THE DISPUTE BETWEEN GUR AND ALEXANDER AND ITS IMPACT ON POLISH HASIDISM IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

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246hil othq:Edward Fram (ed.), A Window to Their World: The Court Diaries

of Rabbi Hayyim Gundersheim, Frankfurt am Main, 1773–1794×

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270xi`n l`kin:Mirjam Zadoff, Next Year in Marienbad: The Lost Worlds

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of East Central Europe Between the World Wars, Bloomington 1983, pp. 17–32`xfr ;

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;(1924±1860) 'l`eny zx`tz' lra ,xbivpc iav l`eny 'x ,eig` ;1894 zpyn zeciqgd z`

±1880) 'wgvi zciwr' lra ,xbivpc mgpn wgvi 'x ,epae.d`eya dtqpy ,(1942

.mialy dyelyl wlgl ozip zwelgnd z`oey`xd alydzwelgnd uext :(1916±1907)

;zinewnd dxifa xwira ldpzdy qenletei pyd alydzwelgnd zeagxzd :(1931±1916)

zyxta ± oilet zeleabl uegn l` s` d`iyae ,(zipletd) zivx`d zihiletd dxifd l`

1929) l`xyi ux` zern lr zwelgnd(;o exg`d alydmivn`nd aly :(1937±1931)

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sl` d`nn dlrnl eid xeb zeciqga ik oreh ,iqtl` wgvi ,xeb iciqg mr dpnpy xweg .14.10.1927

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zeciqgd ,l"pd ;fiw 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,` ,zeciqgl dictelwivp` ,'xebn xhl` ikcxn mdxa`

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:hpxhpi`a mexeta miciqg oia oeic lynl e`x .meid cr onvr oial zeieciqgd oiahttp://

www.bhol.co.il/forums/topic.asp?whichpage=2&topic_id=2478666&forum_id=15065

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mixtqa xwira xneg iz`vn ziciqgd zextqa .l`xyi zceb`e oilet zeciqg lr xwgn ixtqne

xcpqkl` iciqg mr zegiyn mifnxe zerici ,zeiptd iztq` ok enk .xcpqkl` zeciqgl mixeywd

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xewn `id j` ,zxewiaae zebiizqda dil` qgiizdl yi ok lre ,ziznbne zihbelet` ,ziaihwiiaeq

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ixeyb xi`n :lynl e`x zepeyd zelidwa xcpqkl`e xeb iciqg zewelgn lr .ikcxn mdxa` 'x

;149 'nr ,a"kyz aia` lz ,xird ly oaxegl mixyrd zpyl xekfi xtq :epxir mexalee ,(jxer)

lz ,daiaqde aixhÎaewxheit ;268 'nr ,1967±1964 aia` lz ,yil`w xtq ,(jxer) cpxa l`eny

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lz ,uiaexaenc ,uiaiipyexw ,ui'vpl :daiaqde dphew xtq ,(jxer) yitwehy cec ;372±371 'nr

.142±141 'nr ,1968 aia`

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epl xzep oky xzeia aeyg dlee dwqpecf ly dxwndy ixd ,e`l m` oiae dpekp ezriaw m` oia

.xneg daxd eilr

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elbzdykl .min mdit e`lin zxaegd lr rcin mdn lawl iziqipy xeb iciqg .dny dne dbiydl ozip

`id ik oiev belhwa la` ,zine`ld diixtqa d`vnl iziqip ,dxagn mye zxaegd zxzek il

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20.58 'nr ,(16 dxrd ,lirl) fx`wipxrit

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axd lr elth xeb iciqg .lekd lr milaewn eidy mihgey xcrid llba ,xira xya did `l

,xbii` mdxa` 'x ,oilael ly x"enc`l azkn eazk s`e ,zepeyne zepey zeny`d uiytil

dlde ,uiytil axd ly eia`l ribd azknd .uiytil cbp zevnyd ly dkex` zkqn eae

.xhtp `ede dtixgd ely dnhq`d zlgny cr rbtp dk22md mb epnh `l xcpqkl` iciqg

.dcin cbpk dcin xeb iciqgl exifgde ,zglva mci z`23

micli meyxl axiq ecvn `ede ,mdipa z` leni uiytil axdy enikqd `l xeb iciqg

ozgzdl mikixv eid xeb iciqg .ezia zepelg z` mi`xebd evtip daebza .elv` elenip `ly

,dpicnd iweg zpigan swez mi`eyipl didiy ick ,uiytil axd lv` zg` mrt :miinrt

.izkld swez mi`eyipl didiy ick ,bb zeilra ,'mdly' ax icia ztqep mrte24dnglnd

xy`k ± dyi`l lra oia e` mixedl micli oia ,mig` oia ± dgtynd jeza mikekigl dnxb

lra mday mihrn `l mixwn mixkfen zxaega .mikqkeqnd zepgnl ekiizyd dgtynd ipa

mr cgi ogleyl eaqd `l miclie eig` lv` lk` `l g` ,eicgi lek`l elki `l dyi`e

.dl`a `veike zxg` dhigyn xya zepwl ,mipey milka lek`l evl`py e` mdixed25iciqg

mii` dgtyn oa mday mixwn lr s` zeiecr eide uiytil axl miriavnd lr enii` xeb

.'oekp'd cnrend xear riavi `l m` eiwiqrn ipira drx ezaic `iveiy eaexw lr26fx`wipxrit

.mc` iig zwelgnd dzab oditly zereny lr fnex27

zehalzd dziid eia`ly xtqn ozp oa l`tx .axd zrcl cebipa mdly hgeyd lv` hegyl ekiynd

`ed ok lre ,xeb xvgl on`p did `ed ,`qib jci`n ;eax lewa renyl eilr did ,`qib cgn :zipivx

:zg` drepza ,ozp oa l`tx :e`x !ivge dpy xg`l ± zwelgnd irlq eayiizdy cr xya lk` `l

.3 'nr ,a"pyz aia` lz ,dxez ixace mibibd zepexkf

22.36 dxrd ,oldl e`x uiytil zgtyn lr .54±50 'nr ,(16 dxrd ,lirl) fx`wipxrit

23ik zepehlyl oiyld xcpqkl` ciqgy xg`l dvxt zeieciqgd oia zwelgnd ik xtqn fx`wipxrit

iciqgy meyne xara el mxbpy leer lya z`f dyr `ed .dxeyk mpi`y mixac dxiira miyrp

icia dlek dpezp dilr dhilyd j` zixeaivd dtewl minlyn mdy jkn milkqezn eid xcpqkl`

okl' :xcpqkl` iciqg ly mzeccenzd z` jk x`zn wpexh .10±9 'nr ,my ,fx`wipxrit :e`x .xeb

gvnÎzefra mze` eniy`d .miipiy mcbpk etyg .xeb iyp` cbpk mditexb` z` xcpqwl` iciqg evnw

dnwp ly dl` zeegn xy`n xzei j` .ezeyxg lr ,xebn iaxd lr dvld elit` mixne` eid hwyae

iciqg ...ske`a miayei cinz ex`yp xeb iyp` .xeb iciqg cbp hewpl elki `l md mipe`Îzxqg

mivwy xeb iciqg z` epik ,mnvra migeha xzei eyrp md ,mdly iaxa xzei cer ewac xcpqwl`

zephwd zexiira miwa`nay zexnle .mdl ze`xdl ick ,zewelgnl zeaiq eytig onfd lke miptvege

cer mrtÎi`y eeiwe mzeptwez z` eyilgd `le xcpqwl` iciqg exzie `l ,onfd lk eciqtd md

mdxa`e sq` cec zkixra ,b ,zepenze zepexkif oilet ,wpexh diryi l`igi :e`x .'xeb iyp` z` egvpi

.9 'nr ,(qetca) oxhyxaep

24.69 'nr ,(16 dxrd ,lirl) fx`wipxrit

25.57 'nr ,my

26.34 'nr ,my

27,xcpqkl` zeciqgl d`xpd lkk jiizyd fx`wipxrity d`xp eixac oepbqn ,mpn` .67 ,50 'nr ,my

mpi` xeb zeciqg ly dizeleer lr xtqn `edy mixetiqd ik ,zexidfa reawl xyt`y dnec j`

miyp` icia eazkpy ,zepeyd zelidwa zwelgnd ixe`izn .xcpqkl` zeciqg mr ezedcfdn miraep

iciqg eli`e miipgeke minil` xeb iciqg :dnec dpenz dler ,ziciqgd dxagl mikiiy eid `ly

]7[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn181

x"enc`l xebn x"enc`d glyy azkn lr epl recie ,mix"enc`d zeaxrzd s` lr

,1907 zpya xcpqkl`n28xexa azknd okezn .zeninz mipy dpeny cer dkynp zwelgnd

`edy myex xevil zegtl e` ,axrzdl dqip s`e ,dl rcen did xcpqkl`n x"enc`d mb ik

ribd 1914 zpya ,fx`wipxrit itl .el ernyp `l eiciqg j` ,daixnd z` hiwydl dqpn

,xebn ikcxn mdxa` ly eig` ,lcpn 'xn sixg azkn29mb j` ,mely zeyrl dcewt eae

.xfr `l df azkn

xteqn .oda helyl mix"enc`d lr dywd xcpqkl`e xeb zeieciqg ly olceby okzii

xg`le ,mdipia dyw zwelgn zeawra xcpqkl`n x"enc`d mr ybtp ikcxn mdxa` 'xy

.'mler zad`l mb miwewf ep` la` dax dad` epipia yiy 'd jexa' :xn` okn30`et` d`xp

oia dniiwzdy ze`ivnd z` gxkda etwiy `l miccvd ipy ly mix"enc`d oia miqgid ik

zg` `l dpezp zinewnd dhilyd dziid elld zelecbd zeieciqga ,xg` oeyl .miciqgd

jk lya .zifkxnd xvga zfkexn dziid `le ,miinewn gek icwen lye mipwqr ly mdicia

ik m` ,zepeyd mixra miciqgd llk lr mzhilya mix"enc`d ly mgek dyrnl labed

.miigd inegz lka x"enc`d ly axd egek lr micirn xeb zeciqg ixtq31

323 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) aewxheit xtq :e`x .miiplaqe mipezn ,mipicr xcpqkl`,lirl) dphew ;

.149 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) ixeyb ;268 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) cpxa ;142±141 'nr ,(14 dxrd

28z"ywk l`xyi zx`tz (miyecw ly mpa=) w"ypa wicvd axd iytp cici w"kl melye miige dkxa'

,aehd enely zyixc xg` .(xcpqkl`n iaxd=) `"hily wgvi l`xyi (zldz my zyecw ceak=)

ik ...axdl izayd xake l`xyi ipa epig` oia zeaal cexitn iytp dnbr dnk reci w"k mpn`d

uxiz `ed ,ugxna 'igi axd epal invra izxn` oke dxez oic izla zeaixndl uw didiy d`x` `l

xqend=) f"kend z` ip` gley zrke .evxzi `le ely cv iyp`n df yxec xak ik (envr z`=) r"`

enely iyp` eixikn lv` lerti eaeha xne i"p ...n axdl azkn sxv` mb ...n i"p axdl (df azk

