The Digestive System

CH. 5: T

HE DIG

ESTIVE

SYSTEM

BY

: RO

S AL

I ND

LA

ND

LE

S S , KA

TH

RY

N R

ES P I C

I O &

P RI S C

I LL

A R

I VA

S

CHAPTER GOALS

• Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations.

• Define combining forms for organs and know the meaning of related terminology.

• Describe signs, symptoms and disease conditions affecting the digestive system.

INGESTION AND DIGESTION

• Ingestion – food materials taken into the mouth

• Digestion – food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.

Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients.

Proteins → amino acidsSugars → glucoseFats → fatty acids or triglycerides

ABSORPTION

• Digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the small intestine.

• Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.

• Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food.

ELIMINATION

• The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.

• The large intestine concentrates feces.

• The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.

THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Signs and symptoms• Anorexia – lack of appetite

• Ascites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

• Borborygmus (plural: borborygmi) – rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

• Constipation – difficulty in passing stools

• Diarrhea – frequent passage of loose, watery stools


• Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing

• Eructation – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

• Flatus – gas expelled through the anus

• Hematochezia – passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

• Jaundice (icterus) – yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood


• Melena – black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

• Nausea – unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit

• Steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

ORAL CAVITY

ORAL CAVITY

ORAL CAVITY

ORAL CAVITY: SALIVARY GLANDS

PHARYNX: DEGLUTITION

PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS: ORAL CAVITY AND TEETH

• Aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

• Dental caries – tooth decay

• Herpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus

• Oral leukoplakia – white plaques or patches

• Periodontal disease – inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

• Achalasia – failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT


• Esophageal cancer – malignant tumor of the esophagus

• Esophageal varices – swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

• Gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the stomach


Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Peptic ulcer – open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum


• Hernia – protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it

QUICK QUIZ:

3. Which terms means swallowingA. MasticationB. DeglutitionC. EmulsificationD. Peristalsis

PARTS OF THE STOMACH

SMALL INTESTINE

Villi in the lining of the small intestine

LARGE INTESTINE

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

[Small and Large Intestines]

• Anal fistula – abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

• Colonic polyposis – polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Colorectal cancer – adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both


• Crohn disease – chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

• Diverticulosis – abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall


• Dysentery – painful, inflamed intestines

• Hemorrhoids – swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

• Ileus – failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – inflammation of the colon and small intestine


• Intussusception – telescoping of the intestines

• IBS – irritable bowel syndrome – group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension

• Ulcerative colitis – chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers

• Volvulus – twisting of the intestines on itself

QUICK QUIZ:

2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine?A. CecumB. DuodenumC. JejunumD. Pylorus

LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS


The pancreas and its functions


Besides producing bile, the liver:• Helps maintain normal blood

glucose levels• Manufactures blood proteins

necessary for clotting• Releases bilirubin, a pigment in

bile• Removes toxins and poisons from

the blood

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS

Cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS

• Cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the liver

• Pancreatic cancer – malignant tumor of the pancreas

• Pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas

• Viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

QUICK QUIZ

1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?

A. GluconeogenesisB. EmulsificationC. HyperbilirubinemiaD. Glycogenolysis

FOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE GI TRACT

Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus.

VOCABULARY

absorption

amino acids

amylase

anus

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body

VOCABULARY

appendix

bile

bilirubin

bowel

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

Pigment released by the liver in bile

Intestine

VOCABULARY

canine teeth

cecum

colon

common bile duct

Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

First part of the large intestine

Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus

VOCABULARY

defecation

deglutition

dentin

digestion

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

Swallowing

Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

VOCABULARY

duodenum

elimination

emulsification

enamel

First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long

Act of removal of materials from the body

Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth

VOCABULARY

enzyme

esophagus

fatty acids

feces

Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in –ase

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach

Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids

Solid wastes; stool

VOCABULARY

gallbladder

glucose

glycogen

hydrochloric acid

Small sac under the liver; stores bile

Simple sugar

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

VOCABULARY

ileum

incisor

insulin

jejunum

Third part of the small intestine

One of four front teeth in the dental arch

Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

Second part of the small intestine

VOCABULARY

• lipase

• liver

• lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats

Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter

VOCABULARY

mastication

molar teeth

palate

pancreas

Chewing

Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch

Roof of the mouth

Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

VOCABULARY

papillae (singular: papilla)

parotid gland

Peristalsis

pharynx

Small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose

VOCABULARY

portal vein

Protease

pulp

pyloric sphincter

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

Enzyme that digests protein

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

VOCABULARY

pylorus

rectum

rugae

saliva

Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase

VOCABULARY

salivary glands

sigmoid colon

sphincter

stomach

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus

VOCABULARY

triglycerides

uvula

villi (singular: villus)

Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMSPARTS OF THE BODY

• an/o

• append/o, appendic/o

• bucc/o

• cec/o

• celi/o

• cheil/o

• cholecyst/o

• choledoch/o

anus

appendix

cheek

cecum

belly,abdomen

lip

gallbladder

common bile duct

Combining Form Meaning

TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMSPARTS OF THE BODY (PT. 2)

