THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE : THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE...“The waters of the Han River Estuary shall be open to civil shipping of both sides wherever one bank is controlled by one side and

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THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE

한반도 비무장지대

Redrawing the border between North and South Korea beyond tourism

Graduate School of Design Harvard University

Dongsei Kim© Dongsei Kim

[email protected] Third edition, April 2012

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All photographs and text are by Dongsei Kim unless otherwise credited© Dongsei Kim 20113rd edition, April 2012

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

THE DEMILITARIZED

ZONE한반도 비무장지대

Redrawing the Border betweenNorth and South Korea beyond Tourism

Harvard University Graduate School of Design

Penny White Award, May 2011 Dongsei Kim

CONTENTS

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INTRoDUCTIoN - 007

BACKGRoUND - 029

THE ToURS - 037

TYPoLoGIES - 067

VIEWS - 087

APPENDIXES - 117

CREDITS - 155

INTRODUCTION

“Korean Demilitarized Zone : Image of the Day” (Source: Jesse Allen, NASA’s Earth Observatory, Goddard Space Flight Center http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/3000/3660/landsat_dmz_korea_lrg.jpg)

한반도 비무장지대THE KOREAN

DEMILITARIZED ZONE

9

THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE (DMZ) is the buffer zone between North and South Korea. 11

0 5 10 20 km

한반도 비무장지대Korean Demilitarized Zone

(DMZ) 907Km2 Established on July 27,1953

with the armistice agreement .

군사분계선Military Demarcation Line (MDL)1,292 signs like the ones on page 48 and 49, written in Chinese and Korean on the north, English and Korean on the south are placed every 300 ~500m which forms the MDL.

민간인 출입 통제 구역Civilian Control Area (CCA) 1,528Km2 Established by the 8th US Army Corps in Feb 1954

민간인 출입 통제선Civilian Control Line (CCL)

접경 지역 Border Region, also branded “Peace & Life Zone” (PLZ) by the Korean Tourism Organizationhttp://english.visitkorea.or.kr

특별 군사 지역 Special Military RegionAreas that are 50km from the border line is designated as “Special Military Region” on the north side of the border.

+

개성 공업 지구Kaesong Industrial

Region

To평양 Pyongyang, capital of North Korea205 Km from Dorasan Station near DMZ

한강 하구 수역 “The waters of the Han River Estuary shall be open to civil shipping of both sides wherever one bank is controlled by one side and the other bank is controlled by the other side” (Refer to Article I, point “5” pg 129)

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서울 Seoul, capital of South Korea56 km from Dorasan Station near DMZ. One hour drive.

+

도라산 역 Dorasan Station near DMZ

13

THE DMZ wAS ESTABLISHED ON JULy 27, 1953 wITH THE ARMISTICE AgREEMENT. 15

THE DMZ BISECTS THE KOREAN PENINSULA INTO: NORTH AND SOUTH. IT STRETCHES FOR 250KM, 2KM ON EACH SIDE OF THE MILITARy DEMARCATION LINE (MDL). 17

THE DMZ HAS BEEN PROTECTED FROM URBANIZATION AND DEvELOPMENT FOR ALMOST 60 yEARS. 19

THE AREA OF THE DMZ IS 907Km2. ACCOUNTINg FOR 0.5% OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA. IT HAS 150% THE AREA OF SEOUL AND 33% THAT OF PyONgyANg. 21

THE DMZ IS HOME TO ENDANgERED ASIAN CRANES, BLACK-FACED SPOONBILLS, ANgORA gOATS, AMUR LEOPARDS, AND BEARS. ORgANIZATIONS SUCH AS “DMZ FORUM” ARE AIMINg TO HAvE THE DMZ PROCLAIMED A UNESCO wORLD HERITAgE SITE.“Korean Demilitarized Zone : Image of the Day” (Source:Jesse Allen, United Nations Environment Programme.

(2005). One Planet Many People. Division of Early Warning and Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, Sioux Falls, ND. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=36231) 23

“Korean Demilitarized Zone : Image of the Day” (Source:Jesse Allen, United Nations Environment Programme. (2005). One Planet Many People. Division of Early Warning and Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, Sioux Falls, ND. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=36231)

THE DMZ IS NOT FREE FROM HUMAN EXPLOITATION. NASA SATELLITE IMAgERy HAS REvEALED MULTIPLE BURN SCARS IN THE AREA RELATED TO MILITARy SURvEILLANCE OPERATIONS. 25

Source: “Land Mines Remain Issue in Korea” Rachel Stohl, http://www.cdi.org/dm/2000/issue5/Landmines.htmlQuoting Center for Defense Information report

ACCORDINg TO “CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION” REPORT, THERE ARE AN ESTIMATED 2.2 MILLION LAND MINES wITHIN AND ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DMZ. 27

BACKGROUND

< 한반도 비무장지대 THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE

31

Introduction

Long before the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945) and before the DMZ was established as a result of the Korean War (June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953), the 38th parallel was discussed as a proposed line for delimiting Russian and Japanese influence in the peninsula in the late 19th century. Polarized political ideologies in Korea following its independence from Japanese colonization caused the Korean War, one of the first proxy wars between superpowers.

The ideological contestation between communist powers China and the Soviet Union, and the free world led by the U.S. left behind the demilitarized zone (DMZ), 250 Km (160 miles) long and 4 Km (2.5 miles) wide, that is 907 km2 (224,125 acres). This area accounts for about 0.5% of the Korean peninsula. To this day the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) runs through the center of DMZ and divides the communist North from the capitalist South. Technically, the two Koreas are still at war, and are only under a temporary armistice that was signed in 1953.

Given the DMZ’s relative freedom from human intervention in the past 60 years, it has become one of the most bio-diverse areas in Korea, perhaps in the world. Starting in the early 2000s, many calls and proposals have been made to conserve and preserve the area as a national or international peace park. The DMZ is however not free from other depredations: according to the United Nations Environment Programme report, for example, multiple burn scars linked to military surveillance operations in DMZ have been revealed through NASA’s Landsat 7 satellite. Furthermore, several organized DMZ tourist operations offer limited access to it on the South Korean side.