=) c"` .miiny my leligde zelewd elcgi ornl dxez oic didiy evxziyy"ecd ecici (ixac dl`

,lbq ikcxn mdxa`e iwqxeq oxd` :e`x .'xeb dtn xhl` ikcxn mdxa` ezaehe (enely yxecd=)

.(xewna hqwha zehnydd) gl 'nr ,d"pyz milyexi ,a ,l`ix` zleb y`x

29glyp azknd .miakxen eid ,ikcxn mdxa`e ('xrvipatd' dpeky) lcpn 'x ,mig`d ipy oia miqgid

.el ernyp `l miciqgdy jk lr daiqd lr riavdl ile` leki xacde ,`weec epnn

30305 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,zexe`n ,iqtl` wgviix"enc`n x"enc` dfi`le izn oiivn epi` iqtl` .

zncewd dkxad ly migqep ipy md 'mler zad`'e 'dax dad`' miiehiad .mixacd exn`p xcpqkl`

ozip df xywda .miciqgd ldw lk ezernyn ,yiciia 'mlier' e` ,'mler' iehiad j` ,rny z`ixwl

± 'mlierl' mb j` cizrl mb jiynz mdipia zxxeyd daxd dad`dy jkl oeekzn `edy yxtl

.miciqgd oia mb xexyzy

31yxcp `l l"vf epiaxy oileta dxiir e` xir dziid `le hrnk' ik eilr micirn miciqgd ixtq

azek bxanexa .gl 'nr ,(28 dxrd ,lirl) lbqe iwqxeq ;'odipax iepin oiipra iyi` ote`a axrzdl

exgap miax zenewnae zeldwa mipax zlaw lr gwtl ligzd iax ikcxn mdxa` dyrpyk' ik

ycw ilk x`ye mihgey iepina oke .mi`xie minkg icinlzk mze` xikdy ,ezvlnd it lr mipax

x"enc`d ,bxanexa 'i mdxa` :e`x .'eit z` le`yl ila oilet zecdia lecb e` ohw xac dyrp `le

:e`xe .hn 'nr ,a"kyz milyexi ,(ak ,zeciqgde dxezd ilecbn) l"vf xebn xzl` ikcxn mdxa` 'x

:fiw 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) zeciqgl dictelwivp` ,iqtl`iiga zihppinecd dziid xeb zeciqg'

.'zexg` zeizlidw zexyn oke zelidwa elawziy mipaxd z` drawy `ide zelidwd

182xai ixy dptc]8[

la` zewelgnl cbpzd `ed ± xebn x"enc`d lv` eyniy mixzeq miripny `et` okzii

ezbdpd ly ceqid ipa`n zg` .zwelgnd jynda oiipr el did ile`e ,oze` zealln rpnp `l

minid zeaxa xiaqdy ,oiel xi`n wgvi 'x ,epzg ixacn dlery itk ,zewelgn zripn dziid

did xfrl` oa qgpt' :l`xyi zceb` zbltn ly dkxc z` ikcxn mdxa` 'x deezd cvik

eixacl o`kn .mely izixa z` el ozep ippd ,eilr xn`p (z`f lkae=) f"kae ,lecb ikd i`pwd

.'melya bedpl mb yi cvike ze`pwa bedpl yi izn cenll ozip32zhiy z` oiit`n df rhw

yi mizrle ,zr lka `l j` ,ok ± zepizne mely :dze` ccgne xebn x"enc`d ly dbdpdd

dtwiy zwelgna ezcnry ze`ceea xnel ozip m` zrcei ippi` .ze`pwae dnvera bedpl

x"enc` ly ezbdpd zgz zeax dk mipy dkynp zwelgndy dcaerd la` ,zpeekn zeipicn

.ipyxc zxne` jk lk dax dnver lra

zpya ,xirl mipnxbd eribd xy`k wx xac ly eteqa dniizqd dlee dwqpecfa zwelgnd

f` wxe ,minyn yperk df dyrn eyxit miciqgd .cg` meil micedid z` eyxibe ,1915

axde iwv`lt oc xi`n axd ,xirl uegn eribdy mipax :miccvd oia mely zeyrl enikqd

.epk lr ay hwyde dxez oic exciq ,bxapiie awri l`eny33

' fc el .2

) 'fcel ly laewnde aed`d dax xhtp (1912) dlee dwqpecfa zwelgnd idlyaŁódzaxd ,( ç

ezen xg`l ekxrpy zepaxl zexigad .dpy mirax` xird zepaxa odiky ,lfiin miig edil`

,miciqg ly zeiecr it lre ,xird ax iepin lr xcpqkl` iciqgl xeb iciqg oia dngln ezivd

.'mlera mewn meya dzenk did `l' ,ce`n zefxten mzqd on ody34oia dllegzd dnglnd

,xeb iciqg35± miizbltn izlad lk oial ,mec`xn o`nhqiixh aiil xfril` axd iknez

uiytil l`wfgi axd iknez ± dk`lnd ilrae milikynd ,mi`hild ,xcpqkl` iciqg

,yil`wn36z` eniy`d uiytil iknez .ziztxv llek zety dnka hlye xe`p didy

32,(jxere hwln) aelxt oxd` :mb e`xe .5 'nr ,(`"lyz oqip) f ,qltd ,'zepexkf' ,oiel xi`n wgvi

ezbdpd ikxc lr .hrz 'nr ,e"qyz milyexi ,micrende dxezd lr zexecd ipe`be iwicv zexve`

.(8 dxrd ,lirl) xaiixy :e`x zn` ixn`d lra xebn x"enc`d ly

33.74 'nr ,(16 dxrd ,lirl) fx`wipxrit

34ik oiivl oicd on .177 'nr ,g"yz milyexi ,l`xyia m`e xir zeclez :'fcel zlidw ,ileky` f"`

iy`xn did ,xi`n miig ,eia` .xcpqkl` iciqg zgtynl oa did (1948±1901) ileky` a`f oxd`

.mdly yxcnd ziaa cnl envr ileky`e 'fcela xcpqkl` iciqg

35mr dlidwd zvren zbdpda cinz eayi xeb ixgeq .milleaznl mb dl` zexigaa exag xeb iciqg

zcd ipiipr z` exi`yde miitexhplitd mipebx`d lr ehly mipexg`d dl`e ,milleaznd mipiiyrzd

:e`x .miciqgd iciaYedida Sharona Kanfer, Lodz: Industry, Religion, and Nationalism in

Russian Poland, 1880–1914, Dissertation, Yale University 2011, p. 338zixad zrtez lr .

milyexi ,xev awri zkixra ,dtexi` gxfn :dvetzd ,oeqlcpn `xfr :e`x milleaznl miciqg oia

.179 'nr ,1976

36dwqpecfa zwelgnd xetiq 'xeaib' ly eig` `ed yil`wn uiytil l`wfgi axdy `id zpiiprn dcaer

]9[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn183

.zewtwetn miyp mr aaezqne mitlw wgyn `ed ik exn`e zixqen izla zebdpzda o`nhqiixh

.ie`xk eizeaeg z` `lnl rceie oeibida lret ,ixqen mc` `ed uiytil ,exidvd jk ,eznerl

zelidwa odkl xzei mi`zn uiytile mihqi`z` mdiaixiy eprh ,o`nhqiixh iknez ,xeb iciqg

.dwixn` enk mewna e` fixt enk zeilxail37,zenxge zepyld dllk ef zexiga zngln mb

yeniye mixwy zvtd ,miccvd oia mikeciy ilehia ,zeneldn itelig ,miax mitqk ,cgey

.mlerd on exar xaky miwicv ly mnya38

ektd od :zicxgd dwihileta dptn zcewp eid elld zexigad ik zpreh xtpw dcici

.oendd lr drtyd ozxhny zeizc zebltn ceqiil dna eyniye ziqex llk zexgzl39

.eaixi z` zelwa o`nhqiixh qiad 1912 xaehwe`a .miaaq ipya eniiwzd zexigad40daebza

zexigad .zexigaa d`ped iyrn eid ik eprhe zeizlynnd zeieyxl uiytil iknez exzr

dl`d zexigaa dravdd zekfy s` .1913 hqebe`l ycg cren rawpe zeiweg `l efxked

zexigad zkxrnl dziid ,(miqnd inlyn 165,000) 'fcel iayez jezn herinl wx dpzip

.xg`d cvd z` gbpl ick zepezira ynzyd miccvd on cg` lk ik ,dagx zneqxt41

epzpy zenevr lr enzg oilet iagx lka mipaxe ,'fcel xirl xarn daxd ebxg migekieed

e`a ziqexd dixtni`a xzeia minqxetnd mipaxd on dnk .uiytill e` o`nhqiixhl ieaib

yi zexiga zkxrna xzeia miaeygd mixewiad oia .micnrend cg`a jenzl ick 'fcell

ihp` zelirta xara dlert sziy `ed .wqixan wi'viaeleq miig axd ly df z` oiivl

dze`a jiyni xgaiiy axdy `ceel `ae ,lfiin axd ,'fcel ly mcewd axd mr zipeiv

zceb` `iyp did ,wveltae yil`wa zepaxa mb odik uiytil l`wfgi .uiytil xfril` axd ,dlee

xtqd xagn ,uiytil lld 'x ly eipa eid mig`d .'dyrnde yxcnd' xtq z` xaige oileta mipaxd

dnk cvn ,zxewia dgznp ,xteqn jk ,eilr mb .oilael ly daxk eini seqa odiky ,'lld zia'

oald oex`eevae zegvgevnd eilrpa e`hazdy ,ely icn miipxcen mipepib lya ,ezlidw iyp`n

dictelwivp` ,'h"id d`nd idlya oilael ,dtewzl dtewz oia' ,onpiilw `"i :e`x .yaly daiprae

ild` xtq ,(jxer) ailh`b l`eny :mb d`xe .300 'nr ,1957 milyexi ,oilet zxcq ,zeielb ly

.1937 `pliee ,l`igi iyecg xtq ;165 'nr ,a"rxz wqpit ,my

37337 'nr ,(35 dxrd ,lirl) xtpw.

