THE DETERMINANTS OF A HEALTH-PROMOTING LIFESTYLE IN OLDER ADULTS Patricia A. Stockert, B.S.N., M.S. A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Saint Louis University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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THE DETERMINANTS OF A HEALTH-PROMOTING
LIFESTYLE IN OLDER ADULTS
Patricia A. Stockert, B.S.N., M.S.
A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Saint Louis University in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
2000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
c Copyright by Patricia A. Stocked
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2000
i
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THE DETERMINANTS OF A HEALTH-PROMOTING
LIFESTYLE IN OLDER ADULTS
Patricia A. Stockert, B.S.N., M.S.
A Digest Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Saint Louis University in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
2000
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Health promotion for the older adult is of critical concern for nursing.
Health promotion activities may help this group maintain their health, experience
optimal functional capacity, remain independent, and lower medical costs.
Limited and conflicting information on health promotion activities and factors
that influence these behaviors is available in this population. The purpose of this
study was to identify determinants of a health-promoting lifestyle in an older adult
population by examining components of the Health Promotion Model. The study
also used structural equation modeling to examine the psychometric properties of
the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) in older adults.
A survey design was used to gather data. Convenience sampling
techniques were used to survey 900 adults over the age of 60. Subjects were
recruited via a network of persons known to the researcher and through senior
organizations and independent living facilities in Central Illinois. The subjects
completed four questionnaires: The Participant Profile, Laffrey Health
Conception Scale, Perceived Health Competence Scale, and the Lifestyle Profile
n. All questionnaires were returned anonymously by mail.
Analysis showed that older adults had scored higher in health promotion
activities related to spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress
management. Path analysis and multiple regression showed that perceived health,
gender, education, race, definition of health, and self-efficacy were significantly
related to the older adults practice of health promotion behaviors.
Structural equation modeling was used to test the psychometric properties
of the HPLPII. Testing of the measurement models reduced the HPLPII from 52
1
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to 22 items. Examination of the R2 and T-values for the 22-item higher order
model indicated that the instrument was a reliable and valid measure of health-
promoting lifestyle in an older adult population. Cronbach’s alpha showed the 22-
item instrument had a high degree of internal consistency (r=0.89).
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COMMITTEE IN CHARGE OF CANDIDACY
Associate Professor Mary Ann Lavin, Chairperson and Advisor
Associate Professor Margie S. Edel
Assistant Professor Doris M. Rubio
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my husband, Drake, and
my daughters, Sara and Kelsey -
I could not have completed school or this project
without their love and support; and to
my parents, James and Evelyn Clark,
who stressed to me the importance of education
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to acknowledge and thank the following:
My dissertation committee for all their time, wonderful suggestions, encouragement, and much appreciated help;
Sister Mary Ludgera, Dean, of Saint Francis Medical Center College of Nursing, for her personal and financial support of my academic endeavors;
My colleagues at the College for their words of encouragement and support throughout the pursuit of my degree;
The Sharon Foss Education Fund of Saint Francis Medical Center College of Nursing for partial funding of the study;
The Illinois League for Nursing for its support in the form of funding for thestudy;
And to all my family and friends who offered encouragement, and provided help so I had the time to go to school, read, and write.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables . .vi
List of Figures. vii
Chapter I. Introduction . . . . . . 1Background and Problem . 1Purpose . . . . . . 7Research Questions . . . . . 8
Chapter H Literature Review . . . . . 9Theoretical Framework .9The Health Promotion Model. .12Determinants of Health-Promoting Behaviors .16Determinants of Health-Promoting Behaviorsin Older Adults . . . . .21
Chapter IV. Data Analysis . . . . . .31Sample Characteristics .31Research Question 1 . .34Research Question 2,3, and 4 .63
Chapter V. Discussion . . . . . .70Summary of Research Findings .70Implications for Nursing Practice .75Limitations . . . . . .76Implications for Future Research .78Conclusions . . . . . .79
Appendices .81A. Informed Consent Letter for Subjects .81B. Participant Profile . . . . . . .84C. Laffrey Health Conception Scale . . . . .87D. Perceived Health Competence Scale .91E. The Lifestyle Profile II . . . . . .93F. Twenty-Two Item Lifestyle Profile II .98
References . 101
VitaAuctoris . 112
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
1. Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of theHPLPH Subscales . . . . . . .33
2. Results of Multivariate Normality Testing .36
3. Health Responsibility Measurement Models . .38
4. Spiritual Growth Measurement Models .41
5. Interpersonal Relations Measurement Models .44
6. Physical Activity Measurement Models .47
7. Stress Management Measurement Models .50
8. Nutrition Measurement Models .53
9. Six Latent Construct Measurement Models . .56
10. Twenty-two Item Measurement Model .59
11. Higher Order Measurement Model of HPLPII .61
12. Variance Explained and T-values in Health-Promoting Lifestyle . . . . . . . .62
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure
1. T-values for Hypothesized Health ResponsibilityMeasurement Model . . . . . . .39
2. T-values for Hypothesized Spiritual GrowthMeasurement Model . . . . . . .42
3. T-values for Hypothesized Interpersonal RelationsMeasurement Model . . . . . . .45
4. T-values for Hypothesized Physical ActivityMeasurement Model . . . . . . .48
5. T-values for Hypothesized Stress ManagementMeasurement Model . .51
6. T-values for Hypothesized NutritionMeasurement Model . . . . . . .54
7. T-Values of Direct Effects of Individual Characteristics onHealth Promoting Behaviors . . . . . .65
8. Hypothesized Model of Individual Characteristics Effects onHealth Promotion As Mediated Through Self-Efficacy .67
9. Health Promotion Model Testing . . . . .69
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background and Problem
Health promotion is an essential component of nursing practice (Morgan
& Marsh, 1998). The American Nurses’ Association in its Social Policy
Statement (199S) identified health promotion as a significant activity for nursing,
stating, “Nursing involves practices that are restorative, supportive, and promotive
in nature” (p. 11). The Healthy People 2000 initiative, developed by the United
States Public Health Service in the 1980’s, identified major health problems and
strategies for improvement in health. An overall aim of Healthy People 2000 was
to increase the healthy life span of individuals. This means that as people reach
the final quarter century of life, they are free of chronic disease, preventable
infections, and serious injury (Mason & McGillis, 1990; United States
Department of Health and Human Services, 1990). By 199S, progress toward the
set goals of improving overall health had not proceeded as planned. In the health
promotion areas, 10 of the 17 target behaviors were making progress in the right
direction, 4 were proceeding in the wrong direction, one had not changed, and two
did not have data available to assess progress (McGinnis & Lee, 199S). Clearly, a
challenge still exists and more work on improving health promoting target
behaviors is needed. As a result, Healthy People 2010 has been developed. Four
overall goals have been identified which focus on improving health promoting
behaviors, protecting health, achieving access to quality health care, and
1
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strengthening community prevention (United States Department of Health and
Human Services, 1999).
Health promotion for the older adult, in particular, is of critical concern for
nursing (Fowler, 1996; Pender, Barkauskas, Hayman, Pace & Anderson, 1992).
The focus of health promotion in this population needs to be on the older adults’
strengths and abilities not on their diseases (Stanley & Beare, 1999). Older
persons are able to maximize their health, experience full functional capacity, and
remain independent through the use of health promoting behaviors (Black &
In this study and another (Rakowski et al., 1989), men have been shown to
practice fewer health promotion behaviors then women. Nursing interventions and
education to improve health promotion behaviors need to be targeted on men.
Improvement in the health promotion activities will help men live longer and
healthier lives with less need for medical services (Bandura, 1997; Fries et al.,
1993).
In this study, persons who perceived their health to be poor or fair rather
than good or excellent and persons who defined health clinically rather than
eudaimonistically practiced fewer health promoting activities. These two groups
are prime targets for the development of nursing interventions and education to
improve health promotion behaviors. Improvement in the health promotion
activities of these groups will help them maintain healthy lifestyles (Fowler,
1996).
Limitations
The sample size for the testing of the six measurement models together
prohibited the use of the Robust Maximum Likelihood with the Satorra-Bentler
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scaled chi-square as an estimator because an asymptotic covariance matrix could
not be calculated. The recommended five subjects per parameter in the model
were not met with the 28-item instrument and a total effective sample size of 327.
Raykov and Widaman (1995) indicate that sample-to-parameter estimate ratios
less than 5:1 are considered small. With small and moderate samples, the actual
distribution of chi-square values, standard errors, and descriptive indices may
differ from those that might be found with a large sample (Raykov & Widaman,
1995). The covariances calculated are not stable and may be sample dependent
(Raykov & Widaman, 1995). The use of the robust maximum likelihood estimator
may produce a smaller chi-square and a better fit of the six measurement models
to the data.