Beyond existing history, security concerns, and ecologically themed tourism and other moneymaking ventures, what more can the DMZ become? What Can it do? Can it be a more productive landscape, harness energy or become a cultural asset that creates value for North and South Korea? Alike, can it foster collaboration between the two Koreas? or to put it differently: what should it not be? Ultimately, elaborate mapping of the DMZ and its surrounding environment through the lens of current touristic operations can be used to provoke thoughts and envision the DMZ’s alternate future, speculating its potential transformation to an asset from a barrier.

Night satellite imagery of the Korean peninsula displaying a stark contrast between North and South Korea divided by the DMZ (Source: NASA, http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Front/overview2.html graphic annotations by author) 33

Research Background

This study is an attempt to better understand the DMZ beyond the political border, physical barrier, military buffer, and container of biodiversity, and understand its complex spatial operations. After the Korean War, the “38th parallel line” became more fixed in a different form. How and who drew the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) that makes up the DMZ? Why was it constructed? How is it maintained?

With these questions in mind, this Penny White award study focused its investigation on the current tourism industry flourishing around the DMZ on the South Korean side, and how we can start to read it in a more productive and meaningful way.

What kind of touristic operations are taking place? How do they impact the contiguous 4.8 to 20 Km (3 to 12 miles) wide Civilian Control Area (CCA)? What do the estimated 1.2 million land mines on the South Korean side represent to these touristic operations, and the future of these territories and especially their settlement patterns?

Burn scars in the DMZ captured by NASA Landsat 7 satellite, “Korean Demilitarized Zone” (Source: NASA “Image of the Day” http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3623) 35

THE TOURS관광

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Refer to page number for further information

Average number of tourists per year ( in millions)

Source: “DMZ: Cold War Front or Tourist Attraction?” The Korea Times, February 23, 2010http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2010/02/139_61302.html

관광

TOURISM

More than 100,000 tourists have passed through the joint security area (JSA) on strictly organized tours. Many of these tourists are Japanese, Chinese, American and European. Typically, South Koreans are not allowed on the JSA tours for security reasons. However, almost 4 million visitors including South Koreans visit the Imjin Pyungwha Nuri park (meaning Peace World park, see pg.115) near the DMZ in Paju annually.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°47’27.86” N, 126°40’44.97” EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°33′55.71″ N, 126°58′50.56″ EMay 11, 2011 07:29May 11, 2011 07:00

43

서울 롯데 호텔

LOTTE HOTEL SEOULTours to the DMZ set out from various hotels in Seoul, catering mostly to foreign tourists. Many of the tour sites are also accessible by private car and some include limited public transportation for domestic tourists. However, most of tours are in group tours, especially the ones closer to or in the DMZ.

Source: “2010 도로교통량 통계연보” (2010 Road Traffic Volume Year Book, Ministry of Transport and Maritime affairs) http://stat.mltm.go.kr/portal/stat/yearReport.do

이동

MOvEMENT

Juxtapositions and contradictions set the tone for the borderlands. Deceptively smooth expressways run continuously parallel to enclosures. Being psychologically aware that these expressways terminate abruptly somewhere, slows one down with anxiety before one physically arrives at any terminus.

자유로

FREEDOM EXPRESSwAyThis ironically named expressway connects the capital city of Seoul to Paju City, near the DMZ. It is one of the most heavily traveled expressways in South Korea, with an average daily traffic volume of 270,000 vehicles in 2010.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 37° 48’1.16” N, 126° 40’54.26” EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°48’15.52”N, 126°41’1.12”EMay 11, 2011 15:15May 11, 2011 15:14

45

경고

wARNINg The first sentence of the “Visitor Declaration” form upon entering the JSA reads:

“The visit to the Joint Security Area at Panmunjom will entail [sic] into a hostile area and the possibility of injury or death as a direct result of enemy action.” (Refer to “Visitor Declaration” pg 158)

판문점

PANMUNJOMThe United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC) conference building is located within the Joint Security area in the middle of the DMZ. Talks between North and South Korean officials are held here. The building is theoretically divided into two, North and South, but both takes turns in sharing the building.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°57’21.40”N, 126°40’37.34”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°57’21.40”N, 126°40’37.34”EMay 11, 2011 14:18May 11, 2011 14:33

Refer to “appendices,” pg 139, for futher details on the function of the UNCMC. 47

돌아오지 않는 다리

BRIDgE OF NO RETURN “The Bridge of No Return” crosses over the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) between North and South Korea. It is located in the JSA and was last used as a checkpoint for the exchange of prisoners of war. Upon release, they had to decide which side to join, and was never allowed to cross back. It was also where the U.S. Pueblo crew crossed over upon their release in December 23, 1968. This bridge made such a deep imprint on the Korean imaginary that it became the setting for a famous Korean movie titled “JSA.”

보다, 포착 하다, 기록하다

SEE, CAPTURE, RECORDThe DMZ is a site of immense attention, a surreal expression of spatial control ideals. This spatial order constructs an atmosphere that invites scrutiny and investigation beyond daily routine observation.


49

파주시 조산리 대성동 “자유 마을”

DAESUNg-DONg “FREEDOM vILLAgE”This is the only South Korean Village within the DMZ. only the original residents and their direct descendants are allowed to reside there. The 50 families who live there, comprising 200 people boast an average household income of US$70,000. They have exclusive access to agricultural lands with tax exemptions. Male residents are also exempt from military duty. Access in and out of the “Freedom” village is highly restricted for both inhabitants and visitors. They also are subject to a midnight curfew.

개성시 평화리 기정동 “평화촌”

KIJONg-DONg “PEACE vILLAgE”Widely known to South Koreans and Westerners alike as a “propaganda village,” it is one of two villages within the DMZ that was allowed to stay in place following the Armistice Agreement. The 160m (524ft) tall flagpole, until recently the tallest in the world, was a response to the 85m (279ft) flagpole South Koreans built in Daesung “Freedom Village” on the South side in 1980. According to the tour guides, the Peace Village is a ghost town. with no night lights. only military personnel is ever seen.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 37° 54’ 31.40” N, 126° 42’ 16.46” EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37° 54’ 31.40” N, 126° 42’ 16.46” EMay 11, 2011 12:33May 11, 2011 12:32

51

제 3 땅굴

THIRD INFILTRATION TUNNELThis tunnel was discovered in october of 1978. It is one of four infiltration tunnels known to the public. The location of the 1635m-long tunnel is about 44km, less than a hour’s drive, from Seoul. It has become a popular “security tour” site attracting many foreign tourists, Korean soldiers, and students.