38.197 'nr ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) ileky`

39mipepbpnd ueni` lr drtyd dziid zillkd ziqexd dxaga elgy zeketdzl ik zpreh xtpw

1907±1905 ly dktdnd ,dzprhl .zeciqga lgy dptnd lr zeax erityd mde ,miipxcend miihiletd

dyniy zizcd zebidpnd xear .zicedi zeine`le zizc dwihilet gezitl zppekn `ven zcewp dyniy

dktdndly dceqiil mb jxcd jyndae ,dil` deelpy zepezird ytegle zihilet zeqiibzdl lcen

.322±320 'nr ,(35 dxrd ,lirl) xtpw :e`x .l`xyi zceb`

40.zelew ze`n yelya wx gvip o`nhqiixhy oreh ,200 'nr ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) ileky`

41ynyiy ick ,'h`lapbxen xrfc`l ,qiirp' :icii oezir onld dyn mya ipeiv cqii 1912 xanaepa

ixeg`n aviizd wizeed 'h`labrh xrfc`l' oezird eznerl .uiytil ly zexigad rqnl xtey

o`nhqiixh ly ezecnrenl ycwedy xird iagx lka mpig oeilib uted zexigad axr .o`nhqiixh

ileky` ;338 'nr ,(35 dxrd ,lirl) xtpw :e`x .miizbltn izlad lk z`e uiytil z` riwede

.195 'nr ,(35 dxrd ,lirl)

184xai ixy dptc]10[

.jxcd42.xira dxrq mxb exewia43miccvd ipy ly mibidpnd exed zexigad z`xwl

.'dyecw daeg'k mdly cnrena jenzl mdiciqgl e` mdiknezl

zelew 1284Îl dkfe ,uiytil z` o`nhqiixh axd qiad dl` zexigaa mb xac ly eteqa

illkd lyend ly epgley l` dribd dibeqde ,seifl eprh aey uiytil iknez .1073 znerl

eprh uiytil ly eiknez .iqexd hpqle diqex ly gexd ipiiprl cxynl ,dyxe ly

dgztzd ziqexd oiletay ,zepaxd zxyn ly drah gpen miipf`nd sk lry mdizexizra

did zizcd dbdpdd ly dpeilrd d`kxrk `l` iledip ciwtzk wx `l mizrleteqa .zice

xeb zeciqg .ziweg zexigad z`vezy aewxheit lyen fixkd ,zexizrd lk zexnl ,xac ly

.oileta zicedid dwihileta dnewn z` wfigy oegvipl dzkf

dwqpecfn ze`nbecd .mitqep aeyii zenewnn mb epl dreci xcpqkl`l xeb oia zwelgnd

.mirexi`d ly miite` zpadl oda ice zwelgnd ite` z` ahid zenibcn 'fcelne dlee44

zivx`d dxi fd .3

ly mpevx z` etwiy 'fcela zexigad ik ,dler miicedid dtewzd ipezir ly mdigeeicn

:dlek oilet lr mzlynn z` hilydl my`xa cnerd x"enc`d lye xeb iciqg

eivixrn ly lig `vnpy mewn lkae ,oilet ux` lk lr eitpk yextl dvex xebn x"enc`d

zepaxd `qk lr aiyedle ef devn zngln mgldl e`av lr cwtn `ed ,diept zepaxd zxyne

,mnely iyp`n cg` z`45zexiire mixr miyelya xebc miciqgd dzr mildpn ef dnglne

.oileta46

42.340±339 'nr ,my ,xtpw

43,hpbei oe` hiidcpiw oiin oet ohprnb`xt oexkf oiin oi` yfc`l ,(xrcp`qw`l`) upin xcpqkl` qgpt

.216±215 'nr ,1958 qrxii` q`prea

44.xcpqkl`l xeb oia mizenir ly mitqep mixwn lr ,14 dxrd ,lirl e`x

45dxeb') onbxa dxepe`il` zhhvn mixyrd d`nd zligzae dxyr ryzd d`na xeb xvg lr dxn`na

iyp`e miwicv ,'h"vxz cr h"id d`nd ziy`xn xebn iaxd xvge icedid aeyiid ± [xeb] dixeelw

z` zqxet xeb zlyeyy 1912 zpya azky ,lcpw cec z` (115 'nr ,[13 dxrd ,lirl] dyrn

:e`x .divilb lr elit`e dlek oilet zekln lr dzrtydDawid Kandel, ‘Karyera Rabiniczna

Cadyka Icie-Majera’, Kwartalnik Poswięcony Badaniu Przeszlosci Zydów w Polsce, ed.â ì â ç

Rafa Kempner, Warszawa 1912, pp. 132–136ì46,onfd ,''fcela zepaxd oiprl' ,ac oa :e`xe ;3 'nr ,19.11.1912 ,onfd ,''fceln azkn' ,oilew`a c"py

onexa .ef dtewzl zeqgiiznd zeizextqd zexivia mb zxkfen zeaixid zrtez .3 'nr ,29.9.1913

...dl` miitbn zngn' :xeb iciqg z` xcpqkl` iciqg e`x cvik x`ezn dtewz dze` jldna azkpy

iza ilra miitbndy wrv u`aew dl'vi` .lwpri l`xyi oiae u`aew dl'vi` oia zwelgn dvxt

mileqt md xcpqkl` iciqgle ,xeb gqep md mdilr mitegd miqpknd mi`xp mdny ,mikenpd miweyd

dl'vi` ly ezefr ixd ,xeb gqep md ...miitbnd m`y ...dpr lwpri l`xyi 'x .dtixhk yexita

zcra enewn epxiki xkd dl` zelrn izyae ,xeb gqep i`ceae i`cea md epeyl zetivge u`aew

,megpz 'x ,xted l`igi :e`x .'ezrca llk zelrdl u`aew dl'vi` leki `l eilr dfn xeng wqt .xeb

]11[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn185

zixeiv oeyla zeieciqgd izy oia wa`nd z` x`zn oilet lr extqa wpexh diryi

:epeyla e`iadl i`cke ziqiqre

mr mitixg miwa`n xg`l ebyed dl` zepegvp la` .llkÎjxca egvipy dl` eid xeb iciqg

iciqg .miixeaiv mipiipre minyÎz`xi ly qiqa lr o`k xaecny ,oaenk ...xcpqwl` iciqg

cinz ebdp xeb iciqg ...mdlyn dfÎ`edk lr xzeel mipken eidiy ,zeyenp dl`k eid `l xeb

.dcivd my`x z` ehid .lekiak zeeipr ly mipepib ...mdl eide ...zepvgyae zghea ze`ypzda

xzei mixhefd miiaxd lk ...mleke lkd iabl leflfe lehia ly qgi ieag did ef zeeipra j`

xeb ly mil`qeek mnvr eyg z`fÎlka j` ,zexixnae d`pwa ,i`yga jk lr exaic oileta

mil`qe ly dbxcl ecxiiy ickn mxtqna icn miax eid xcpqwl` iciqg .mdixega exzzqde

e` ,xeb iciqg mr cg` cnrna cenrl ickn miylg j` ± xeb lygvpl mrtÎi` elkeiy

zephwd zexiira miwa`nay zexnle ...ske`a miayei cinz ex`yp xeb iyp` ...axwa mze`

mrtÎi`y eeiwe mzeptwez z` eyilgd `le xcpqwl` iciqg exzie `l ,onfd lk eciqtd md

.xeb iyp` z` egvpi cer47

mix"enc`d oiay zwelgnl yxetn xekf` `vnp `l zinewnd dxifa jeqkqd ixe`iza

.jtdl s` ile`e mnvr oial48'x azky azkn xkfp 'mihewil ± zn` ixn`' xtqa ,z`f mr

iaxd ly eny z` yexita ea oiivn `ed oi` mpn` .mix"enc`d cg`l ikcxn mdxa`

.'wgvi zciwr' lra xbivpc mgpn wgvi iax ly eny oievn ixewnd azkna la` ,xcpqkl`n

mle` epipia `xeh dab xy` izayg oitecibe oitexge zepealrd xg` zn` od' :epeyl efe

ote`a dad`a lawn ippd ,melyl ci zgizt `ed d`xpk dad` ze` eazkn lenz` ilawa

.'miny ceak lelige zelewd elcgiy49

mix"enc`d oia zwelgnd50did df seb .l`xyi zceb` ly dznwd mr iehia icil d`a

:e`x xcpqkl` zeciqgl xeb zeciqg oia zeaixid ly miiqiqr mixe`izl .92 'nr ,h"kyz aia` lz

.(23 dxrd ,lirl) wpexh

47.7 'nr ,my ,wpexh

48iiehia mi`ln mde edrxl yi` eglyy mihrn `l miazkn mi`vnp zeieciqgd izy ly odixtqa

drex xtq ,xaewn dcedi ;cix 'nr ,(28 dxrd ,lirl) lbqe iwqxeq :lynl e`x .dad`e dvxrd

,mipey mipiipra mix"enc`d oia dlert iteziy mireci ok enk .280±266 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,on`p

oaxeg da e`x mix"enc`dy drtez ,ldwd iy`xl cgey ozne sqka zepaxd `qk zyikx cbp enk

mdxa` iax dilr enzgy 'dax drcen' dnqxet f"qxz lel`a d"k meia .zcd iig ly qxde

1839) 'xfp ipa`'d lra aeyhkeqn oiihypxeax"enc`de ,ikcxn mdxa` 'x xebn x"enc`d ,(1910±

.f"qxz a`yhk`q ,dax drcen :e`x .wgvi l`xyi l`ingxi 'x xcpqkl`n

49ly eicia `vnp ixewnd azknd .253 'nr ,g"nyz aia` lz ,mihewil ± zn` ixn` ,xzl` oinipa

`ed .xbivpc mgpn wgvi 'xl orenn `edy il xn` ik m` ,eze` il zzl axiq `ed j` xeb ciqg

`vi xcpqkl`n x"enc`dy xg`l ,1924 zpyl jenq azkp `edy xryl dhep ip` j` ,jx`ezn epi`

.l`xyi zceb` cbp zevxgp

50oiae xcpqkl`n x"enc`d oia miqgid lr xn`n mqxtzp ('epnxk') xcpqkl` zeciqg ly oe`hiaa

zeqqean zexeqn epicia opyi epial epia ygxzdy dn lre...' :ikcxn mdxa` 'x xebn x"enc`d

`yepa yecl mrh oi` j` ,(zetiq`d zrya epiax ly ecivl eid xy` miyp` itn mwlg) zeknqene

186xai ixy dptc]12[

ipgexd bidpnd did xzl` ikcxn mdxa` iax x"enc`d oky ,xeb zeciqg mr oihelgl ddefn

`ed dcqeeidl ce`n jenq j` ,dznwdl szey did xcpqkl`n x"enc`d mb ,mpn` .dly

.dcbp `vie dpnn yxt51zetwydn rap zeieciqgd izy oia belitdy okzii ,d`xpy itk

'igxfnd' zrepz zexeyl dn onfl xcpqkl` zeciqg dtxhvd dyixtd xg`l oky ,zepey mler

miibele`ci` milcadn e` miipeiv miripnn `ly dxrydl miilbx yi ,z`f mr .zizcÎzipeivd

'mler oewiz' xtqa ,ok` .miihwh milewiy lya `l` jk dbdp,yhwpenn x"enc`l qgeind

,mipeivae l`xyi zceb`a mglidl `xwyl`eny 'x ,xcpqkl`n x"enc`d azky azkn `aed

dbltnd cbp `vi `ed eae ,xbivpc iav52.mipeivl zexagzd lre xzi zegizt lr53

egvpzd xy` l`xyi ilecb mze`n mc` s`l gnvz `l gex zgpy i`ceae meidl ihpeelx epi` xy`

.e"pyz wxa ipa ,(inipt oe`hia) epnxk :e`x .'dkxrn dze`a

51,xbivpc iav l`eny 'x ,xcpqkl`n x"enc`d jnz oileta l`xyi zceb` ly dzepbx`zd ziy`xa

axd icia gqep ,1919 zpya mqxety ,fexkd .dceb`d ceqiia dkinz fexk lr mzg s`e drepza

driten eznizge ,cgein qgi laiw xcpqkl`n iaxd .ikcxn mdxa` 'x ly epzg ,oiel xi`n wgvi

l` azkna oiel xi`n wgvi 'x opelzd ,1922 zpya ,okn xg`l .xebn iaxd ly ef mr zg` dxeya

dcireed z`xwl mqxety ,sqep '`xew lew'a enqxety mipewizd zexnly ,qiwxiq xfril` axd

mezgl axqn `ed ,'l`eny zx`tz'd lra ly ezywal eqpkedy mipewiz ,l`xyi zceb` ly diipyd