Multivariate normality is an underlying assumption of the Maximum
Likelihood estimator used in LISREL. If this assumption is violated, the chi-
square is increased and there is an underestimation of the fit of the model. The
PRELIS data screening indicated that multivariate normality was violated. This
violation of multivariate normality may have inflated the chi-square and
contributed to the problem of a poor fit of the hypothesized model to the data for
the latent construct of Nutrition. This may have contributed to the lack of a non
significant chi-square when testing the six measurement models together and the
higher order model.
Convenience sampling techniques produced a sample that was not
representative of the greater population. Bias yielded a sample predominantly
White, Non-Hispanic, female, and well educated.
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The response rate of only 55% may have resulted in a response bias. Polh
and Hungler (1995) state that a response rate of greater than 60% is probably
sufficient to make the risk of response bias minimal. A mechanism to determine
if respondents and nonrespondents are similar to each other was not in place for
this study. The use of a self-report instrument also presented the possibility of a
social desirability response bias as respondents may have indicated a higher
frequency of behaviors than actually practiced (Polit & Hungler, 1995).
Implications for Future Research
Further research is the area of health promotion activities in older adults is
recommended. The extent of the reliability and validity of the revised 22-item
HPLPII in an older adult population needs to be reexamined with a larger sample
size using structural equation modeling. The larger sample size will allow the use
of the robust Maximum Likelihood or Weighted Least Squares estimator. The use
of one of these estimators may produce a smaller chi-square and a better fit of the
hypothesized model to the data.
The instrument needs to be tested in a more diverse sample in relation to
race, culture, and education to eliminate the problem of sampling bias. This will
also help determine the reliability and validity of the HPLPII in racially and
culturally diverse populations. Studying specific age groups such as the younger
old (65-74 years), the middle old (75-84 years), and the older old (85 years and
older) is recommended to get a better understanding of health promotion in these
groups. A difference in practice of health promotion behaviors may be present in
the different age groups.
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Further studies on the influence of the behavior-specific cognitions and
their effect in the Health Promotion Model in older adults needs to be conducted.
These factors are major sources of motivation for health promotion behaviors and
prime target areas for intervention (Pender, 1996). Further research on scaling
self-efficacy responses into low, medium, and levels needs to be done. This will
allow nurses to develop tailored interventions that focus on improvement in the
specific levels of self-efficacy.
Research also needs to focus on measuring health promotion activities in
persons who are experiencing the same objective level of health. The majority of
the subjects in this study perceived their health to be good or very good (n=349,
77.2%) but their objective level of health was not measured. The question that is
raised is how much of the variance in perception of health is explained by
objective health. Further investigation into health promotion activities related to
objective health levels is needed.
Conclusions
Health promotion remains a priority for nursing. Health promotion
practices in persons, especially older adults, have been found to be beneficial in
maximizing health potential and increasing longevity and quality of life. The
challenge facing nursing is how to increase health promotion practices in the older
adult population. To do this, a valid and reliable instrument is needed to assess
health promotion behaviors and evaluate outcomes.
Testing of the validity of health promotion constructs in the HPLPII
revealed that Nutrition and Physical Activity items need to be reexamined for two
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reasons. The first is to make the items consistent with the actual practices and
activities of healthy, older adults. The second reason is to increase the construct
validity of these two health promotion categories.
A shortened form of the HPLPII demonstrated a high degree of reliability
and construct validity in an older adult population in this study. This instrument
needs to be further tested in other subgroups of the older adult population.
The findings from this study showed that older adults define health as role
performance ability and eudaimonistically. This older adult population had high
levels of self-efficacy. Health promoting behaviors practiced most frequently
were in the areas of spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress
management. The older adults practiced health promotion activities related to
physical activity least frequently.
This study supported the determinants of health promoting behaviors as
identified by Pender (1996). Self-efficacy had a direct effect on health promoting
behaviors. Gender, education, clinical definition of health, and eudaimonistic
definition had both a direct effect and an indirect effect through self-efficacy on
health promoting behaviors. Perception of health had an indirect effect on health
promoting behaviors through the mediating variable of self-efficacy. Older adults
who were female, had higher levels of education, defined health
eudaimonistically, perceived their health to be good, and had higher levels of self-
efficacy practiced more health promoting behaviors. The race effect could not be
properly evaluated because there were too few non-White respondents. As a
result, these findings are not reliable.