땅굴

INFILTRATION TUNNELSIt is estimated by experts who study North Korean infiltration tunnels, that there are more than 20 infiltration tunnels dug by the North Koreans, with the purpose of invading the South. Each is said to be capable of allowing the passage of more than 30,000 troops per hour. only four of these tunnels have been officially discovered and open to the public. North Koreans continue to deny building these tunnels.


53

대통령 방문

PRESIDENTS Former South Korean president Kim Dae-Jung and his U.S. counterpart George W. Bush signed the railroad ties at Dorasan Station, wishing for peace and unification. During his visit to the DMZ in 1993, former U.S president Bill Clinton described it as being the “scariest place on Earth.”

도라산역

DORASAN STATIONDorasan station is the northernmost railway station in South Korea. It is part of the Gyeongui line and was opened in 2002 after being disconnected for 52 years. In 2007 goods from South Korea were shipped to the Kaesong Industrial Complex. However, operations were halted after the North Koreans closed the border crossing when a South Korean conservative government was elected in 2008.


55

펀치 볼

PUNCH BOwL

This land formation is called the “Punch Bowl” because it resembles a large bowl. It was the site of fierce battles during the Korean War. Many dreadful battles were fought along the border to secure strategic advantages. Most of the three-year long Korean War was fought near these territories.

을지 전망대

EULJI OBSERvATORyThe observatory is located 1,049m (3,442ft) above sea level. Like many other military installations within the CCA, it is only accessible after a security check-in. Young military personnel give a detailed security briefing once the tourists arrive at the observatory. Many Guard Posts (G.P.) of North and South Korea can be seen from the observatory, but no photography is allowed.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 38°19’41.76”N, 128° 7’35.10”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 38°19’41.76”N, 128° 7’35.10”EMay 10, 2011 15:01May 10, 2011 13:32

57

출입 확인서

ENTRy CERTIFICATE RULES To FoLLoW :

- Do not park or stop within the CCA

- No taking of photos or videos of military installations is allowed

- Hunting and gathering is prohibitied

- Checkout before 17.00 hours in winter,

18.00 hours in summer.

제 4 땅굴

FOURTH INFILTRATION TUNNELThe fourth and last officially discovered infiltration tunnel was discovered on March 3, 1990. It was unique in that it was the first one to be found in the eastern region of the border. The 1.7 x 1.7m (5’6”x 5’6”) tunnel was found 145m (475ft) below ground. It is identical in construction to the second and third infiltration tunnels.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 38°17’23.99”N, 128° 8’42.60”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 38°18’38.37”N, 128° 7’20.01”EMay 10, 2011 13:20May 10, 2011 16:50

59

주의 사항

wARNINgSMore rules: from the reverse side of the tour ticket

1. No stopping or leaving the vehicle except at designated points

2. Follow the instructions of the guides and military personel

3. Drinking, singing, and dancing is not permitted

4. Photographing of military installations or during transportation is not permitted

5. No firearms, video recorders, zoom lens cameras, alcohol, nor fishing equipment are permitted

6. We are not civilly nor penally responsible for personal and property damage due to unexpected accidents (Gunshots, explosions, vehicular accidents).

* You will be referred to relevant legislation should you not comply with the above.

철원 철의 삼각전적지 견학

CHEORwONTours leave four times a day, taking a three hour trip to the Goseokjeong Pavilion, the second infiltration tunnel, the peace observatory, Woljeongri Railway Station, and the old Labour Party building. The tour thus combines natural, historical and security sites. As opposed to the Joint Security Area, which is mainly restricted to foreigners, this tour is open and accessible to South Koreans. It is however, limited to the CCA and does not take visitors into the DMZ itself.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 38°11’6.47”N, 127°17’16.13”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 38°18’33.31”N, 127°15’4.72”EMay 29, 2011 10:10 - 16:00May 29, 2011 10:10 - 16:00

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노란 “사진선”

THE yELLOw “PHOTO LINE”Tour sites within the CCA and near the DMZ are often closed when tensions between the two Koreas escalate. These closures have an enormous impact on the daily life of locals, especially those who rely on tourism for a livelihood. The random and unpredictable nature of the closures has substantial short and long-term socioeconomic impact.

네비게이션

gLOBAL POSITIONINg SySTEMMany locations within the CCA and near the DMZ are not displayed by South Korean GPS equipment for security reasons. However, with increased internet access and GPS positioning technology enabled through widespread smartphones, your location is pinpointed on Google or Bing maps. This securtity measure then starts to erode.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°54’31.40”N, 126°42’16.46”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 38°15’34.45”N, 128° 9’41.69”EMay 10, 2011 10:37May 10, 2011 15:30

63

금강산 관광

MT. KEUMKANg TOURSAfter a 45-year disconnect, South Korean tourists were able to travel to Mount Keumkang first by cruise ships and as of 2003, on the newly connected roads by bus. By late 2008, more than 1.95 million people had travelled to Mount Keumkang. Tours came to a full stop when a South Korean tourist was shot dead by a North Korean soldier in July, 2008.

고성 통일 전망대

UNIFICATION OBSERvATORy Since its opening in 1984, more than 28 million people have visited the observatory. That equivalent to 1 million visitors per year, who have a spectacular view of the East Sea and the famous Mount Keumkang on the North side. Many separated families visit the observatory on special occasions to be closer to their families in North Korea.

WGS 84 Coordinates: 38°35’10.46”N, 128°22’34.12”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37° 33′ 55.71″ N, 126° 58′ 50.56″ EJune 06, 2011 16:35June 06, 2011 16:32

65

TYPOLOGIES유형

MILITARy BASE CAMPS NEAR THE DMZ IN SOUTH KOREA Although DMZ stands for “Demilitarized Zone,” this border is amongst the most militarized and fortified in the world, with North Korea having more than1.1 million active troops and 8.3 million reserve and South Korea having 0.69 million active troops and 8.0 million in reserve, mostly concentrated near the DMZ. The United States also have 28,500 active troops stationed in South Korea.

