THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Chapter 38
Feb 23, 2016
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMChapter 38
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Breaks food down into a form usable by
cells (small enough to diffuse into cells).
NUTRIENTS Water Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals
THE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Site Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine(from pancreas)
Small intestine
Enzyme Role in Digestion
Section 38-2
Salivary amylase
Pepsin
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Maltase, sucrase, lactase
Peptidase
Breaks down starches into disaccharidesBreaks down proteins into large peptidesContinues the breakdown of starch
Continues the breakdown of proteinBreaks down fat
Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharidesBreaks down dipeptides into amino acids.
PATHWAY Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus
Mouth
Salivary glands
StomachPancreas (behind stomach)Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
Gallbladder (behind liver)
Liver
Esophagus
Pharynx
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMSection 38-2
ACCESSORY GLANDS Salivary glands Liver Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Bile duct
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
To rest of small intestine
THE LIVER AND THE PANCREASSection 38-2
ABSORPTION Small intestine nutrients Large intestine water
Small Intestine Villus
Circular folds
Villi
Epithelial cells
Capillaries
Lacteal
VeinArtery
THE SMALL INTESTINESection 38-2
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS Heartburn Ulcers Diarrhea Constipation
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEMChapter 38
FUNCTIONS Helps maintain homeostasis. Rids the body of the wastes of
metabolism. Excess salts Carbon dioxide Urea Excess water
Maintains blood volume and pH.
ORGANS OF EXCRETION Liver Lungs Kidneys Skin
LIVER Blood from the intestines flows through
the liver to be detoxified before traveling to the rest of the body.
Breaks down excess proteins into the waste product urea.
LUNGS Excrete carbon dioxide, water and heat.
KIDNEYS
Remove waste products from the blood. Excess water, excess salts and urea which
make up urine. Maintain blood pH. Regulate water content of blood
(volume).
Kidney (Cross Section)
Cortex
Medulla
Vein Artery
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
THE URINARY SYSTEMSection 38-3
KIDNEY FUNCTION Filtration – everything but cells are
filtered out of the blood (passive). Reabsorption – water and nutrients
are absorbed back into the blood (active). What remains behind is urine. Excess water Salts Urea
Kidney Nephron
Cortex
Medulla Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
To the bladder
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Capillaries
Collecting duct
To the ureterLoop of Henle
Artery
Vein
STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEYSSection 38-3
KIDNEY FAILURE
Having two kidneys provides a backup. If both fail, a transplant or dialysis is
needed.
Vein
Artery
Shunt
Air detector Dialysis machine
Blood pump
Blood in tubing flows through dialysis fluid
Used dialysis fluid
Compressed air
Fresh dialysis
fluid
KIDNEY DIALYSISSection 38-3
SKIN Excretes sweat: water, salt and urea. Excretes heat – helps maintain
homeostasis.