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Appendix A
Informed Consent Letter for Subjects
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Dear Reader,My name is Patricia Stockert. I am a doctoral nursing student at Saint Louis University, Graduate School Department of Nursing. I am conducting a research study to determine what factors influence healthy behaviors in older adults. The official name of my research study is The Determinants of a Health-Promoting Lifestyle in Older Adults.
I am requesting your help with this research study because you are an adult 60 years of age or older. You received these questionnaires because you are known to me, you answered the advertisement, your senior group distributed this packet at their meeting or included it in their mailing to members, or it was placed it in your mailbox at your senior residence. The purposes of this study are to test the accuracy and completeness of the questions in the questionnaire that measures health behaviors and to see which factors most influence health behaviors in older adults.
As a participant in this research study, you will be asked to fill out four questionnaires:
The Participant Profile Laffrey Health Conception Scale Perceived Health Competence Scale Lifestyle Profile n
This should take you approximately 30 to 45 minutes to complete. You may skip any questions on the questionnaires that you do not want to answer.
Every study has some risks. Completing these questionnaires could make you feel anxious about your health. If this side effect does occur, feel free to contact me at
or 4.1 will be more than happy to discuss this with you. Another option is for you to put the questionnaires aside and withdraw from the study. In this case, there is no need to contact me.
Please do not put your name or any identifying information on the questionnaires. In this way your responses will be anonymous. No one will know how you responded. I am the only one who will have a copy of the mailing list, and it will be destroyed at the end of the study. The results of the study may be published but your name or identity will not be revealed in any way. If you have any questions about this aspect of the study, also feel free to contact me at or
Participating in this research study has some possible benefits. These are: 1) helping nurses better understand health behaviors in older adults; 2) helping nurses use this information to improve health in older adults; and 3) becoming more aware of healthy behaviors yourself.
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Your participation is completely voluntary. Should you decide at any time not to participate in this study, destroy the questionnaires. If you decide not to participate in the research study, there is no penalty, loss of any benefits to which you are entitled, or prejudice.
This study has approval of Saint Louis University’s Institutional Review Board and the Community Institutional Review Board in Peoria, Illinois. If you have any questions about your rights as a research subject or if you believe you have suffered an injury as a result of participation in this research study, you may contact the Chairperson of the Saint Louis University Institutional Review Board at . The Chairperson will discuss your questions with you or will be able to refer you to the individual who will review the matter with you, identify other resources that my be available to you, and provide further information as to how to proceed. You may also contact Dr. Frank Gold of the Community Institutional Review Board in Peoria, Illinois at 3 .
If you decide to participate in the study, complete the four questionnaires. After completing the questionnaires, please place them in the self-addressed stamped envelope provided, seal it, and mail it to me. Please do not place your return address on the envelope. Your completion and return of the anonymous questionnaires in the self-addressed stamped envelope indicates your consent to participate in this research study.
Thank you for your participation in this research study. If you would like a summary of the results of the study, sometime after you have mailed the questionnaires call me and leave your name and address. I will then send a summary to you after the study is finished.
Sincerely,
Patricia A. Stockert, R.N., M.S.
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Appendix B
Participant Profile
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PARTICIPANT PROFILE
Please provide the following information about yourself. All information obtained will remain confidential.
1. Gender:___________Female Male
2. Age: _____Years
3. Race:_____________White, Non-Hispanic
Black, Non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, please specify
4. MaritalStatus: _____Single
Married
Divorced or Separated
Widowed
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5. Highest Level of Education Completed:
Less than 9th grade
9m to 12th grade, No diploma
High school graduate or GED
Some college, No degree
Associate or Bachelor’s Degree
Graduate or Professional Degree
6. How do you rate your overall health? Circle one response.
Poor Fair Good Very good1 2 3 4
Excellent5
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Appendix C
Laffrey Health Conception Scale
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HEALTH CONCEPTION SCALE
DIRECTIONS: Below are 28 statements to describe the meaning the “health” or “being healthy” may have for an individual. Depending on your personal conception of health, you may agree or disagree with the statements. Beside each statement is a scale which ranges from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (6). For each item, circle the number which best represents, the extent to which you disagree or agree with the statement. The more strongly you disagree with a statement, then the lower will be the number you circle. The more strongly you agree with a statement, then the higher will be the number you circle. Please make sure that you circle only one number per item. This is a measure of your personal conception of health; there are no right or wrong answers.