71

wARNINg SIgNSWarning and restriction signs mark the landscape of the DMZ and its surrounding territories. They not only serve as a reminders of where one is, but change how one perceives the surrounding landscape and its built environment. The effect is that of Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon: one feels as if one were being watched all the time. It makes one question oneself before taking any photo or moving freely.

73

“He who is subjected to a field of visibility, and who knows it, assumes responsibility for the constraints of power; he makes them play spontaneously upon himself; he inscribes in himself the power relation in which he simultaneously plays both roles; he becomes

the principle of his own subjection”

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punishment. Vintage Books, New York: 1995

75

“South Korea’s Overpasses to Nowhere Remain Part of Defense Strategy” By Jon Rabiroff (Source:http://www.stripes.com/news/s-korea-s-overpasses-to-nowhere-remain-part-of-defense-strate-gy-1.106886)

ANTI-TANK BARRICADE SySTEMThe normal primary connective function of the road is perceived in the DMZ as a weak defense. This inherent weakness is countered by “North Korean speed bumps” known as the “rock drops.” The intension of which is to slow down an eventual land invasion by exploding huge concrete blocks down on to the road. Installed mostly in 1979-80, the system is now seen as obsolete. Nevertheless, they are still in place which activates the latent memory and probabilities of war.

77

BORDER LANDSCAPESSpanning 250 km laterally from its west to east coast, the DMZ frames a variety of ecological zones and landscapes. Its absence of urbanization has sparked nature conservation groups such as “The DMZ Forum: for Peace and Nature Conservation” to preserve and protect its unique biological and cultural resources. Their goal is to have the DMZ designated a UNESCo World Heritage Site. Research and awareness is also ongoing in the area, seeking ways to support ecotourism and other activities compatible with the region’s ecology.

79

“Borders, then, are rather strange hybrid entities: they are irreal [sic] as discursively constructed, but they can be embodied in physical things like walls. In contrast with boundaries and borderlands, but in common with border-lines, borders are ideal and eidetic; they are constituted by words (typically written, though these are sometimes based on official oral discussions: in both cases, their meanings are irreal [sic] as semantic entities), or by images (as with border-lines considered

as drawn features in the maps that depict them).”

Casey, E. S. “Border versus Boundary at La Frontera”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2011, Volume 29, pg 390

81

IMAgES OF HOPECast against frightful tensions and a dark history of war, images of hope, and reconciliation are cropping up along the DMZ tour routes. They are often emotional calls for reunification, humanitarian empathy, economic improvements, and other messages of peace. A sign installed by the Ministry of Unification of South Korea in Dorasan Station, near the DMZ reads: “Not the last station from the South, but the first station toward the North.” But who are the people yearning for unification? The separated families? Who else does it matter to? Who would benefit from it? Who wouldn’t? Is reunification inevitable? Will the current situation perpetuate itself? How can positive change be jumpstarted?

83

“The only certain thing about war is uncertainty.”

Kim Byungki, International Relations Professor at Korea UniversitySouth Korea’s Overpasses to Nowhere Remain Part of Defense Strategy by Jon Rabiroff

85

VIEWS전망

DORA OBSERVATORY LOOKING NORTH

91

RoAD To THE DMZ, ALoNG THE IMJIN RIVER 93

MILITARY BoRDER FENCES ALoNG THE IMJIN RIVER 95

JoINT SECURITY AREA, DMZ 97

UNITED NATIoNS CoMMAND MILITARY ARMISTICE CoMMISSIoN (UNCMAC) CoNFERENCE BUILDING 99

SERIES oF TUNNELS TRAVELING EAST 101

THE FoURTH INFILTRATIoN TUNNEL 103

WIND FARM IN KANGWoN PRoVINCE 105

MoUNTAINoUS LANDSCAPE oN THE EAST CoAST 107

KoSUNG, EAST CoAST NEAR THE DMZ 109

TRANSPoRTATIoN INFRASTRUCTURE oN EAST, NEAR THE DMZ 111

EAST CoAST LooKING SoUTH NEAR THE DMZ 113

ImjINGAK OVER LOOKING ImjIN RIVER

115

APPENDICES부록

01. Aug 1945-June 25 1950

02. Jul/Aug 1950

04. Sep 26 1950

05. OCT 07 1950

10. Jan 24 1951

12. Apr 22 1951

13. Jul 10 1951- Jul 27 1953 (Armistice signed)

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onpy

eong

Isla

ndNo

v 23

201

0

Sout

h Ko

rean

tour

ist

shot

dea

d Ju

ly 2

008

0

5

10

20

km

2.2

mill

ion

Land

min

es

in th

e DM

Z re

gion

North

Kor

ea tr

oops

1.1

mill

ion

activ

e8.

3 m

illio

n re

serv

e

Sout

h Ko

rea

troop

s

0.69

mill

ion

activ

e8.

0 m

illio

n re

serv

eUS

troo

ps

28,5

00

Appr

ox. t

otal

are

asDM

Z : 9

07 k

m2

CCA

1,52

8 km

2

Injin

Riv

er

Hwan

ggan

g Da

m

Floo

dwat

er re

leas

eSe

p 20

09, 3

kill

ed

Imna

m D

am to

p of

Bu

khan

Riv

erco

mpl

eted

in 2

003

Peac

e Da

m22

mile

s do

wn

stre

am o

f Im

nam

Da

m c

ompl

eted

in 2

005

Sout

h Ko

rea

inst

alle

d Sa

msu

ng

SGR-

1 ar

med

robo

t adj

acen

t to

DMZ,

$20

0,00

0 ea

ch. J

ul 2

010

THE

DM

Z A

S A

BA

RR

IER

123Bey

ond

the

barb

ed-w

ired

fenc

e as

phy

si-

cal

barr

ier,

the

DM

Z is

one

of

the

mos

t he

avily

milit

ariz

ed b

orde

rs i

n th

e w

orld

. N

orth

Kor

ea h

as 1

.1 m

illion

act

ive

and

8.2

milli

on r

eser

ve t

roop

s (4

18.9

/ 1

,000

ca

pita

), S

outh

Kor

ea 6

87,0

00 a

ctiv

e an

d 8.