.223 dxrd 195 ,85 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oeiv zaiye zeciqgd ,iqtl` :e`x .eilr

52mixrd aexa .l`xyi zceb`l xcpqkl` iciqg ecbpzd mlerd zengln izy oiay dtewzd lk jxe`l

mr zezixaa mbe miizbltn izla micnren ly zeniyxa dkinza mb iehia icil mzecbpzd d`a

1924 zpya dyxeea dlidwd zvrenl zexigaa .zeipeiv zebltnyebl mitzey xcpqkl` iciqg eid

:zxeqne dwihilet ,oewa oeyxb :e`x .zephw zeiciqg zeveawe miizc mipeiv mr cgi i`ceb`Îihp` izc

iax ,miig utgd gly 1931 zpya .158 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,1939±1916 oileta l`xyi zceb`

:zeieciqgd oiay zeaxwzdd zenbn lr jxia eae ,xcpqkl`n x"enc`l azkn ,odkd xi`n l`xyi

wfg xeag dyrpe ixt dyre lcb xard sxegn miwicvd qepk d"a ik ,renyl izgny dlcb dn'

,gny bga ekxane ecakn ecici ...epz`n yweand lk df xy` mi`xid oia lecb mely miwicvd oia

dix` :e`x .'melydn mlera aeh xzei xac oi`e zwelgnd enk mlera rx oiipr oi` xac ly ellk

'nr ,l"yz milyexi ,eizegiye eiwenip ,eikxc ,eiig ,eizexew :miig utg axd iazkn ,odkd ail

"xrb" oXieev mely' ,'` :e`x miig utgd ly jeeizd zepeiqip lr ziciid zepezira geeic .clxz

oE` xrb oyieev "mely" xrc' ,oÎy '` ;1930 x`exata 7 ,33 ,hprn`n xrc ,'xrcp`qTrl` oE`©©¤¨¤zceb`n xcpqkl` iciqg ly mzewgxzd lya .1931 lixt`a 14 ,85 ,hpiid ,'...hv`lR xrcp`qwrl ©̀©©zpyn 'fcel ly oeikx`d jezn mineyixa .`weec igxfnd zexeya mnewn z` miax e`vn l`xyi

xcpqkl`n iaxd ik azkp ,dpey`xd mlerd zngln ixg` zelidwd icreea zexigal miqgiiznd ,1917

xnl ize` dptdy oewa 'textl dcez) mipeivd mr minkqdl qpkidl zepekp riane dxytl oken

zelewa xgap xpi'fcea dnly xehpqd ,lynl ,jk .(df ceriz il glyy ,dyxeen hxiwc yeixc

mixn`n :oeive dxez oefg ,(jxer) yeaxct oerny axd :e`x .igxfnde xcpqkl` iciqg ly mitzeyn

xcpqkl` zeciqg ik oreh iqtl` wgvi .aix 'nr ,j"yz wxei eip±milyexi ,zizcd zepeivd zeclezl

xcpqkl` zeciqg ly inyxd wenipd m` .l`xyi zceb`a zg` `l dzxgzde ihiletd wit`l dxar

zceb` dnrhl ik ,zeizc zeaiq lya dbltna dzexagn zyxet `idy did l`xyi zceb` cbp

xcrida ,xcpqkl` zeciqg dcrv zihilet dpigan ixd ,miipeiv zepeirx mr icn xzei ddcfn l`xyi

.102 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) oeiv zaiye zeciqgd ,iqtl` :e`x .`weec igxfnd ibeg mr ,witqn gek

x"enc`dyke ,igxfnd zrepza mixag eid afi'v ezxiira xcpqkl` iciqgn miaxy cird y`il` l`igi

]13[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn187

ziy`xa .oilet zeleabn dbxg mb zeieciqgd izy oia zizbltndÎzihiletd zwelgnd

,ielb azkn milyexia mqxtzd (h"txz hay) 1929ly zi`yxeed dldpdd l` dptedy

itqk zapba s`e xyei xqega ,mitqka dlirna dze` miy`nd ,qpd lra xi`n iax ztew¥

`veike zelaw zaizk i`a ,mitqkd lr rcin zxzqda eny`ed dldpdd ixag .zenexzd

oky ,xeb iciqg md miny`ende xcpqkl` iciqg md eiazek ik xexa azknd okezn .dfa

miniy`ne ,dtewd z` livdl dqpnd ,xcpqkl`n x"enc`d ly egaya mixacn miazekd

.xeb zeciqg xe`l d`ivedy ,'cei' oezird z` miwifgnd dl` mb mdy dtewd ildpn z`

zxneg lr cirn xacde ,(azknn rhw wx df ik zpiivn dzxzek) mevr ef drcen ly dlceb

:zeieciqgd izy oia eqiqaa zcnerd zwelgnd lre oiiprd

mkil` ...epllek ipa iipr ly miqtexhet`d xeza mknvr z` mipkn mkpdy mildpnd mkil`

xcq lr egeevi `ly ycewa mixcd l` xqen mitihne mkpd micner deabn deab xy`

sweza mz` miyxec xy` mkil` ,(df ici lr=) f"ir llekd z` eaixgi `ly icka mkzldpd

sqk lkqpd lra xi`n iaxcgiae (mkzaezk=) mkzqixc` lr wxe j` glydl gxken

yi` meyl zzl `ly mixyk izlaa mb mirvn` ipin lka efg`z ik mkpd mixidvn df mr

zebdpzdd `ed xwirde dleqt dppi` igxfnd zrepz ik dpr ,jk lr l`yp xbivpc iav l`eny 'x

zrepz ly zelirt cwenl xcpqkl` zeciqg ly zqpkd zia jtd z`f zeawra .mc`e mc` lk ly

.22 'nr ,b"nyz milyexi ,oefga `ad dyrn ,y`il` l`igi :e`x .igxfnd

53cbp l`xyi zevetz lkn opaxe opxnn ycew iazk :mler oewiz xtq ,oiihycl`b dcedi oa dyn

miazknd zepin`l rbepa wtq miiw ik oiivl yi) fp±ep 'nr ,e"vxz yh`wpen ,miycgznd zhiy

mi`pwd micxgd icia l`xyi zceb`e zepeivd gebip dziid ezxhn oky ,mler oewiz xtqa mi`aend

cde` qgi mpn` did xzl` ikcxn mdxa` 'x xebn x"enc`l .(yh`wpenn x"enc`d ly ezey`xa

ux`l zelrl eiciqgl `xwe dvx` eziilr mxh minrt yng da xwia `ed .l`xyi ux`l xzeia

,'ziriaxd diilrd' dpeknd ,mixyrd zepya oiletn dlecbd diilra .zerwxw da zepwle l`xyi

maxn ea`yy cecird on x`yd oia drap elld ly mziilr ik d`xpe ,xeb iciqgn hrn `l elr

.(270 'nr ,g"lyz milyexi ,l`xyi ux`a zipeiv `ld diqwecehxe`d :zce dxag ,oncixt mgpn)

dp mipiipr dnkae ,wew axd z` ce`n jixrd s` xebn x"enc`d± iaxde axd' ,xnz cec) edenk b

,xnd oeleaf ly exkfl mixn`n zteq` ± yrne oeir :oeleafl ,'xebn owfd x"enc`l wew di"`xd oia

32 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,onlwd wgvi zkixra;eqgie xzl` ikcxn mdxa` iax' ,iqtl` wgvi

iazkn xtq ,uiaenxa` wgvi iav ;131±119 'nr ,[1987] a ,digzd iliaya ,'l`xyiÎux` aeyiil

,f"pyz aia` lz ,dxezazkn,hndkldxytl dqip `ed l`xyi ux`a oey`xd exewia f`n .(br

mr .mi`pwd ly mtvwe mzng z` eilr dxxery dniyn ,mi`pwd milyexi ipax oial wew axd oia

ezad`' ik xn` wew axd lr .zepeivd mr xac did `l l`xyi ux`le wew axl cde`d eqgil ,z`f

.(gr 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,mixace miazkn sqe` ,xhl` ikcxn mdxa`) 'leab lk zxaer oeivl

mivelgl ozpy 'xykd'd z` laiw `l s`e ,wew axd ly zigiynd diteqeixehqidd cbp `vi `ed

zepeive oeiv ,ecicl .laqp izla avn did df ikcxn mdxa` 'x ipira .zeevn miniiwn mpi`e li`ed

ly illkd xikfnd ,oncixt `yef xcpqkl` ly exn`nn mb cenll ozipy itk ,jd epiid eid `l

`pey zeidl gxken zizin` oeiv zaig xzei eala el yiy in lky' :xn`y ,oileta l`xyi zceb`

lr .(77±76 nr ,c"nyz milyexi ,mixgap miazk ,oncixt `yef xcpqkl`) 'zepeivd ly xzei lecb

.79±64 'nr ,(8 dxrd ,lirl) xaiixy :e`x zepeivl xzl` ikcxn mdxa` 'x ly eqgi

188xai ixy dptc]14[

wqra mkzcear lky lilra d`xp ,el`d zel`yl oexzt yi mxhe ...ef dtewa oiiprzdl

...mkizaa iprd zlfb ixd ...zihxtd mkzribp myl mknvr ceak myl wxe j` `ed df yecw

jxra mzglyy mkpd mix`tzn ...mz` mkzaeh z` m` ik ,miyxec mz` miiprd zaeh `l

ceak=) w"k ,ef drceda rwxwa yeakl mz` mikixv mkipt z` .ycg 3 jyna dxil 1200

oiiprzdl ligzd ycg 2 ly jyna wx df xy` `"hily xcpqkl`n x"enc`d (zyecw

xzei zinlyexid llekd zldpdl ycg lka gelyl witqd xak z`f lkae ...llekd zceara

dn z` zn`n ce`n dfe ?mitqkd xzi md dti` di` ,migley mkpdy itkn mekqd ziriaxn

glyp mexnn riyen j`lnk m`e ...'cei'd oezir z` miwifgn mz`y zepezira aezk didy

xyt` ji` zn`ae ...epebi lr biladl lki `l xy` `"hily xcpqkl`n x"enc`d w"k mdl

mtqk xexv l` wxe ...zelawd zece` xwir lk al miniyn mkpi`y dnk mkipt ze`xdl mkl

zexigae zepezir lr l`xyi ly mpenn mzca`y ixg` ,lkd zelkk ixg`e ...ze`eyp mkipir

mixcqn mkzldpd xcql micbpznd miyp`d ik miricen mz` oezirae ...zepylne zexiqn lr

.xcpqkl` llek mipkny xg` llek mdl54

lk jxe`l dkynp miciqgd oia zwelgnd ,zepeyd zelidwd ly oexkifd ixtq it lr

ix"enc` z` jeynl zeqpl mipyd jldna xebn x"enc`d jiynd ,liawna .oneiw zepy

.l`xyi zceb`l dxfg xcpqkl`55.d`eyd ini` lva wx ,d`xpy itk ,dgilvd ef dniyn

qe it z`xwl .4

,capix`n ytepd xira l`xyi zceb` ly ziyilyd dlecbd diiqpkd dqpkzd 1937 zpya

,xteqnd itl .xcpqkl`n x"enc`d ietix jxevl my ddy zr dze`ae56jld xebn iaxd

el dpr daeyza .dlecbd diiqpka szzydl epnn ywiae xcpqkl`n iaxd ly epelnl

`ea` jpevx `lnle jceakl la` szzydl izayg `l dligzkln' :xcpqkl`n x"enc`d

l`xyi zceb`l xcpqkl`n x"enc`d ly ezetxhvd zcaer oeiv .'dlecbd diqpka szzy`e

l` `"hily xcpqkl`n x"enc`d zetxhvd' :zxzekd zgz ,'l`xyi lew' oezira rited

:'l`xyi zceb`

diqpkda `"hily xcpqkl`n x"enc`d ly ezrted z` dax oevx zeriaya mipiivn

`hily xebn x"enc`d oia zecg` zeyibt c`apix`na eniiwzd ...zcgeind ezkxae dlecbd

54,zine`ld diixtqd ,h"txz milyexi ,zi`yxeed dldpdd l` glypy ielbd azkndn rhwL1600.