“Health” or “being healthy” means:
1. Feeling great • on top of the world
2. Being able to adjust to changes in my surroundings
3. Fulfilling my daily responsibilities
4. Being free from symptoms of disease
5. Being able to do those things I have to do
6. Not requiring a doctor’s services
7. Creatively living life to the fullest
8. Adjusting to life’s changes
9. Not requiring pills for illness or disease
StronglyDisagree
StronglyAgree
2
2
2
2
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
S 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
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10. Being able to function as expected
11. Not being under a doctor’s care for illness
12. Facing each day with zest and enthusiasm
13. Being able to cope with stressful events
14. Being able to change and adjust to demands made by the environment
15. Not being sick
16. Actualizing my highest and best aspirations
17. Adequately carrying out my daily responsibilities
18. Living at top level
19. Adapting to things as they really are, not as I’d like them to be
20.1 do not require medications
21. Carrying on the normal functions of daily living
22. Coping with changes in my surroundings
StronglyDisagree
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
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StronglyAgree
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
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Strongly StronglyDisagree Agree
23. Realizing my full potential 1 2 3 4 5 6
24. Fulfilling my responsibilities as 1 2 3 4 5 6as a husband/wife/son/daughter/friend/worker, etc.
25. Having no physical or mental 1 2 3 4 5 6incapacities
26. Performing at the expected level 1 2 3 4 5 6
27. Not collapsing under ordinary 1 2 3 4 5 6stress
28. My mind and body function at 1 2 3 4 5 6their highest level
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Appendix D
Perceived Health Competence Scale
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PERCEIVED HEALTH COMPETENCE SCALE
DIRECTIONS: For each statement, please circle the response that best indicates your belief in your ability to manage your health. The responses range from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strong agree. Please circle only ONE response for each statement. This is a measure o f your perceived competence to manage your health; there are no right or wrong answers.
Strongly StronglyDisagree Agree
1. I handle myself well with respect to my health.
2. No matter how hard I try, my health just doesn’t turn out the way I wouldlike.
3. It is difficult for me to find effective solutions to the health problems that come my way.
4. I succeed in the projects I undertake to improve my health.
5. I’m generally able to accomplish my goals with respect to my health.
6. I find my efforts to change things I don’t like about my health are ineffective.
7. Typically, my plans for my health don’t work out well.
8. I am able to do things for my health as well as most other people.
3
1 2
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Appendix E
The Lifestyle Profile Q
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LIFESTYLE PROFILE IIDIRECTIONS: This questionnaire contains statements about your present way of life or personal habits. Please respond to the items as accurately as possible. Only circle one number for each item. Indicate the frequency with which you engage in each behavior by circling:
1 for Never, 2 for Sometimes, 3 for Often, or 4 for Routinely
Never
1. Discuss my problems and concerns with people close to me.
2. Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol.
3. Report any unusual signs or symptoms to a physician or other health professional.
4. Follow a planned exercise program.
5. Get enough sleep.
6. Feel I am growing and changing in positive ways.
7. Praise other people easily for their achievements.
8. Limit use of sugars and food containing sugar (sweets).
9. Read or watch TV programs about improving health.
10. Exercise vigorously for 20 or more minutes at least three times a week (such as brisk walking, bicycling, aerobic dancing, using a stair climber).
11. Take some time for relaxation each day.
2
2
2
Routinely
3
3
3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3 4
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1 for Never, 2 for Sometimes, 3 for Often, or 4 for Routinely
Never
12. Believe that my life has purpose. 1 2
13. Maintain meaningful and fulfilling 1 2relationships with others.
14. Eat 6-11 servings of bread, cereal, rice and 1 2 pasta each day.
15. Question health professionals in order to 1 2 understand their instructions.
16. Take part in light to moderate physical activity 1 2(such as sustained walking 30-40 minutes 5 ormore times a week).
17. Accept those things in my life which I can not 1 2change.
18. Look forward to the future. 1 2
19. Spend time with close friends. 1 2
20. Eat 2-4 servings of fruit each day. 1 2
21. Get a second opinion when I question my 1 2health care provider’s advice.
22. Take part in leisure-time (recreational) 1 2physical activities (such as swimming,dancing, bicycling).
23. Concentrate on pleasant thoughts at bedtime. 1 2
24. Feel content and at peace with myself. 1 2
25. Find it easy to show concern, love and warmth 1 2to others.
Routinely
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
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1 for Never, 2 for Sometimes, 3 for Often, or 4 for Routinely
Never Routinely
26. Eat 3-5 servings of vegetables each day.
27. Discuss my health concerns with health professionals.
28. Do stretching exercises at least 3 times per week.
29. Use specific methods to control my stress.
30. Work toward long-term goals in my life.
31. Touch and am touched by people I care about.
32. Eat 2-3 servings of milk, yogurt or cheese each day.
33. Inspect my body at least monthly for physical changes/danger signs.
34. Get exercise during usual daily activities (such as walking during lunch, using stairs instead of elevators, parking car away from destination and walking).