0 m

illion

res

erve

(17

3.6

/ 1,

000

capi

ta

: co

mpa

rabl

e to

103

.6 /

1,0

00 o

f Is

rael

). U

.S F

orce

s al

so h

as 2

8,50

0 tr

oops

sta

-tio

ned

in S

outh

Kor

ea w

ith m

ost

of t

hem

co

ncen

trat

ed a

roun

d th

e D

MZ.

Acc

ordi

ng t

o va

rious

sou

rces

, th

ere

are

2.2

milli

on la

nd m

ines

are

spr

ead

arou

nd

the

DM

Z. T

his

equa

tes

to a

bout

1.2

min

es

per

squa

re m

eter

. (C

ente

r fo

r D

efen

se In

-fo

rmat

ion

repo

rt, s

ee p

ag 2

6)

Man

y se

ctio

ns a

long

the

DM

Z al

so h

ave

anti-

tank

ba

rrie

rs

on

the

road

s.

Nor

th

Kor

ea a

ccus

es S

outh

Kor

ea o

f bu

ildin

g a

conc

rete

wal

l “5

-8m

hig

h, 1

0-19

m t

hick

at

the

bot

tom

, an

d 3-

7m w

ide

in t

he u

p-pe

r pa

rt”

span

ning

the

ent

ire le

ngth

of t

he

DM

Z w

ith g

un e

mbr

asur

es,

look

outs

, an

d m

ilitar

y es

tabl

ishm

ents

. S

outh

Kor

ea a

nd

the

U.S

. de

nies

of

any

inst

allm

ents

exi

st-

ing.

Rec

ently

, in

Jul

y 20

10,

Sou

th K

orea

in-

stal

led

two

robo

ts

wor

th

US

$ 36

0,00

0 ea

ch,

capa

ble

of

dete

ctin

g an

d ki

lling

intr

uder

s al

ong

the

DM

Z (J

uly,

20

10,

“The

Tel

egra

ph”)

. Th

is c

an b

e se

en a

s a

coun

term

easu

re t

o th

e fo

ur N

orth

Kor

ean

infil

trat

ion

tunn

els

disc

over

ed

betw

een

1974

and

199

0. C

apab

le o

f ca

rryi

ng u

p to

30,

000

troo

ps p

er h

our,

they

are

not

ju

st a

phy

sica

l int

rusi

on,

but

is a

psy

cho-

logi

cal a

nd s

ymbo

lic b

arrie

r be

twee

n bo

th

coun

trie

s.

The

MD

L in

the

DM

Z an

d th

e hi

ghly

con

-te

sted

N

orth

ern

Lim

ited

Line

(N

LL)

on

the

Yello

w S

ea t

ypic

ally

see

n in

isol

atio

n,

are

map

ped

toge

ther

her

e. T

he M

DL

on

land

is

exte

nded

int

o th

e w

ater

. U

nlik

e th

e D

MZ,

whi

ch w

as c

lear

ly m

arke

d an

d ag

reed

by

both

Nor

th K

orea

and

the

UN

C

omm

and

in t

he 1

953

Arm

istic

e A

gree

-m

ent,

NLL

was

not

cle

arly

defi

ned.

It w

as

only

spe

cifie

d th

at t

he fi

ve is

land

s in

clud

-in

g Ye

onpy

eong

an

d B

aeng

nyeo

ng

Is-

land

s w

ould

rem

ain

unde

r U

N a

nd S

outh

K

orea

n co

ntro

l.

This

was

due

to th

e U

N w

antin

g to

use

the

mar

itim

e de

mar

catio

n lin

e of

the

3 na

utic

al

mile

(5.

6km

) of

ter

ritor

ial w

ater

s, w

here

as

the

Nor

th K

orea

ns w

ante

d to

use

the

12

naut

ical

mile

(22

km)

cuto

ff. T

he 3

nau

ti-ca

l mile

lim

it w

as s

tand

ard

prac

tice

whe

n th

e N

LL w

as d

raw

n, b

ut in

the

197

0’s,

a

limit

of 1

2 na

utic

al m

iles

beca

me

the

in-

tern

atio

nally

acc

epte

d no

rm,

and

the

dis-

pute

con

tinue

s. T

his

arra

ngem

ent

hind

ers

Nor

th K

orea

’s m

ariti

me

acce

ss t

o H

aeju

, th

eir

maj

or s

outh

ern

deep

wat

er p

ort.

This

dis

pute

d se

a ar

ea is

als

o kn

own

for i

ts

crab

cat

chin

g. T

wo

or t

hree

ton

s of

cra

bs

can

be w

orth

as

muc

h as

US

$ 70

,000

. P

eak

seas

on is

sho

rt,

typi

cally

fro

m e

arly

M

ay to

mid

Jul

y. S

outh

Kor

ea ta

kes

abou

t on

e th

ird o

f th

e ca

tch,

abo

ut 3

,300

ton

s.

Nor

th K

orea

on

the

othe

r ha

nd,

expo

rted

1,

879

tons

of

crab

, w

orth

$7.

8 m

illion

to

Chi

na i

n 20

01,

and

sim

ilar

amou

nts

to

Japa

n. T

hese

mar

itim

e di

sput

es h

ave

al-

read

y re

sulte

d in

man

y fa

tal

clas

hes

be-

twee

n th

e pa

rtie

s.

Am

ongs

t th

e re

cent

milit

ary

clas

hes

was

th

e fir

st B

attle

of

Yeon

pyeo

ng i

n 19

99.

Four

N

orth

K

orea

n pa

trol

bo

ats

and

a gr

oup

of fi

shin

g bo

ats

cros

sed

the

bord

er

star

ting

a gu

n ba

ttle

. Whi

ch re

sulte

d in

one

N

orth

Kor

ean

vess

el s

inki

ng,

five

patr

ol

boat

s da

mag

ed,

30 N

orth

Kor

ean

sailo

rs

kille

d, a

nd 7

0 w

ound

ed.

In t

he S

econ

d B

attle

of

Yeon

pyeo

ng in

200

0, t

wo

Nor

th

Kor

ean

patr

ol b

oats

cro

ssed

the

NLL

nea

r Ye

onpy

eong

Isla

nd a

nd s

tart

ed fi

ring;

afte

r be

ing

outn

umbe

red

and

suffe

ring

dam

-ag

e, th

e ve

ssel

s re

trea

ted.

