale

5. Heat and steam create pressure on the container5. Heat and steam create pressure on the container6. Visible physiological effects: 6. Visible physiological effects: Skin rednessSkin rednessImpaired visual acuityImpaired visual acuity Bodily agitationBodily agitation


Cultural knowledge, including Cultural knowledge, including historical culture, also affects historical culture, also affects linguistic metaphor. For example, linguistic metaphor. For example, Geeraerts and Grondelaers (1995) found Geeraerts and Grondelaers (1995) found that a Western historical cultural that a Western historical cultural model called the Four Humors theory may model called the Four Humors theory may have influenced linguistic metaphors of have influenced linguistic metaphors of anger in Early Modern English and anger in Early Modern English and Dutch. Gevaert (2002) found similar Dutch. Gevaert (2002) found similar evidence for Middle English.evidence for Middle English.

The Four Humors ModelThe Four Humors Model

Black Bile

Spleen

Blood

Heart

Yellow Bile

Liver

Phlegm

Brain

Cold

Wet

Hot

Dry


There have been relatively few There have been relatively few cognitive linguistic studies of cognitive linguistic studies of conceptual metaphor conceptual metaphor over historical over historical time time (e.g., Allan, 2006; (e.g., Allan, 2006; Gevaert, 2002; Koivisto-Alanko Gevaert, 2002; Koivisto-Alanko & Tissari, 2006).& Tissari, 2006).


The purpose of the current study The purpose of the current study is to delineate more clearly the is to delineate more clearly the influence of cultural knowledge influence of cultural knowledge on on diachronic diachronic metaphors of metaphors of emotion in English, to emotion in English, to investigate whether culture investigate whether culture affects conceptualization over affects conceptualization over time.time.

Study DesignStudy Design

Two phases:Two phases:1. 1. The main study of linguistic The main study of linguistic metaphoric expressions of anger;metaphoric expressions of anger;2. The ancillary study of non-2. The ancillary study of non-linguistic cultural and linguistic cultural and scientific knowledge of the scientific knowledge of the human body.human body.

Ancillary Study: Ancillary Study: OverviewOverview

Three types of data:Three types of data:1. 18 historical texts describing 1. 18 historical texts describing the Four Humors model of human the Four Humors model of human physiology;physiology;2. Five historical scientific 2. Five historical scientific advances in human physiology (one per advances in human physiology (one per century);century);3. Present-day works by medical 3. Present-day works by medical historians were also researched.historians were also researched.

Ancillary Study: ResultsAncillary Study: ResultsThe review of the historical texts The review of the historical texts showed:showed:

1. The Four Humors’ became known in 1. The Four Humors’ became known in England in the 1400’s.England in the 1400’s.2. Medical doctors were trained in the 2. Medical doctors were trained in the method to diagnose and treat illness.method to diagnose and treat illness.3. Doctors and lay medical consumers 3. Doctors and lay medical consumers employed the method until the mid-employed the method until the mid-1800’s.1800’s.

Ancillary Study: ResultsAncillary Study: ResultsFive Historical Scientific Advances in Five Historical Scientific Advances in PhysiologyPhysiology

1500-1599: Scientific anatomy (Andreas Vesalius, 1543)1500-1599: Scientific anatomy (Andreas Vesalius, 1543)

1600-1699: Blood circulation (William Harvey, 1628)1600-1699: Blood circulation (William Harvey, 1628)

1700-1799: Symptom localization (Giambattista Morgagni, 1700-1799: Symptom localization (Giambattista Morgagni, 1761)1761)

1800-1899: Cell tissue pathology (Rudolph Virchow, 1858)1800-1899: Cell tissue pathology (Rudolph Virchow, 1858)

1900-1990: Medical school standards (Abraham Flexner, 1910)1900-1990: Medical school standards (Abraham Flexner, 1910)

The Four Humors ModelThe Four Humors Model

Black Bile

Spleen

Blood

Heart

Yellow Bile

Liver

Phlegm

Brain

Cold

Wet

Hot

Dry

Main Study: DataMain Study: Data

Selected metaphoric expressions of Selected metaphoric expressions of emotion were chosen for the study:emotion were chosen for the study:

A. A. His His bloodblood boilboiled. ed. (the “blood (the “blood metaphor”)metaphor”)

B. B. He He ventvented his ed his spleenspleen. . (the “spleen (the “spleen metaphor”)metaphor”)

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

1. Are the 1. Are the blood metaphorblood metaphor and the and the spleen metaphorspleen metaphor conceptualized by conceptualized by the same CM or different ones?the same CM or different ones?

2. How does the Four Humors 2. How does the Four Humors cultural model interact with the cultural model interact with the conceptualiztion?conceptualiztion?

Main study: Data Main study: Data collectioncollection

Samples of linguistic metaphors were collected and Samples of linguistic metaphors were collected and analyzed from two digitized, historical text analyzed from two digitized, historical text corpora:corpora:

1. 1. Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English, English, A. D. 1500-1720; 1.7 million words.A. D. 1500-1720; 1.7 million words.2. 2. A Representative Corpus of Historical English A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers Registers (Biber, et al. 1994), 1650-1990; (Biber, et al. 1994), 1650-1990; 1.8 million words.1.8 million words.

After conducting keyword searches for the After conducting keyword searches for the selected words, 61 metaphoric expressions of selected words, 61 metaphoric expressions of emotion were collected. 12 were eliminated, emotion were collected. 12 were eliminated, leaving 49 for analysis.leaving 49 for analysis.