35. Balance time between work and play.
36. Find each day interesting and challenging.
37. Find ways to meet my needs for intimacy.
38. Eat only 2-3 servings from the meat, poultry, fish, dried beans, eggs, and nuts group each day.
39. Ask for information from health professionals about how to take good care of myself.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
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1 for Never, 2 for Sometimes, 3 for Often, or 4 for Routinely
Never Routinely
40. Check my pulse rate when exercising.
41. Practice relaxation or meditation for 15-20 minutes daily.
42. Am aware of what is important to me.
43. Get support from a network of caring people.
44. Read labels to identify nutrients, frits, and sodium content in packaged food.
45. Attend educational programs on personal health care.
46. Reach my target heart rate when exercising.
47. Pace myself to prevent tiredness.
48. Feel connected with some force greater than myself.
49. Settle conflicts with others through discussion and compromise.
50. Eat breakfast.
51. Seek guidance or counseling when necessary.
52. Expose myself to new experiences and challenges.
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Appendix F
Twenty-Two Item Lifestyle Profile II
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Twenty-Two Item Lifestyle Profile II
Nutrition2. Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
20. Eat 2-4 servings of fruit each day.
26. Eat 3-5 servings of vegetables each day.
44. Read labels to identify nutrients, fats, and sodium content in packaged
food.
Health Responsibility3. Report any unusual signs or symptoms to a physician or other health
professional.
15. Question health professional in order to understand their instructions.
27. Discuss my health concerns with health professionals.
39. Ask for information from health professionals about how to take good care
of myself.
Physical Activity4. Follow a planned exercise program.
16. Take part in light to moderate physical activity (such as sustained walking
30-40 minutes 5 or more times a week).
28. Do stretching exercises at least 3 times per week.
46. Reach my target heart rate when exercising.
Interpersonal Relations13. Maintain meaningful and fulfilling relationships with others.
19. Spend time with close friends.
25. Find it easy to show concern, love and warmth to others.
31. Touch and am touched by people I care about.
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Spiritual Growth12. Believe that my life has purpose.
18. Look forward to the future.
30. Work toward long-term goals in my life.
36. Find each day interesting and challenging.
Stress Management23. Concentrate on pleasant thoughts at bedtime.
47. Pace myself to prevent tiredness.
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VITA AUCTORIS
Patricia A. Stockert was born in Joliet, Illinois. She attended Saint Patrick
Grade School and St. Francis Academy in Joliet. She attended Illinois Wesleyan
University, Bloomington, Illinois from 1972-1976. She graduated Magna Cum
Laude with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing in 1976. She attended the Peoria
Regional Campus College of Nursing of the University of Illinois at Chicago from
1977 to 1982. She graduated from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1982
with a Master of Science in Nursing Sciences. She is a candidate for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing at Saint Louis University.
Patricia is a member of the American Nurses’ Association and the
American Association of Critical Care Nurses. She is a member of the National
League for Nursing and served on the Board of Directors of the Illinois League
for Nursing for ten years. She is a member of Sigma Theta Tau International
Honor Society, Theta Pi Chapter. She was the recipient of the Illinois League for
Nursing Nursing Student Scholarship Award and the Faculty Research Support
Award. She also received the Saint Louis University Graduate School Tuition
Scholarship.
Ms. Stockert is currently employed at Saint Francis Medical Center
College of Nursing in Peoria, Illinois. She is an Associate Professor and was
recently promoted to senior year Coordinator. Primary teaching responsibilities
include senior level medical-surgical nursing, pharmacology, nursing research,
and adult critical care nursing. Future plans include holding a joint appointment at
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the College of Nursing in both the baccalaureate and newly developed master s in
nursing program.
Patricia is married to Drake W. Stockert and currently lives in Mapleton,
Illinois. She has two children, Sara and Kelsey. In her spare time, she enjoys
reading and camping with her family.
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