In 2

009’

s B

attle

of

Dae

cheo

ng,

a N

orth

Kor

ean

gunb

oat

cros

sed

the

NLL

and

ent

ered

wat

ers

near

D

aech

eong

Isla

nd,

and

was

hea

vily

dam

-ag

ed f

rom

cou

nter

atta

ck,

as a

res

ult

they

re

trea

ted.

A m

ajor

blo

w to

Sou

th K

orea

was

the

sink

-in

g of

the

Ro

KS

Che

onan

in 2

010.

Th

e C

heon

an,

a S

outh

Kor

ean

corv

ette

, w

as

sunk

by

an e

xplo

sion

, ki

lling

46 S

outh

K

orea

n sa

ilors

. Th

is r

esul

te i

n a

Sou

th-

Kor

ea-le

d in

tern

atio

nal

inve

stig

atio

n th

at

unco

vere

d N

orth

K

orea

’s

invo

lvem

ent,

whi

ch

the

Nor

th c

ontin

ues

to d

eny.

The

sh

ellin

g of

Yeo

npye

ong

in 2

010

was

the

m

ost

rece

nt in

cide

nts

in t

he w

est

bord

er

wat

er

zone

. N

orth

K

orea

n fo

rces

fir

ed

som

e 17

0 ar

tille

ry s

hells

at

Yeon

pyeo

ng,

killin

g 4

Sou

th K

orea

ns,

inju

ring

19,

and

caus

ing

wid

espr

ead

dam

age

to th

e ci

vilia

n fis

hing

villa

ge.

+ S

EOUL

3

7° 3

4’ 8”N

, 126

° 58’ 3

6” E

KEAS

ONG

37°

58’

0’’ N

, 126

° 33’ 0” E

+Ka

eson

g In

dust

rial R

egio

n 20

03

+ Pa

nmun

jom

+ Py

ongy

ang

3

9° 1’ 1

0” N

, 125

° 44’ 1

7” E

+ H

aeju

+ In

chon

+ So

kcho

Yeon

cheo

n,

Kyou

ng-g

i

+

A

nbyo

n pl

ains

D

PRK

Cran

e Re

stor

atio

n Pr

ojec

t

+

Ch

row

on p

lain

s

Cra

ne R

esto

ratio

n Pr

ojec

t

crane migration

path

crane mig

ration path

Mt K

eum

gang

Tour

s

18 N

ovem

ber 1

998

Kum

gang

ho m

ade

its

mai

den

voya

ge fr

om

Dong

hae

harb

our

2 m

illio

n So

uth

Kore

an

tour

ists

vis

it M

t Keu

mka

ngNo

v 19

98 -

July

200

8

Inla

nd to

ur s

tarts

Feb

2003

- Ju

l 200

8

Kaes

ong

Tour

sDe

c 20

07- D

ec 2

008

Apr 2

010

- May

2010

“Ope

n Rad

io NK

” broc

ast

+ S

ariw

on

~3

hour

s of

floa

ting

from

Sou

th o

f DM

Z

+ P

yong

yang

~

5 ho

urs

of fl

oatin

g le

avin

g So

uth

of D

MZ

Choi

bos

hik,

who

def

ecte

d fro

m N

orth

Ko

rea

has

sent

400

mill

ion

prop

agan

da

leafl

ets

to N

orth

sin

ce 2

005.

In 2

010

and

2009

he

has

sent

ove

r 80

mill

ion

leafl

ets

each

yea

r. Th

e ex

tra la

rge

ballo

ons

he in

vent

ed c

an c

arry

abo

ut

60,0

00 ~

10,0

00 le

aflet

s an

d ca

n fly

to

capi

tal P

yong

yang

in 2

~3 h

ours

. Som

e of

th

ese

ballo

ons

even

hav

e GP

S de

vice

s to

be

dro

pped

at a

n ac

cura

te lo

catio

n.

Prop

agan

da le

aflet

la

unch

poi

nts

Wat

er b

odie

s

+ A

rriv

es in

Pyo

ngya

ng

af

ter 3

~4

hour

s of

laun

chin

g fr

om

Yeo

npeo

ng Is

land

, und

er w

ind

s

peed

s of

4-5

m/s

38˚3

7’ N

133

˚00’

E

38˚0

3’ N

123

˚45’

E38

˚00’

Par

alle

l

Sout

h Ko

rean

tour

ist

shot

dea

d Ju

ly 2

008

Chin

ese,

Nor

th,

and

Sout

h Ko

rean

Fi

shin

g Ar

ea31

N. K

orea

ns

drift

dow

n So

uth

via

wat

er,

4 de

fect

s, 2

7 re

turn

s to

Nor

th

afte

r inv

estig

atio

nsFe

b 05

201

0

Yeon

pyeo

ng Is

land

Baek

nyeo

ng Is

land

FLO

wS

IN T

HE

DM

Z

125Alth

ough

the

DM

Z op

erat

es a

s a

phys

i-ca

l an

d m

enta

l ba

rrie

r, it

can

be p

orou

s fo

r ce

rtai

n flo

ws

and

conn

ectio

ns, n

otab

ly

thos

e in

the

nat

ural

eco

logi

es.

Ser

val r

iv-

ers,

and

str

eam

s flo

ws

acro

ss it

. Rec

ently

, th

e Im

jin R

iver

cam

e un

der

scru

tiny

whe

n th

e an

un-

notifi

ed N

orth

Kor

ean

dam

dis

-ch

arge

kille

d 3

and

swep

t aw

ay 6

Sou

th

Kor

eans

in S

epte

mbe

r, 20

09.

Sin

ce t

here

w

as n

o si

gnifi

cant

rai

n ar

ound

the

tim

e of

th

e re

leas

e, t

his

was

see

n as

a p

rovo

ca-

tion.

(S

epte

mbe

r 20

09,

“The

New

Yor

k Ti

mes

”).