,hpiid ,'zEtiwz xrxrb' ,od`fye`i 'a :e`x qpd lra xi`n iax ztew aiaq zwelgnd lr migeeic¨,18 ,hpiid ,'xrcp`qwrl` oE` xrb' ,l"pd ;4 'nr ,1928 ileia 2 ,154 ;4 'nr ,1928 ileia 1 ,153©©

.4 'nr ,1930 x`epia 22 ;4 'nr ,1930 x`epia 21

55z`f eyigkd eiciqge dxezd ilecb zvrenl xcpqkl`n iaxd z` l`xyi zceb` dzpin 1922 zpya

lr geeic hprn`n xrc oezird .8 'nr ,1922 qxna 3 ,cei xrc :e`x .cei xrc oezird itc lrn¤¨¤.2 'nr ,1924 i`na 22 ,hprn`n xrc :1924 zpya xcpqkl`n iaxl dceb`d zglyn¤¨¤

56.276 'nr ,(48 dxrd ,lirl) xaewn

]15[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn189

xy` micxgd minxfd ipy oia cegi` llkl e`iad xy` `"hily xcpqkl`n x"enc`de

...oilet zpicna57

lkl fexk `vi s` okn xg`le l`xyi zceb`l xcpqkl`n axd axwzd diiqpk dze` f`n

.'zekexad dizelert'a alzydle dbltna jenzl xcpqkl` iciqg58

zngln jldna .d`eyd ini` lva wx xac ly eteqa dwqtp zeieciqgd izy oia zwelgnd

dlcgy hrnk xcpqkl` zeciqge ,etqp eiciqg ziaxn ,xcpqkl`n iaxd gvxp diipyd mlerd

.miiwzdl

cn ik oreh cg` oeeik .xaqd ipeeik dnk epkzii zwelgnliwa`nae 'dphw'd dwihileta xae

ilcadl iehia `id zwelgndy ,oey`xd :mitqep mipeeik ipy rivdl zywan ip` .mnyl gek

qez`59.`wxe zeciqgl wvew zeciqg oia60ly zicegiid dqitzd on drap `idy ,ipyd

.dwihiletd ly dciwtze dzedn lr ,xzl` ikcxn mdxa` ,xebn x"enc`d

xcpqkl`e xeb ly odiyxey .a

ilan miikxre miipeirx milcadn drap xcpqkl`l xeb oia zwelgnd m` oegal ozip `l

,dgqiyt zeciqg `id zixehqidd ozclen .zexvgd izy ly miixehqidd odizexewn lr cenrl

wvew ly dzkiynnk dax dcina dnvr dz`x xeb .`wxeE wvew zeieciqg etrzqd dpnny

dpeyd zepyxtd ik oerhl dvex ip` .`wxe zeawra zkled dnvr dz`x xcpqkl` eli`e

.zwelgnd z` epifdy minxebd oia dziid dgqiyt zpynl `wxeE wvew zeieciqg epzpy

dgqiyt .1

dgny 'x x"enc`d ly ezbdpda .dgqiyt l` ± zixehqid ziy`x zcewp dze`l `et` dptp

1827±1765) mpeazeciqgd ly dzligz z` zepiivnd zeieciqgd zg` dgqiyt daygp (

.oileta zxge`nd61Îzihqind dieegd ly l`ci`d yhpp ziciqgd drepzd ly df alya

57.f"vxz lel`a a"i ,en oeilib ,ireay icxg oezir ,l`xyi lew

58281 'nr ,(48 dxrd ,lirl) xaewn.

59.123 'nr ,1990 milyexi ,zeieaxz ly zeiepyxt ,uxib cxetilw :e`x ite`e oeeb ly oaena qez`

60191 'nr ,oldl e`x.194±

611815 zpy `id zxge`nd efl zncwend zeciqgd oia zilnqd leabd zcewp ,mixweg dnk zrcl

'x :zeklnd jxc ,sq` cec :mb e`xe .(37 'nr ,j"yz aia` lz ,zeciqgd zeclez ,aepaec oerny)

miixehqid mihaid' ,l"pd ;24±21 'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,zeciqgd zecleza enewne oi'fexn l`xyi

cec zkixra ,zeciqgd xwga miizxage miixehqid mihaid :dcre wicv ,'zeciqgd xwga miizxage

zeciqg oia dwelgd lr miwlegd mixweg meik yiy it lr s` .19±17 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,sq`

ixwgn ly mekiql .epziibeqa dpgadl gep qiqak o`k dze` zhwep ip` ,zxge`n zeciqgl zncwen

cr ,oeiv ,'zeciqgd lr zil`xyid ditxbeixehqidd ly dpic wqt' ,onqex dyn :e`x zeciqgd

:e`x dgqiyt lr dtiwn dxiwq .157±141 'nr ,(h"qyz)Michael Rosen, The Quest for

Authenticity: The Thought of Reb Simhah Bunim, Jerusalem 2008oia xarnd zcewp z` .

190xai ixy dptc]16[

zihhqw`d62dnvrl dytig zeciqgde'dwihqin itilgz'byena llek oe`xa oinipa .

exwiry ,dxyr ryzd d`nd jldna zeciqgd dxary jildzd z` ,'dwihqin itilgz' ,dfd

ly xzei miizxeqnd mil`ci`l eicinlze h"yrad ly zihqind zewacd l`ci`n xarn

.zxge`nd zeciqgd iwicv63,'dxiee`'e oepbq ilcada mi`hazn 'dwihqind itilgz'n dnk

,zeyixt enk ,xaran xzei zexcben zeizc zeriaz egzit mixge`nd miwicvd on dnk j`

icpi` ,zepcnl.zihilet zeaxern s`e 'd zceara mfil`ecia

dkxc z` ekiyndy zeieciqgd exfb mdne ,dgqiyt zeciqg z` micgiin zepexwr dnk

:elld mikxrd on dnk oiivp .dzpad itl zg` lk ,odly miixwird mikxrd z`zn`

ze iniptezcin itl wx xac lk ly ezeaiyg zriawe ,dyrnae xeaica ,daygna zn` ±

;ea z`vnpd zn`d64dpiajezn ,envrn zeyrl jixv mc`y xac `id zedel`d zbyd ±

dgqiyta ybced jk myle ,izaygn un`n ciqgd on yxec df jildz .ezpiae elky

.il`ehwlhpi`d cnnd65enk mikxr miraep ef jxcnziyi` zeixg`envrl mc`d ly

lr ayiizd mipea dgny 'x xy`k ,dgqiyt zeciqg ly dpepik mr jxra aivdl ozip zetewzd

raw dgqiytn yecwd icedid xak ik ,oiivl yi .1815 zpya dgqiytn wgvi awri 'x ly e`qk

mikxr dnk dlrd `ed ,zekex` zeihhqw` zelitz `vnp elv` mby it lr s` .zeciqga dycg jxc

dktdnd z` dlez ofex .dlitz cvl iaiqphpi` dxez cenil qipkdy oey`xd `ed ,x`yd oia .mitqep

aca zipletd ziciqgd daygnaik' :'icedi'd ixm`aoi`dyer,llkwxjneqyenvrlr,wicvd

if`qgmelye`llkeiwicvdzeyrlel'x) 'dlertryedizeclez ,`aexhqe`n,mc`milyexi

zvixt dgqiyta mi`ex mixwegd aex mpn` .(115±114 'nr ,my ,ofex ;bnw 'nr ,izewega ,f"pyz

zpen`e zeknq ,f`wiit lcpn :e`x .lecb yecig ef zeciqga d`ex epi` 'f`wiit lcpn j` ,yecige jxc

,ely xehwecd zceara .292±283 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,zeciqgd ly dzextq ziixlwtq`a miwicv

xwgna miqgiiny yeciga hirnne 'f`wiit ly ekxc z` jiynn onlb l`ixe` ,dpexg`l dazkpy

ly dpey`xd zivgna oileta zeciqgd ,onlb l`ixe` :e`x .dgqiyt zrtezl zeciqgd iazkae

,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,dcre zebidpn ly zeibeletih :dxyr ryzd d`nd

:e`x ef dtewza mzrtyd lre dgqiyt iciqg ly mxtqn lr .313±244 'nr ,2011Marcin

Wodzinski, Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: A History of Conflict,âOxford 2005, pp. 113–244dlidwd on zecr `ian ,109 'nr ,my ,iwqpi'fcee .zicedidavxta

zeaeygd zeiciqgd zeveawd izyn zg` dziid dgqiyt iciqg zcr ik dler dpnny ,1824 zpya

:mb e`xe .oifcxe aegilfn yhiec oerny 'x ly miciqgd zcr cvl ,oileta xzeiaGlenn Dynner,

Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society, Oxford 2006, pp. 66, 85

62e` micigil wx dwihqind zxwtd ± 'dlrn itlk dhira' m` ik dwihqind ly ipexwr lehia oi`

oinipa :e`x .'megzl uegn l` ddabd' z`f dpkn oe`xa oinipa .epxeca miniiw mpi`y dbxcn ilral

:dpen`d lr ,'19Îd d`na dzginve zicxgd dpen`d zqitz ,"dninzd dpen`d" ly daey' ,oe`xa

ia`e lieevxew cec ,lhxald dyn zkixra ,zicedid zxeqna eizeclezae dpen`d byena mipeir

.405 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,`iby

63:mqxet mxhy oe`xa ly exwgn e`xBenjamin Brown, ‘Substitutes of Mysticism: A General

Model for the Development of Hasidic Theologies in the 19th Century’'textl dcen ip` .