Main study: Data Main study: Data analysisanalysis

Two types of analysis:Two types of analysis:

1. Frequency analysis 1. Frequency analysis (quantitative)(quantitative)

2. Discourse analysis 2. Discourse analysis (qualitative)(qualitative)

Discourse AnalysisDiscourse Analysis

The CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: bloodblood))

Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1550-Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1550-1599:1599:I beseech you, consider of me; my Blood I beseech you, consider of me; my Blood will ask Vengeance, if I be unjustly will ask Vengeance, if I be unjustly condemn'd.condemn'd.


The CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: ventvent))Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1600-1649:Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1600-1649:

The foole, seeing the pitch ball, pulled to haue it The foole, seeing the pitch ball, pulled to haue it off, but could not but with much paine, in an off, but could not but with much paine, in an enuious spleene, smarting ripe runes after him, enuious spleene, smarting ripe runes after him, fals at fistie cuffes with him; …fals at fistie cuffes with him; …


The CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: spleenspleen))Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1600-1649:Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1600-1649:

Whereat the World so tickled her spleene that Whereat the World so tickled her spleene that she was agog, clapped her hands for joy, and she was agog, clapped her hands for joy, and saies she was deepely satisfied, and cryed more.saies she was deepely satisfied, and cryed more.


The CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: bloodblood))

Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1650-1699:Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1650-1699:And though in cold blood he was a And though in cold blood he was a generous and good natured man, yet he generous and good natured man, yet he would go far in his heats, after any thing would go far in his heats, after any thing that might turn to a Jest or matter of that might turn to a Jest or matter of Diversion…Diversion…

Discourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisThe CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: bloodblood))

Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1650-1699:Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1650-1699:

……for five years together he was continually for five years together he was continually Drunk: not all the while under the visible Drunk: not all the while under the visible effect of it, but his blood was so inflamed, effect of it, but his blood was so inflamed, that he was not in all that time cool enough that he was not in all that time cool enough to be perfectly Master of himself.to be perfectly Master of himself.


The CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: ventvent))

Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1650-1699:Penn-Helsinki corpus, 1650-1699:

But, however she was forc'd to receive this But, however she was forc'd to receive this unwelcome news, in all appearance, with unwelcome news, in all appearance, with unconcern and content; her heart was unconcern and content; her heart was bursting within, and she was only happy bursting within, and she was only happy when she cou'd get alone, to vent her griefs when she cou'd get alone, to vent her griefs and moans with sighs and tears.and moans with sighs and tears.

Discourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisThe CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: bloodblood))

ARCHER corpus, 1700-1749:ARCHER corpus, 1700-1749:

……their greatest and most wonted objection their greatest and most wonted objection against these Eudemons and Kakodemons, against these Eudemons and Kakodemons, being, that it arises all from the work of being, that it arises all from the work of fancy, in persons of a melancholic bloodfancy, in persons of a melancholic blood..

Discourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisThe CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: ventvent))


……it made him very chagrin and full of it made him very chagrin and full of spleen, insomuch that he was obliged to spleen, insomuch that he was obliged to retire to his chamber where he vented retire to his chamber where he vented these expressions: Who could have divined these expressions: Who could have divined that Sylvia was a gentlewoman? that Sylvia was a gentlewoman?

Discourse AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisThe CM of Emotion (keyword: The CM of Emotion (keyword: boilboil))


ALEXIS. Oh you traitress - ALEXIS. Oh you traitress - artful slut! this must be all a artful slut! this must be all a feint. I clearly heard she feels feint. I clearly heard she feels it too, that she must concern my it too, that she must concern my wife, or my daughter - oh my wife, or my daughter - oh my blood burns! - She feels it too!blood burns! - She feels it too!

Research QuestionResearch Question

1. Are the 1. Are the blood metaphorblood metaphor and the and the spleen metaphorspleen metaphor conceptualized by conceptualized by the same CM or different ones?the same CM or different ones?

2. How does the Four Humors model 2. How does the Four Humors model interact with conceptualization?interact with conceptualization?

Main study: DiscussionMain study: Discussion

Summary of ResultsSummary of Results1. The 1. The blood blood samples include anger and samples include anger and other emotions (e.g., pleasantness, a other emotions (e.g., pleasantness, a sense of mischief), and the vent samples sense of mischief), and the vent samples include other emotions besides sadness include other emotions besides sadness (e.g., frustration, joy).(e.g., frustration, joy).Implication: The CM of ANGER is a domain Implication: The CM of ANGER is a domain matrix (DM) of EMOTION, with anger and matrix (DM) of EMOTION, with anger and sadness at opposite poles; the HEAT scale sadness at opposite poles; the HEAT scale is then viewed as a TEMPERATURE scale; is then viewed as a TEMPERATURE scale; CONTROL follows the same cline. CONTROL follows the same cline.

Main study: DiscussionMain study: Discussion

Summary of ResultsSummary of Results2. The Four Humors serves as the 2. The Four Humors serves as the common ground common ground (Clark, 1996) by which (Clark, 1996) by which emotion is expressed and explored in emotion is expressed and explored in metaphoric expressions. metaphoric expressions. Implication: The writer/speaker Implication: The writer/speaker adjusts specific linguistic adjusts specific linguistic expressions to adhere to the shared expressions to adhere to the shared cultural knowledge that the cultural knowledge that the interlocutors have in common.interlocutors have in common.

Thank YouThank You

The domain matrix of EMOTION: Conceptual, cultural, and historical knowledge of human experience.

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