This

us

e of

w

ater

cour

se

and

dam

s as

wea

pons

or

aggr

essi

ve o

ffens

e is

not

new

. In

198

6, it

was

rev

eale

d th

at

Nor

th K

orea

was

bui

ldin

g a

mas

sive

dam

up

stre

am o

f th

e H

an R

iver

, w

hich

flow

s th

roug

h S

eoul

, the

cap

ital o

f Sou

th K

orea

. Th

is le

ad to

the

Sou

th K

orea

n go

vern

men

t to

bui

ld t

he “

Pea

ce D

am”

furt

her

dow

n st

ream

, an

effo

rt t

o w

hich

virt

ually

eve

ry

Sou

th K

orea

n co

ntrib

uted

tho

ugh

taxe

s an

d pu

blic

don

atio

ns i

n or

der

to c

aptu

re

the

wat

er fl

owin

g fro

m t

he N

orth

and

pro

-te

ctin

g S

eoul

. I

t w

as l

ater

rev

eale

d th

at

the

Sou

th K

orea

n go

vern

men

t’s c

laim

s of

N

orth

’s w

ater

agg

ress

ion

was

exa

gger

-at

ed to

mai

ntai

n th

eir

pow

er.

S

ince

the

late

199

0s, w

ith a

left-

lean

ing

Nor

th K

orea

n fri

endl

y S

outh

Kor

ean

gov-

ernm

ent,

the

“Sun

shin

e P

olic

y”

impl

e-m

ente

d an

unp

rece

dent

ed l

evel

of

eco-

nom

ic a

nd in

frast

ruct

ural

con

nect

ions

unt

il

the

deat

h of

a S

outh

Kor

ean

tour

ist i

n Ju

ly

2008

. In

199

8, t

he S

outh

Kor

ean

Hyu

n-da

i G

roup

was

per

mitt

ed t

o de

velo

p th

e re

sort

at

Mt.

Keu

mga

ng i

n N

orth

Kor

ea,

whi

ch p

laye

d a

sign

ifica

nt r

ole

in r

educ

ing

tens

ions

bet

wee

n bo

th c

ount

ries.

The

Mt.

Keu

mga

ng t

ouris

m p

roje

ct w

as a

n ef

fort

to

pro

mot

e pe

acef

ul r

elat

ions

and

reu

ni-

ficat

ion

(Min

istr

y of

Uni

ficat

ion,

200

6).

On

18 N

ovem

ber,

1998

, the

cru

ise

ship

Kum

-ga

ngho

sai

led

on it

s m

aide

n vo

yage

fro

m

Don

ghae

Har

bor

in t

he S

outh

to

Nor

th

Kor

ea,

carr

ying

826

pas

seng

ers,

mar

king

th

e hi

stor

ic s

tart

of

the

Mt

Kum

gang

tou

r (M

inis

try

of U

nific

atio

n, 2

007)

.

I

n Fe

brua

ry 2

003,

an

inla

nd t

our

to

Mt.

Keu

mga

ng s

et o

ut b

y pa

ssin

g th

roug

h th

e D

MZ.

Thi

s ro

ute

prov

ided

mor

e co

n-ve

nien

t ac

cess

tha

n sa

iling

from

Don

ghae

H

arbo

r. S

ince

then

, in

addi

tion

to 4

00,0

00

tour

ists

in 2

007,

alm

ost

two

milli

on S

outh

K

orea

ns h

ave

visi

ted

Mt.

Keu

mga

ng s

ince

its

ope

ning

in

1998

(M

inis

try

of U

nific

a-tio

n, 2

008)

. In

Dec

embe

r 20

07,

a se

cond

ag

reem

ent

betw

een

the

Hyu

ndai

Gro

up

and

Nor

th K

orea

sta

rted

the

Kae

song

City

to

ur, a

one

-day

, clo

sely

con

trol

led

tour

that

ex

plor

es th

e hi

stor

ic a

nd c

ultu

ral l

egac

y of

K

aese

ong,

(C

ho,

2007

). W

hile

the

pas

t de

cade

w

itnes

sed

posi

tive

mov

emen

ts

in

inte

r-K

orea

n re

latio

ns

rega

rdin

g to

ur-

ism

and

bus

ines

s de

velo

pmen

ts, t

ensi

ons

reem

erge

d as

the

resu

lt of

a N

orth

Kor

ean

sold

ier

shoo

ting

a S

outh

Kor

ean

tour

ist

near

the

Mt.

Keu

mga

ng r

esor

t w

hile

she

w

as ta

king

a w

alk

in J

uly

2008

. Nor

th K

o-re

a re

fuse

d th

e S

outh

’s r

eque

st fo

r a

join

t in

vest

igat

ion

of t

he d

eath

, an

d S

outh

Ko-

rea

susp

ende

d al

l tou

rs to

the

reso

rt (B

BC

, 20

08).

Par

alle

l to

this

, th

e K

aeso

ng In

dust

rial

Com

plex

in N

orth

Kor

ea w

as e

stab

lishe

d in

200

2. T

his

indu

stria

l par

k op

ened

in D

e-ce

mbe

r 20

04.

Just

10

Km

(6 m

iles)

nor

th

of t

he D

MZ,

it

seek

s sy

nerg

ies

betw

een

the

high

ly p

rodu

ctiv

e ye

t ch

eap,

lab

or o

f N

orth

Kor

ea a

nd t

he t

echn

olog

ical

kno

w-

how

and

cap

ital

of t

he S

outh

. W

orke

rs

earn

$75

a m

onth

, ha

lf of

Chi

nese

and

5%

of

wha

t th

e S

outh

Kor

ean

coun

ter-

part

s ea

rn. T

he o

pera

tion

star

ted

in M

arch

20

05,

and

as

of

June

20

10

empl

oys

42,0

00 N

orth

Kor

eans

and

800

Sou

th K

o-re

ans.

Fut

ure

plan

s ar

e to

hire

26,

000

ad-

ditio

nal w

orke

rs a

nd to

incr

ease

the

pow

er

supp

ly fr

om it

s cu

rren

t 15

MW

to 1

00M

W,

tran

smitt

ed fr

om th

e S

outh

.

I

n ad

ditio

n to

gov

ernm

ent

colla

bora

-tio

ns a

nd fl

ows,

the

re a

re n

atur

al e

co-

logi

cal fl

ows,

suc

h as

mig

rato

ry b

irds,

and

ot

her

flora

s an

d fa

unas

that

are

flou

rishi

ng

in th

e D

MZ

due

to la

ck o

f hum

an in

terv

en-

tion.