.izeyxl df xwgn cinrdy oe`xa

64`yx`ee ,edil` iac `pz ...xtq lr ...yexit `ede mitev miznx xtq ,iee`piyn l`eny :lynl ,e`x

.132 'nr ,g"qxz

65oreh oe`xa oinipa .zihqin dieegk zelkzqd lr micirnd mihqwh mb `vnp mpea dgny 'x lv`

]17[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn191

.m f il`eciaicpi`e66ly ecnrn ik xexa ,envrl i`xg` mc`d ditly ,ef han zcewpn

'x ,ok`e .zepzydl aiig ,midel`d oial mc`d oia xywnd rtyd xepiv ynynd ,wicvd

zeixg` lehil ciqgd lre ,envrl wx jxc dxen `ede ilnipin eciwtzy xaq mpea dgny

.zazken jxca zkll `le 'd zceara ziyi`67

`wxe znerl wvew :dgqiyt ly 'diyexit ' .2

ly ezexn z` eilr laiw cg` wlg .dcrd dwlgp dgqiytn mpea dgny 'x ly ezen xg`l

'x ,mpea dgny 'x ly epa z` ebidpnk laiw xg` wlge ,(1859±1787) wvewn ilcpn 'x

ly ezexn z` eiciqg elaiw ezxiht xg`l .dvgne dpy xg`l xhtp df j` ,dyn mdxa`

.(1848±1779) `wxeen wgvi 'x68

`wxe zhiyl wvew zhiy oiay milcadl fnx69x"enc`d azky xn`na ze`xl ozip

ux`a zeciqgd z` mwiyy ,'dyn zpen`' lra ,(1973±1893) dyn dcedi 'x ,xcpqkl`n

.d`eyd xg`l l`xyi70zlehp zecrk eze`xl oi`e ,ax onf wgxnn azkp xn`ndy it lr s`

zeciqg ly alya dwihqind zyihp ly ixarnd ite`l iehia `id dl`k mihqwh ly mze`vnidy

`ly did leki `l `ed ,zihqind dztewza zeciqgd z` xikd mpea dgny 'xy oeeikn .dgqiyt

.epax dynke epia` mdxa`k xara micigi ebiydy l`ci` j` ,l`ci`k mewn dwihqinl zzl

66dgny lew xtq ,dgqiytn mipea dgny 'x :dcedi ybie lr mpea dgny 'x ly ezepyxt lynl e`x

,xzl` xi`n wgvi ,xeb zeciqg cqiin .aq 'nr ,b ,ybie ,g"nyz wxa ipa ,dbende mlyd x`and

`ian ,'m"ixd iyecig' lrazeihpze`d ly mzeaiyg z` ahid z`hand mpea dgny 'x ly dxn`

' :mfil`eciaicpi`deerivi m`y ,xn` l"vf dgqiytn a"xxd w"dxd :"epig` z` bexdp ik rva dn"

xzei mlera [d]'idi `l oitilgd ixg` mb ik ,mikqn [d]'id `l d"r epia` mdxa` mr silgdl el

dxezd lr m"ixd iyecig zxez ,xzl` wgvi ;'dfn z"iyd giexi dne cg` epia` mdxa` xy`n

ciwtz yi cg` lkl ,df xn`n it lr .fn 'nr ,ayie zyxt ,i"yz milyexi ,ziy`xa ,` ,micrene

eteqa exnyp `l mfil`eciaicpi`de zeihpze`d .d"awd lv` geexl mxeb ezniyna cg` lke ,elyn

jxcd z`e zepktdnd z` xiaqdl leki df xn`n j` ,ikcxn mdxa` 'x ly xeb zeciqga xac ly

.zeciqgd z` oktdn x"enc`k ikcxn mdxa` 'x liaed oday dycgd

67'wicv ly' zeciqgn xarnl rbepd lka zxge`n zeciqgl zncwen zeciqgn xarnl o`k micr ep`

ik d`xp xac ly eteqa ,mle`e .dbidpne zraew zenck wicvl mewn oi` day ,dgqiyt zeciqgl

xepivk `l :zxg` dxeva j` wicv zey`xa zeciqg ly cnrnl dxfg ze`xl ozip xeb zeciqga

.zihilet zeciqg ly bidpnk `l` rty

68,aelln cec 'x ly eyxeik xwira rcep `ed .xcpqkl` zeciqg ia` aygp `wxeen wgvi l`xyi 'x

:e`x `wxeen wgvi iax lr .zeciqgd l` e`iade eze` dlibyMarcin Wodzinski, ‘Hasidism,âShtadlanut, and Jewish Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland: The Case of Isaac of

Warka’, Jewish Quarterly Review, 95 (2005), pp. 290–320

69'xl wvewn lcpn 'x oia j` ,dgqiyt ly zepyxtd lr zwelgn dziid `wxeel wvew oia mpn`

.dad`e dwenr zecici exxy `wxeen wgvi

70'x lye l`xyi l`ingxi 'x ly mdig` didy ,xi`i l`lva 'x ly eza ,ecec zal ieyp did `ed

.l`xyi ux`a xcpqkl` zeciqg z` mwiy dyn dcedi 'x .xbivpc iav l`eny

192xai ixy dptc]18[

z` oekp l` `han `edy dnec ,zeiptzeieciqgd izy ly odipn`p axwa egeexy miienicd

zecaerd ly efn zltep dppi` dl` miienic ly mzeaiyg .dl` z` dl` e`x cvik cnlne

:zeiaihwiiae`d

± `qgiyt iciqg ebltzp f`e (epnr `di exkif=) r"if mpea 'x iaxd xhtp f"twz zpya

zeipevigd z` lhal icky epiad cg` mxf iciqg .minxf ipyl ± mpea 'x iaxd ly eivixrn

...edrxl yi` ceak zewlgzd lke iyep` qenip lk lhal ± mirx zaiqna ± minrtl mikixv

zeipevigd lhal ick ipeviw ote`a iyep`d qenipd z` lhal mikixv oi`y epiad ipyd cvd

cvd ...ixyt` xzeid ote`a mirx zad`a eaxde ...zxg` jxc ellqe zeiniptd z` zelrdle

`le zerexbd zecindae xekrd sebda ze`av 'd z`pw e`pw ± mi`pw zpigaa eid oey`xd

± zeixad z` ade` mely scexe mely ade` odkd oxd` zpigaa eid ipyd cvd ...mgx erci

mxfda ...d`ltp zewiaca enigxe eligca did mzxeze mzlitz ...dxezl oaxwne ± df ici lre

cnre enewn `line ...r"if dyn mdxa` epiax axd iaxe x"enc` zeidl y`xa cnr dfd

df jxcl ce`n mi`zn dide ...r"if `wxeen wgvi 'x epiax axd iaxe x"enc` zeidl y`xa

mr cgia xecl rxdl xyt` i`y iptn ,aehd iptn gxai rxdy ick rxd z` yeaki aehdy

.aehd71

zenkqena lflfl d`xedk zeipevigd lehiale zeiniptl dyixcd z` dyxit wvew

.dhea zebdpzdae qenip xqega d`hazdy ,zeizxagd72dtixgde zinpicd ,zxreqd ezeiyi`

± minil ea rcepy myd z` el epwd zn`d xg` ilwicxde cinznd eyetige wvewn iaxd ly

.wvewn 'sxyd',zeiyep`d zelabnl xarn l` zelrzdl zhlgend ezti`ya73yxc `ed

zeyixt ly oaena wx `le ,zeyixt ick cr ± 'd zcearl hlgen ote`a xqnzdl eiciqgn

71.c"lyz wxa ipa ,zeikf xyr l`xyi zx`tz ,bpelnf miig l`ixfr

72bilf qgpt ;332 'nr ,1961 diagxn ,oiletae divil`ba dlkydde zeciqgd ,xld`n l`tx :e`x

,b ,ycew itxy giy ,wihyixtn yicw miw urei ;g"vxz aewxhrit ,iax xrwv`w xrc ,o`nqwilb

l`xyi zkixra ,oileta l`xyi zia ,'oileta zeciqgd' ,ilky` a`f oxd` ;10 'nr ,g"txz fc`l

.123 'nr ,c"iyz milyexi ,a ,oixtliid

73dxeva riwydle mlerd l` lehiaa qgiizdl ± zkl zewigxn zeriazl miciqgd eyxcp wvewa

zeaiygde mixvi ,seb ± miiyep`d mipezpd lr xabzdl ecrep dl` zeriaz .'d zceara zhlgen

xtq ,'hiiwkilyprn q`c wree` wiy ± miyp` jl gly' :wvewn iaxd xn` jke .zeipevigd ly

z` jilrn jlyd :xnelk .fqyz oniq ,gvz 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,zn` gnv t"r dpen`e zn`

.zeiyep`Îlrl dti`y dax dcina bviin envr xwvewd .miiqiqad miiyep`d mikxvd z` ,zeiyep`d

jilyhprn (l ,ak zeny) il oeidz ycw iyp`e' :mik`ln `le miyp` dvex `edy yibcd `ed ,z`f mr

:e`x wvewn iaxd lr .fpwz 'nr ,my ,dpen`e zn` ,'(miyp` il eidz=) oiif xdin xdi` hl`f biliid

'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,oilet zeciqga zehiye miyi` :oilaell `qgiyt oia ,'uiaepiax xi`n iav

"wner"l "dad`"e "d`xi" oia ± oilet zeciqga zizcd daygna zexenz' ,xe`il` lgx ;513±463

"oeb"ezexn`d xe`l wvewn iaxd ly ezxez' ,xbpiel awri ;135±109 'nr ,(b"pyz) aq ,uiaxz ,'

zexn`' ,l"pd ;431±413 'nr ,(e"nyz) dp ,uiaxz ,'aeyhkeqn l`eny 'x eckp ici lr el zeqgeind

iaxd :wvew lkid ,cltpy dyne bxaphex l`wfgi ;135±109 'nr ,my ,'wvewn iaxd ly zeihpze`

.h"iyz aia` lz ,a±` ,el aiaq mixeaib miyye wvewn

]19[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn193

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befnl lgde miwiecn milk oiwzde ely dcind ilk z` jilyd ok lre ,wenr myex eilr

'x iptl `a oalg eze`e mini dnk exar .dpekpd dcinae mina ledn epi`y alg eizegewll

lr mippelzn zegewld eligzd jli`e mei eze`ne ,iziyr jke jk :el xtiqe `wxeen wgvi

dtih sqed ,jk ick cr xwya sehy mlerd m` :el xn`e wgvi 'x jlnp ...aeh epi`y algd

.daeg ici z`vl ,zg` dtih wx ,dcin lkl min ly zg`75

digpd ,dgqiyt ly dizeceqin cg` xen`k dziidy ,'zeinipt'l dyixca dz`x `wxe

wvewa .zeixg`d byen ly dpey mebxz edfy okzii .edrxl yi` oia dpadle mig` zad`l

dpiit` wvew z` .ziaihwlew zeixg`k ± `wxeea ,ziyi` zeixg`k zeixg`d z` eyxit

`id ,wvewn iaxd xn` ,zea`d ikxca dkild .dlebq icigil wx dcrep ef j` ,zeycgzd

:weqtd lr .diefa jxce iewig'edpnnx`e ia` idl` ,edep`e il` df'76dligz :xwvewd xn` ¥Ÿ

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jxcn eyyg mde ,mfihil` exagl mc` oiay qgiae bixgd zeevnd meiw ote`a ,cenild

