The Deformation Behavior of Rare-earth Containing Mg Alloys Ajith Chakkedath 1 , C.J. Boehlert 1,2 , Z. Chen 1 , M.T. Perez-Prado 2 , J. Llorca 2 , J. Bohlen 3 , S. Yi 3 , and D. Letzig 3 . 1 Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 2 IMDEA Materials Institute, Madrid, Spain. 3 Magnesium Innovation Centre MagIC, Helmholtz Centre, Geesthacht, Germany. CHEMS Annual Research Forum, East Lansing, MI, May 14 2014. This work was supported by the NSF Division of Material Research “Materials World Network” (Grant No. DMR1107117).
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The Deformation Behavior of Rare-earth
Containing Mg Alloys
Ajith Chakkedath1, C.J. Boehlert1,2, Z. Chen1, M.T. Perez-Prado2,
J. Llorca2, J. Bohlen3, S. Yi3, and D. Letzig3.
1 Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 2 IMDEA Materials Institute, Madrid, Spain.
3 Magnesium Innovation Centre MagIC, Helmholtz Centre, Geesthacht, Germany.
CHEMS Annual Research Forum, East Lansing, MI, May 14 2014.
This work was supported by the NSF Division of Material Research “Materials World Network”
(Grant No. DMR1107117).
Our Lab and Equipment
2
Scanning Electron
Microscope
• Backscatter
Electron detector.
• EDS detector.
• EBSD detector.
Metallography lab
In-situ stage
• Screw driven.
• Tension/compression.
• Heater (~800C).
• Cooling system.
20 mm
Website:
http://www.egr.msu.edu/~boehlert/GROUP/
Magnesium
https://www.wikipedia.org/
http://www.cvmminerals.com/images/table.jpg
King, J. F. "Magnesium: commodity or exotic?." Materials science and technology 23.1 (2007): 1-14.
Plastic
Fe
Mg
Al
*The size of the circle corresponds
to the density of the material
3
Advantages
• Mg is the lightest structural metal (1.7 g/cc).
35% lighter than Al (2.7 g/cc).
Over four times lighter than steel (7.9 g/cc).
• High specific strength and stiffness
compared to other engineering materials.
• Mg is plentiful.
Eight most common element on earth; third most abundant metal.
(each cubic meter of sea water contains ~1.3 kg Mg).
The ores are found in most countries.
R. J. L. Stanner: Am. Sci., 1976, 64, 258. Shigley, C. M. "Minerals from the sea." J. Metals 3 (1951): 25-29.
King, J. F. "Magnesium: commodity or exotic?." Materials science and technology 23.1 (2007): 1-14.
Kulekci, M K. "Mg and its alloys applications in auto industry." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology39.9-10 (2008): 851-865.
Plastics Mg
Al
Ti
Steel
Specific strength
Specific stiffness
4
History
1960s: Titan I rocket
(~1100 lbs Mg sheet)
1940s: Northrop XP-56
(First airplane nearly
completely designed with Mg)
1950s:
B-36 Bomber
(Contained ~19000 lbs of Mg)
Friedrich, Horst E., and Barry L. Mordike. Magnesium technology. Berlin [etc.]: Springer, 2006. 5
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/
1930s: VW Beetle
(~20 kg of Mg; Mg crankcase
and transmission housing)
Applications
• Automotive industry (powertrain, body parts,
chassis, etc.)
• Electronic devices (laptop cases, etc.)
• Sporting goods (bicycle frame, etc.)
• Aerospace (transmission, etc.)
• Hand-held working tools
• Biomedical applications
Gupta, Manoj, and Nai Mui Ling Sharon. Magnesium, magnesium alloys, and magnesium composites. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 6
Porsche 911 Targa:
Mg roof shell and panel
bow.
Ford F-150 front structure bolster/radiator
support component is die-cast Mg.
IMA Mg showcase, Jan 2009, 1-4.
Why Light-weighting?
7 http://www.whitehouse.gov/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/
Why Light-weighting?
S. Sugimoto, 53rd Annual Mg Congress (Ube City, Japan, 1996), p. 38.
Friedrich, H E., and B L. Mordike. Mag Tech. Berlin [etc.]: Springer, 2006.
Ghassemieh, E. "Mater’s in auto appl, state of the art & prospects." Ch 20 (2011).
Kulekci, M K. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology39.9-10 (2008): 851-865.
Committee on the Effectiveness and Impact of CAFE Standards, National Research Council, Washington D.C.: National Academies Press, 2002.
8
• For every 10% of weight reduction, the fuel
economy improves by 6.6-8%.
– Weight reduction of 100 kg represents a fuel
saving of about 0.5 l / 100 km for a vehicle.
• Every kg of
weight reduced
in a vehicle,
results in ~20 kg
of CO2 reduction.
Tański, T., L. A. Dobrzański, and K. Labisz. ISSUES 1 (2010): 2. Kulekci, M K. The Intl J. of Adv Manu. Tech 39.9-10 (2008): 851-865. 9
22% to 70% weight
reduction is possible
for automotive
components by using
Mg alloys instead of
alternative materials.
Life cycle inventory study on Mg alloy
substitution suggests decrease in total
energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
Why Mg is Attractive to Auto Industry?
Physical Properties of Mg
10
• Mg has hexagonal close-packed
(HCP) structure at RT and
atmospheric pressure.
• Typical lattice parameters:
a = 0.32 nm & c = 0.52 nm
c/a ratio = 1.624
Unit cell of Mg
• The non-symmetric HCP structure partly complicates the
mechanical and physical properties of Mg and its alloys
(unlike steel or Al which has highly symmetric cubic structure).
Yoo, M. H. "Slip, twinning, and fracture in hexagonal close-packed metals."Metallurgical Transactions A 12.3 (1981): 409-418.