The

DM

Z ha

s be

com

e an

invo

lunt

ary

wild

life

park

that

is n

ow re

cogn

ized

as

one

of t

he b

est

pres

erve

d te

mpe

rate

hab

itats

in

the

wor

ld. T

his

has

driv

en m

any

envi

ron-

men

talis

ts t

o pu

sh t

o tr

ansf

orm

the

DM

Z in

to a

n ec

o-pe

ace

park

or

a U

NE

SC

o

Wor

ld H

erita

ge S

ite.

Des

pite

Nor

th K

orea

’s j

amm

ing

of r

adio

an

d te

levi

sion

sig

nals

, an

d no

mor

e th

an

thou

sand

re

sear

cher

s an

d hi

gh

offic

ials

ha

ving

acc

ess

to th

e In

tern

et, o

utle

ts s

uch

as t

he N

orth

Kor

ea R

efor

m R

adio

, Fr

ee

Nor

th

Kor

ea

Rad

io,

ope

n R

adio

N

orth

K

orea

and

Dai

ly N

K (

Web

site

in

Seo

ul)

mak

e th

eir

way

to

ordi

nary

Nor

th K

orea

ns

and

mot

ivat

e so

me

to r

isk

thei

r liv

es a

nd

defe

ct to

Sou

th K

orea

, mai

nly

via

Chi

nese

bo

rder

s. S

eem

ing

empt

y bu

t cov

ertly

pro

-gr

amm

ed 3

GB

thum

b dr

ives

circ

ulat

e w

ith

info

rmat

ion

of S

outh

Kor

ea a

nd th

e re

st o

f th

e w

orld

, car

ryin

g m

usic

, vid

eos,

pho

tos,

an

d vo

ice

files

that

sel

f-er

ase

afte

r a m

onth

or

sev

eral

dow

nloa

ds (“

The

Atla

ntic

,” A

pril

2011

). In

ear

ly 2

011,

ten

sion

s es

cala

ted

with

Sou

th K

orea

n N

Go

s an

d th

e m

ili-ta

ry s

endi

ng m

illion

s of

GP

S t

echn

olog

y dr

iven

pr

opag

anda

le

aflet

s on

ai

rbor

ne

ballo

ons

to t

he N

orth

. Th

e pr

opag

anda

le

aflet

pac

kage

inc

lude

d in

form

atio

n on

re

cent

up

risin

gs in

Nor

th A

frica

and

Nor

th

Kor

ea’s

dic

tato

rshi

p, fo

od,

mon

ey,

radi

os,

DV

D a

nd o

ther

ess

entia

ls.

Nor

th K

orea

n go

vern

men

t offi

cial

ly re

spon

ded

by s

ayin

g th

ese

oper

atio

ns a

re tr

ying

to d

ecei

ve th

eir

publ

ic,

and

that

the

y w

ould

tar

get

and

reta

liate

the

are

as w

here

the

se b

allo

ons

wer

e de

ploy

ed.

Source: United, Nations Command. 1953. Military Armistice in Korea and Temporary Supplementary Agreement, Signed at Panmunjom, Korea, July 27, 1953, Entered into Force July 27, 1953. Vol. 5197; 2782. Washington,: U.S. Govt. pg. 234 - 261. 127

HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 235 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 234 1953

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CREDITS지은이

Credits

This study was funded by the Penny White Travel Fellowship at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design. “Winifred G. (Penny) White had just completed her second year of the Master of Landscape Architecture program when she died suddenly of leukemia in 1976. In her memory, her family established a fund within the GSD to offer financial support for student projects. The projects are to “carry forward Penny’s ideal of a culture which empha-sizes a close relationship between people and nature in a cohesive living environment.”

Author Dongsei Kim, ANZIA. RA. Architect and Urban DesignerMDesS,’12 Harvard; MsAUD; Columbia, B.Arch(Hons); VUW.

Academic Advisors Pierre Bélanger, Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignNiall Kirkwood, Professor of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignNina-Marie Lister, Visiting Associate Professor (Spring 2011), Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignLars Muller, Lars Muller Publishers & Lecturer, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design

Proofreading, copy editing and graphic adviceEdward J Baker, Associate and Consultant, Harvard-Yenching Institute, Harvard UniversityMónica Belevan, MDesS, History & Philosophy of Design, 2013, Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignLauren Kim, MArch I, 2013, Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignTana Hovland, Architectural Designer, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF), NYC

All photographs by Dongsei Kim unless otherwise credited © Dongsei Kim 2011 159

All photographs and text are by Dongsei Kim unless otherwise credited© Dongsei Kim 20113rd edition, April 2012

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Dongsei is a registered architect and urban designer with more than seven years of professional experience in New York, Seoul, and Wellington. He is currently expanding his research in urbanism at Harvard University through the Advanced Studies Program, working towards a Master in Design Studies (MDesS),

Urbanism, Landscape, Ecology.

He holds a Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design from Columbia University and a Bachelor of Architecture with honors from Victoria University of Wellington. While practicing at CCM Architects in Wellington he worked on several NZIA regional and national award-winning projects. He was the 1st Prize winner in the Grand Concourse International Ideas competition in NYC 2009. He was an adjunct professor of architecture at Kyunghee University in 2010 and has taught undergraduate students at Victoria University of Wellington. He served as guest a critic at Columbia University, The City College of New York, Kunkook University and Yonsei University. He is registered with the New Zealand Registered Architects Board (NZRAB) since 2007. He is currently a Research Associate at the Zofnass Rating System for Sustainable Infrastructure at the GSD.

His research thesis “Border as Urbanism: A new lens for the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea” explores potential and effects of physical and non-physical infrastructural flows that overcome the traditional barriers of borders. The research attempts to understand and reveal specific processes of

urbanism borders engender.

MDesS, GSD, Harvard University, 2012;MSAUD, GSAPP, Columbia University, 2009;

B.Arch(Hons), Victoria University of Wellington, 2003.Registered Architect with the New Zealand Registered Architects Board (NZRAB)

Architect member of New Zealand Institute of Architects (ANZIA)

contact [email protected]

THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE : THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE...“The waters of the Han River Estuary shall be open to civil shipping of both sides wherever one bank is controlled by one side and

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