.miheytd miipen`d zeceqid z` zgpefy

ilcpn 'x ly ezaebzn cenll ozipy itk ,iciqg jxr dnvr zwelgna d`x wvewn iaxd

74lk" h zeaezk zkqna xeriy cnl `ed ,eia` lv` ogadl xwvewd ly epa qpkp mrt' ik xteqn

cg` ciqg yxcnd ziaa ayi dry dze`a ."ezyi`l azek zezixk hb ,cec zia znglnl `veid

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`l melk :iaxd el dpr ."cxtdl" ciqgd el aiyd "?ywan dz` dn" :iaxd el`y .h`la zlcd

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:e`x wvewn ilcpn 'x lv` dyecwdeBenjamin Brown, ‘kedushah’: The Abstinence of Married

Men in Gur, Slonim and Toldos Aharondnbxz ,micedide qex` ,l`ia cec ;(mqxet mxh)

.d"pyz aia` lz ,`ib zinxk zilbp`n

75.109 'nr ,(11 dxrd ,lirl) ileky`

76.vxz oniq ,arz 'nr ,(73 dxrd ,lirl) zn` gnv ,dpen`e zn`

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.hn 'nr ,f"pxz aewxhrit ,zeycg ze`ltp xtq ,clepixb dyn l`igi :e`x .'epnid aeh xenb ryx

,ely zeciqgd zhiy z` ,oipihqebn xi`n l`igi 'x ,ycgd ecinlzl xiaqd wvewn lcpn 'x xy`k

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.xe`il` lgx dcnr eilry wvew zeciqga qwecxtd znieqn dcina oenh df oiipra .bt 'nr ,h"nyz

icn lltzdl digpd ,mfil`eciaicpi`l dyixc ,`qib cgn .404 'nr ,(73 dxrd ,lirl) xe`il` :e`x

zehql zizin` zexyt` oi` ,`qib jci`n ;iewigl fea zrade dycg eli`k `idy dlitz eneia mei

.zexytl mewn oi`e

194xai ixy dptc]20[

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.'zn`d yxeye xewnn srzqn miiny myl78

xcpqkl` zeciqge xeb zec iqg .3

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dkxca cnry in lk mr zewelgnl jxcd dxvw dziid o`kn .wvew ly jxcl jynda dax

.dipenbdd lr dnr wa`p e`

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78.gi sc ,c"rxz aewxhrit ,wgvi ld` ,o`cl`ee lcpn mgpn

7992 'nr ,lirl e`x.dyn zpen`d lra xcpqkl`n x"enc`d ly hehivd seqa ,1

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x"en f"``' :ziciqgd dcrd ly dzedne ziciqgd dbdpdd zqitz lr ,(1866±1799) 'm"ixd iyecig'

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81.14 dxrd ,lirl e`x

82.(71 dxrd ,lirl) bpelnf

]21[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn195

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miixeaivd mirexi`d on miaxa szzydln rpnp ,zicxgd zecdid ly dlbc i`yep oia didy

.zwelgn wa`l ,xzeia lwd ele ,yyg mda did m`86

zekild inirpe mipeznk ,xcpqkl` iciqg ly miite` xe`izl dl` zeiecr mitxvn xy`k

od dnvr xcpqkl` zeciqg ixtqn od dlerd xe`iz ,(xeb iciqgl d`eeyda mipt lk lr)

ixtqa eritedy zepexkif ,ziciqgd dxagl llk ekiizyd `ly dl` ly mdizepexkifn

enk xcpqkl` zeciqga ifkxn dk mewn dqtz `l dwihiletd recn xexa ,mipeyd zelidwd

dziid `l la` zihilet dpigan dlirt dziid xcpqkl` ,lirl epi`xy itk .xeb dzaixi lv`

zecqen miniwne zeipycg zenfei milbn diyp` z` ep`vn `l .zxxbp xwira `l` znfei

dziid `wxe ly zixeaivd dzelirt mby ,oiivle siqedl yi .xeb lv` epi`xy itk mihilet

zligz onl xeb zeciqg z` dpiit`y zizhiyde zcqennd zihiletd zelirtd on dwegx

.mixyrd d`nd

'igxfn'l sxhvdl zexyt`dy ,okzii87l`xyi mr ly zeiaihwlewd qez` lr dpryp

8311 'nr ,e"kyz wxa ipa ,xcpqkl`n epizeax zx`tz ,xaewn dcedi.

84,'axw it`eye mi`pw' xeb iciqg ex`ez ,149 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) mexalee zlidw qwpta ,dnbecl

.'zepiznae zgpa mibdep eid ike zkyene dnirp dziid mzpyn' ik azkp xcpqkl` iciqg lr eli`e

zepizna mdizeaxk epiihvd xcpqkl` iciqg' ik azkp ,268 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) yil`w xtqa

zepiivn ,323 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) aewxheit xtqa zeiecrd .'xeb iciqg xy`n zetiwz zegtae

zlidw xtqae .'iplaeqd dqgiae dzeinnra dpiihvd xcpqkl`y cera mi`pw eid xeb iciqg' ik

zegt daxd dzid xcpqkl` iciqg ly mgex' ik x`ezn ,142±141 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) dphew

.'xzei hwy did mkelide xeb lyn zihphilin

85.(68 dxrd ,lirl) iwqpi'fcee

86.276 'nr ,(48 dxrd ,lirl) xaewn

87187±186 'nr ,lirl e`x52 dxrd ,.

196xai ixy dptc]22[

± `hg m` mb ,icedi ,ef dyib itl .`wxe zeciqg zeawra xcpqkl` zeciqg dlbc eay

l jixv mc`dy did xcpqkl` ix"enc` lv` miifkxnd zepexwrd cg` .`ed icediz` lha

x"enc`d xn` eizeyxcn zg`a .cg`e cg` lk llkp 'l`xyi llk'ae ,l`xyi llk ornl envr

:iav l`eny 'x xcpqkl`n

,l`xyi llkdl lheane lha zeidl `id dcear xwir 'd zcear ikxc it lr `ed oiprd ile`

llkdl envr lhan xy`k df lk mr ...jk lk mbty in s`e ...l`xyi zxdh xwir edfe

xac' yexit `ed dfe 'd xfrl dkef ...l`xyi mitq`py mewnl jlede mdnr xagzne l`xyi

,'l`xyi ipa zcr lk l`. . .d id iy in didi88

dziid mkxc it lr oky ,ef dyib lawl did ozip `l ,wvewak ,xeb zeciqga z`f znerl

lawzdl did leki `l dze` laiw `ly ine ,(oaenk ,mzpad it lr) dxezd zn` ± zg` zn`

.mdizexey l`

?ycg iciqg jxr e` gek wa`n ± zwelgnd :mekiq .b

,dipenbd ,zexyn lr xwira ,epi`xy itk ,daqp xcpqkl` zeciqgl xeb zeciqg oia zwelgnd

on dlery itk ,zepeyd zexiira miinewn mikeqkqa iehia icil d`a `id .dhilye gek

s`e ,l`xyi zceb` ziibeqa ± zivx`d dxifa mb j` ,'fcelae dlee dwqpecfa mirexi`d

ux`a qpd lra xi`n iax ztewa dhilyd lr zwelgnd ± oilet zeleabn bxgy `yepa

.l`xyi

`wxeeae wvewa rvedy dpeyd yexitd lr epcnr zwelgnd ly diyxey z` oiadl ick

ly dzxed ,`wxe zeciqg .zeiniptd byen iabl hxta ,ozxed ,dgqiyt zeciqg ly zeceqil

,xeb ly dzxed ,wvew eli`e ,cqgae mingxae dad`a zebdpzdd z` dyibcd ,xcpqkl`

ezebda ipexwr ceqi dziidy ,zn`d zyixc .`weec dketd jxca zeipevigd lehia z` dnyii

ick cr dpvwdl ,my`xa lcpn mgpn 'x z`e ,wvew iciqg z` dliaed ,mipea dgny 'x ly

on wlg `ed xwyd mby epiad ,mznerl ,mi`wxeed .zipxyt drc lk ly lehiale ze`pw

dpada ,dlnga ebdp md ok lr .oicd zcin it lr wx miiwzdl leki `ed oi`e mlerd

.mix"enc`d ly dwiqtle dbdpdl rbepd lka mbe mnvr oial miciqgd oia mb ,zeyinbae89

b`ci ciqge ciqg lky yxc ok lre ,ifkxn oexwir did mfil`eciaicpi`d wvewn iaxd lv`

`wxe zeciqga z`f znerl .miipteb mipiipra dnke dnk zg` lre gexay mipiipra envrl

dpade miiyep` mikxva zeaygzd zniiw dziid ok lre ,cigil 'aeg lra' aygp xeaivd

mc`d lylen `wxe zeciqg z` dcgiiy dad`d exfbp dl` zepey zeyibn .mc` `ed xy`a

± zecgd.wvew zeciqg z` dcgiiy ± zenil`d mb mizrle

88.miyecw zyxt ,d"vxz fc`l ,mixac xacna `xwie ,l`eny zx`tz ,xcpqkl`n iav l`eny 'x

89.75 dxrd cil ,hqwhd seba ,lirl e`x

]23[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn197

dz`x ,oileta xzeia dlecbd zeciqgd ,xeb zeciqg .`ad xecl xar dfd ipgexd orhnd

'l`xyi jln' e` xecd wicv z` daxa90.miciqgd lk lr dzexn z` hilydl dywiae

did mday zenewnae ,llk jxca jka dgilvd `id xzeia zihppinecde dlecbd zeciqgk

dzidy ,xcpqkl` zeciqg .wvew oepbqa ,zeipgek zewelgn evxt xeb ly dipenbdd lr xerxr

epnh `l xcpqkl` iciqg od xeb iciqg od .xeb ly dzexn z` dlaiw `l ,dlceba diipyd

.mcnrn lr ewa`pe zglva mci

dbltn znwda mb wvew z` dpiit`y zepycgd z` jiynd xeb ly ihiletd jldnd

iav l`eny 'x orh dkxc zligza l`xyi zceb`l ezecbpzda .miicedi mipezir ceqiiae

die`xd zeccenzdd jxc dpi` dbltn znwd ik ,'l`eny zx`tz' lra ,xcpqkl`n xbivpc

`wxe zeciqg ly ipxnyd ite`d on zraep ef dcnry okzii .l`xyi mra mipey minxf len

dcnr `l ef dyib xac ly eteqa ,ok` .xeb ly dzepycg len xcpqkl` zeciqg dzkiynne

.znfeid dziid `l m` mb dwihileta lirt wlg dlhp xcpqkl` zeciqge ze`ivnd ogana

zepexwrd md oepbqde qez`d ,zebdpzddy dnec ?xcpqkl`l xeb oia zwelgnd zcnln dn

,zniiw dziidy dcina ,zipeirxd zwelgnd eli`e ,zekiynnd zeieciqga exnzypy miixwird

,exwira izxag sebl zeciqgd dktd zipktdn zipgex drepzny `id jkl daiqd .dgkzyp

jkl liaed df jtdn .miihilet 'zeqiib' mb odl eid ± zexkfpd zeieciqgd izy ly dxwnae

xcpqkl` oia zihilet zwelgnl dktd wvewl `wxe zeciqg oia zibele`ci`d zwelgndy

on edyn cenll ozip m`d ,z`f lkae .dhilye gek ,dipenbd lr did wa`nd xwire ,xebl

?zwelgnd

:zeaeyz yely ef dl`yl rivdl ozip

:xg` oeyl ;dwihileta xaecne ,mikxr e` zepeirx ecnr `l zwelgnd ly drwxa (`)