• col/o colon

• colon/o colon

• dent/i tooth

• duoden/o duodenum

• enter/o intestines, usually small intestine

• esophag/o esophagus

• faci/o face

• gastr/o stomach

• gingiv/o gums



• gloss/o tongue

• hepat/o liver

• ile/o ileum

• jejun/o jejunum

• labi/o lip

• lapar/o abdomen

• lingu/o tongue

• mandibul/o lower jaw, mandible

• odont/o tooth



• or/o mouth

• palat/o palate

• pancreat/o pancreas

• peritone/o peritoneum

• pharyng/o throat

• proct/o anus and rectum

• pylor/o pyloric sphincter

• rect/o rectum

• sialaden/o salivary gland



• sigmoid/o sigmoid colon

• stomat/o mouth

• uvul/o uvula


TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMSSUBSTANCES

• amyl/o starch

• bil/i gall, bile

• bilirubin/o bilirubin (bile pigment)

• chol/e gall or bile

• chlorhydr/o hydrochloric acid

• gluc/o sugar

• glyc/o sugar


TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING FORMSSUBSTANCES (PT. 2)

• glycogen/o glycogen, animal starch

• lip/o fat

• lith/o stone

• prote/o protein

• py/o pus

• sial/o saliva, salivary

• steat/o fat


TERMINOLOGY – SUFFIXES

-ase enzyme

-chezia defecation, elimination of wastes

-iasis abnormal condition

-prandial meal

Suffix Meaning

QUICK QUIZ:

4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?

A. CholecystitisB. CeliacC. AppendicitisD. Cheilitis

THREE TYPES OF ANASTOMOSOMES

CH. 6: A

DDITIO

NAL SUFFIX

ES

DIGESTIV

E SYSTEM

TERMINOLOGY

BY

: RO

S AL

I ND

LA

ND

LE

S S , KA

TH

RY

N R

ES P I C

I O &

P RI S C

I LL

A R

I VA

S

CHAPTER GOALS

• Define new suffixes and use them with digestive system combining forms.

• List and explain laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations common to the digestive system.

• Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper context, such as medical reports and records.

SUFFIXES

• -ectasis, -ectasia dilation, widening

• -emesis vomiting

• -pepsia digestion

• -phagia eating, swallowing

• -plasty surgical repair

• -ptysis spitting

Suffix Meaning

SUFFIXES

• -rrhage, -rrhagia bursting forth (of blood)• -rrhaphy suture• -rrhea flow, discharge • -spasm involuntary contraction of

muscles • -stasis stopping; controlling• -stenosis narrowing, tightening• -tresia opening

Suffix Meaning

QUICK QUIZ:

1. Which term means difficulty in swallowing?A. DysphasiaB. DysphagiaC. DysplasiaD. Polyphagia

QUICK QUIZ:

2. Which term means to control or stop bleeding?A. HemostasisB. HematomaC. HemoptysisD. Cholestasis

COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY

• bucc/o cheek

• cec/o cecum

• celi/o abdomen

• cheil/o lip

• chol/e gall, bile

• cholangi/o bile duct (vessel)

• cholecyst/o gallbladder

• choledoch/ocommon bile duct



• col/o colon

• colon/o colon

• dent/i tooth

• duoden/o duodenum

• enter/o intestines

• esophag/o esophagus

• gastr/o stomach

• gingiv/o gums



• gloss/o tongue

• gluc/o sugar

• glyc/o sugar

• hepat/o liver

• herni/o hernia

• ile/o ileum

• jejun/o jejunum

• labi/o lip



• lingu/o tongue

• lip/o fat

• lith/o stone

• odont/o tooth

• or/o mouth

• palat/o palate

• pancreat/o pancreas



• proct/o anus and rectum

• pylor/o pyloric sphincter

• rect/o rectum

• sialaden/o salivary gland

• splen/o spleen

• steat/o fat

• stomat/o mouth


QUICK QUIZ:

3. Which term means enlarged liver?A. AcromegalyB. CardiomegalyC. HepatomegalyD. Hepatitis

LABORATORY TESTS

Liver function tests (LFTs): tests for enzymes and bilirubin in blood

Stool culture: test for microorganisms in stool

Stool guaiac test or Hemoccult test: test to detect blood in feces

QUICK QUIZ:

4. Which of the following tests for the clear fluid that remains after blood has clotted (serum)?

A. Stool guaiacB. HemoccultC. Stool cultureD. LFTs

LABORATORY TESTS: X-RAYS

• Lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)

• Upper gastrointestinal series

• Cholangiography • Computed

tomography (CT scan)

CLINICAL PROCEDURES Ultrasound examination

• Abdominal ultrasonography

• Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

Magnetic resonance techniques

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Nuclear medicine test

• Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan (HIDA scan)

MISCELLANEOUS PROCEDURES

Gastric bypass or bariatric surgery: reduces stomach size

Gastrointestinal endoscopy: visual examination of the GI tract

Laparoscopy: visual examination of the abdomen Liver biopsy: removal of liver tissue for microscopic

examinationNasogastric intubation: insertion of a tube through

the nose into the stomachParacentesis (abdominocentesis): puncture to

remove fluid from abdomen

QUICK QUIZ:

5. Which procedure is a surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen?A. LaparoscopyB. LaparotomyC. AbdominectomyD. Abdominocentesis

ABBREVIATIONS

• BRBPR

• EGD

• G tube

• GERD

• GI

• LAC

• NPO

Bright red blood per rectum

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Gastrostomy tube; PEG tube

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastrointestinal

Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy

Nothing by mouth

LA FINE

The Digestive System

Science

pyloric sphincter rect

large fat globules

large intestine

salivary glands

digestive tract

fat lith

digestive system

combining forms