.`l eze ihilet jxr zeidl dktd zeciqgd

y ,mipey miipeirx miqez` mitwzyn oiicr zihiletd zwelgnd ixeg`n (a)epfnx mdilr

jxcd z` zbviind zeciqg oia zenir epiptl ,xnelk .miihiletd miqxhpi`d zexnl ,lirl

.zinnrd zehytd jxc z` zbviind zeciqgl zipraezd

izy oia milcadd z` ccgl izxag jxev didy okzii ,izcd qez`a milcadl xarn (b)

± zeieciqgd izya zegztzddy ixd ,xacd jk m` .zizveaw zedf zxivil irvn`k zeveawd

zeciqga xeaiv iwqrn zbltend zewgxzdd znerl dwihileta xeb zeciqg ly axd weqird

oia cixtdl oi` :ziyilyd dyibl epze` liaez ef dpga` .dl` zexhn dyniy ± xcpqkl`

ef dyib .oexwire jxr dktd dnvr dwihiletdy `l` ,zepexwrde mikxrd oial dwihiletd

mdipia yiy oeeikn mikxr oiae dwihilet oia cixtdl zexyt` oi`y dgpdd lr zqqean

miycg mikxr zgqpn dwihiletde dwihiletd zepexwr z` miraew mikxrd :ziccd zelz

.miniiwd mikxrd z` zpkcrne

`id ok`e ,dwihileta xeb zeciqg ly zecwnzda ipnecnk ze`xl ozip ef oirn dyib

,xebn x"enc`d riwydy mevrd un`nd .oileta zicedid dwihileta ihppinec mxeb dziid

90.xzl` ikcxn mdxa` 'x ,xebn x"enc`d z` ,'xfp ipa`'d lra ,oiihypxea mdxa` 'x dpik jk

198xai ixy dptc]24[

zewelgne zengln `l .envr ipta jxr da d`xy jkn rap dwihileta ,ikcxn mdxa` 'x

.'d zcearl zeaiyg lra iciqg ceqi `l` ihiletd megza eipir cbpl ecnr

mileki `l myy oeilr mlera') rahl xarny oeilrd mlerd oia oigad xebn x"enc`d

'zigyne xzqd ribdl91mby qxb `ed ,dix` dcedi 'x eia`l cebipa ,mle`e .ivx`d mlerl (

mikixv mle`' :'mler l`' dpkn `ed eze`y ,l`d zegkep z` ze`xl ozip ivx`d mlera

zzle ozepda zewac zeidl jixve (jxazi 'dn=) z"iydn md mlera mixacd lky zrcl

mewn lka zewel` hytzn df ici lre dicede gaymler l` edf e.'92yi ef dpga`l

x"enc`d ly zihnbxtde ziyrnd ezelirt lk z` wicvdl ick da yi oky ,dax zernyn

,'`xwiyc `nlr' `ed ivx`d mlerdy it lr s` .ikcxn mdxa` 'x93,epnn xcrp l`d oi`

.dfd mlera miyrnl zernyn yi jk lyae ,'mler l`' `ed

ipayk' :ikcxn mdxa` 'x xn` ,'l`xyi zceb`'l d`xpd lkk dqgiizdy ,eizeyxcn zg`a

.'dyecwd zevevip mivawzn miqpkzn l`xyi94zevevip' byend z` oihelgl dpiy x"enc`d

.zncwend zeciqga yxtzpy itk 'dyecw95'xewir' ly jildz elv` mixaer 'zevevip'd

zelirtd wecivl mb jk jezae ,mrd zecb`zdl oaxcn aihen mikted md .dwihqin lkn

91.266 'nr ,b"vxz igie ,o"yz aia` lz ,` ,zn` ixn` xtq ,xzl` ikcxn mdxa`

92.(ily dybcd) 68 'nr ,c"vxz `xie ,my ,zn` ixn`

93erle ,xwy ly mler l`k ea miig ep`y mlerl qgiizd xzl` ikcxn mdxa` xebn x"enc`dml

.eizeyxcn micnel ep`y itk ,zn`d z`vnp eay mler l`k ,z`fd zra epz`n xzqpy df ,oeilrd

ixn` :e`x .'zn`d ze`xl xyt` i`e `xwiyc `nlr `ed dfd mlerd' :eizeyxcn zg`a xn` jke

.v"xz dxy iig ,my ,zn`

94.v"xz mixet oyey ,my ,zn` ixn`

95z`lrd zxeza ,l`a zewacl dti`ya ,zeihhqw`e zeihqin zeieega zpiite`n zncwend zeciqgd

fh ,oeiv ,'ziciqgd jxcd ly dzginv ziy`x' ,qiie sqei :e`x .zexf zeaygn z`lrdae zevevipd

jxcd ;zeevnd meiw ici lr dxwira dziid `l 'd zcear zncwend zeciqga .105±46 'nr ,(`"iyz)

.diilr jxevl dcixik zexar revia ici lr elit`e ,zeinyba dceard zervn`a dziid xky zlawl

jixv ,wicvd ,mrd bidpne ,`weec dxard jezn s`e rxd jezn ribdl ozip ,epin`d jk ,aehd l`

zeaiegn xqeg `vnp zexge`n zeieciqga mb) .ez` mrd z` zelrdl ick `hgd zenedzl zcxl elit`

wvew mb denke ,mfikxp`a dny`ed dgqiyt :oihelgl zepey zeaiqn ik m` ,zlaewnd dkldl

,'zexard z` dyciw'y dny`ed `via'fi`e ,[ynn zexara `le mibdpna xwira]z`f dzyr j`

oecl mewnd df `l j` ,zncwend zeciqgak ,diilr jxevl dcixik `l i`ceeae ,'dnyl dxark'¥uevip ly eneiw z` yibcd `ed .zexfd zeaygnd z`lrd ly oeirxd z` ycig h"yrad (.jka

,1865 aewle'f ,dyn ixac xtq ,dpilecn mdey dyn :lynl e`x .daygnd jeza oenhd idel`

l`e inybd l` zcxl wicvd lr did zncwend zeciqga ,jk zeawra .a"r e sc ,jl jl zyxt

oiipr dxiaqn zevevipd z`lrd lr i"x`d zxez ly ziqiqad dqitzd .mc`d z` le`bl ick rxd

uevip lk .zenlerd zizgz l` ,mixeayd milkd zeix`y ,zevevipd eltp milkd zxiay zeawra :df

rbxn .zenlera mdiyxeyl zevevipd z` zelrdl wicvd ciwtze ,rxde dtilwd jeza ieay dfky

dtilwd ,idel` xe` eze` mr cg`zn `ed ,mipeilrd zenlera eyxeyl uevipd z` wacn dz`y

ecxtzi' weqtd lr aezk 'sqei awri zeclez' xtqa .mlerd zle`b z` mcwn dz` jke zlhazn

,d`pletn odkd yxid iav oa sqei awri :e`x .zevevipd z`lrd ly dz`vez idefy 'oee` ilret lk

.ai 'nr ,jl jl zyxt ,f"rwz 'feai'frn ,sqei awri zeclez xtq

]25[xcpqkl`±xeb zwelgn199

.l`xyi zceb`a riwydy daxd96,mle`e .divnxetqpxh xar mpn` zevevipd z`lrd oeirx

`hgd zenedzl dcixid m`d ?zncwend zeciqga zeinyba dceard on wgxzd dk `ed m`d

ly dilyae xitya weqird on jk lk dpey dyecwd zevevip ly d`vede diilr myl

dk zecdid xeniyl wicvd zeixg`n wlgk miipelig mipepbpna yeniyd m`d ?dwihiletd

?zinyb zeciqg dze`n wegx

'f`wiit lcpn97oaenk idef .zeciqgd ly oeeip dl` mikildza e`x mitqep zeciqg ixwege

,o`k micr epgp` :dpey zelkzqd rivdl dvex ip` .zihetiy `id ik m` zinihibl dcnr

z` xnyl dgilvn mb jk lyae xecd ixbz`l ziprpd zinpic zeciqgl ,`weec ef dibeqa

zihnbxtd dyibd oky ,zil`ec ziciqg dbdpd mb zxyt`n iciqg jxrk dwihiletd .dnvr

ote`n xexiaa swzyny itk ,xg` avna oezne cg` avna ilwicx zeidl bidpnl zxyt`n

.ikcxn mdxa` 'x x"enc`d ly ezbdpd98'xy jkl enxby dl` izrc itl md dl` zeceqi

l`xyi ux`a xzeia zhleade dlecbd zeciqgk xeb zeciqg z` xnyl gilvd ikcxn mdxa`

izrcl mibviin dl` zeceqi ,zivx`d dglvdl xarn ,cere z`f .diipyd mlerd zngln xg`l

xviil ziciqgd zebidpnd ly zizxivid zlekid lr cirnd ,winrn `l m` mb ,ipeirx yecig

.mipyi mikxrl zeycg zeiepyxt

961907 zpya xak .eipira l`xyi zceb` ly dzeaiyg lr eizeyxcn daxda fnex ikcxn mdxa` 'x

invrl dceb` mkz` dyer ip` xnelk' :(ak ,ai zeny) 'aef` zceb` mzgwle' weqtd z` yxit `ed

,`a zyxt ,[90 dxrd ,lirl] zn` ixn`) 'dle`bl gztn `ed df micb`zn l`xyiy dn ,'eke

:xn` h"txz gqtl `ypy dyxca mb .(d"rxz ,d`x zyxt) 1915 zpya `yp dnec dyxc .(f"qxz

dyery xywl al miyl yi .'zg` dceb` miyrp l`xyiy `id dle`bd xwir ,aef` zceb` mzgwle'

onfa' ik xn` (1929) l`xyi zceb` ly diipyd dlecbd diiqpka .dle`bl dceb`d oia x"enc`d

miazkn sqe` ,xhl`) 'oebx` ilae drepz ila z"iyd z` cearl xyt` i` miziqn daxd yiy

mirbepd miazkn dyinge mixyrn zegt `l yi ely miazknd sqe`a .(bp±ap 'nr ,[53 dxrd ,lirl]

micnlnd migeqip mb eizexbi` oia yi ,mpn` .dil` sxhvdl zeaiygle l`xyi zceb`l oixyina

j` ,jxev jka didi `l mday mipnfl lgiie ipnf ueli`k zihiletd zewqrzdd z` d`xy jk lr

cer jynii ipnfd ueli`d ik oekp l` oiad lretae ,itehe` oefgk dl` mixac ze`xl yi izpad itl

.zeciqgd ly dzenc lr geeh zkex` drtyd rityi `linne ax onf

97,('d`eyd') d"yz±y"z zexfbae zenglnd izy oia zeipeirx zenbn :oilet zeciqg ,'f`wiit lcpn

.80±50 'nr ,o"yz milyexi

98.(8 dxrd ,lirl) xaiixy :e`x