The Definition of Death: Cerebral or Cardiovascular? Jon N. Meliones, MD, MS, FCCM Professor of Pediatrics Duke University Medical Director PCVICU, PYCU, Life Flight
The Definition of Death: Cerebral or Cardiovascular?
Jon N. Meliones, MD, MS, FCCM
Professor of Pediatrics Duke University
Medical Director PCVICU, PYCU, Life Flight
The Definition of Death: Cerebral or
Cardiovascular?
• Scenario 1:
– 16 y.o. on back of scooter, no helmet, major
crash
– Emergency medical team arrives at scene
– Child in full arrest
– Unable to resuscitated at scene
– Pronounced dead at ER
The Definition of Death: Cerebral or
Cardiovascular?
• Scenario 2:
– 35 y.o. with intracranial hemorrhage
cerebral A-V malformation
– Severe neurologic injury with no chance for
a meaningful outcome
– Family considering withdrawal
– Should clinician ask about organ donation?
The Definition of Death: Cerebral or
Cardiovascular?
• Scenario 3:
– 13 y.o. has tonsillectomy and tissue
removal for sleep apnea
– Post-op period she has massive bleeding
– Patient experiences cardiac arrest with
prolonged CPR
– CPR results in return of circulation
– Declared “Brain dead”
The Definition of Death: Cerebral or
Cardiovascular?
• Defining the problem
• Cardiac Death
• Cerebral Death
Determination
Challenges
Organ Donation
Traditional
DCD
The Definition of Cardiovascular Death
• Scenario 1:
– 16 y.o. involved in major crash
– Pronounced dead at ER
• USA law: Uniform Determination of Death
(UDD) = irreversible, biological event with
permanent cessation of the critical functions
of the organism as a whole
• Cardiac death = irreversible cessation of
cardiac function
Donation without Cerebral or
Cardiovascular Death?
• Scenario 2:
– 35 y.o. with severe neurologic injury with
no chance for a meaningful outcome
– What are the options?
– How does Donation after Circulatory
death (DCD) work?
• Growing portions of donors
• Controversial in USA
• USA’s Dead Donor Rule (DDR) – “you got to be dead”
• DCD (non heart beating donor) = withdrawal of
ventilator and perfusion support in “catastrophic illness”
• Donation when neurologic criteria not met
• Pitfalls: Very controversial. Must have specific policies,
protocols, or practice guidelines
DCD = Controlled Donation after
Cardiac/circulatory Death
• Provider removed from: discussions / management
• Donor services coordinates consent, OR and transplant teams
• Support is withdrawn in OR: care per hospital protocol
• Death determined by the physician when meets IOM guidelines:
• Cessation of cardiac function for 2-10 minute confirmed by cardiac and/or arterial monitoring
• Wait 30-60 minutes; if no cessation patient moved
• Organs are surgically recovered and translanted
DCD = Controlled Donation after
Cardiac/circulatory Death
• Will some donors be denied potentially life-saving non-
conventional resuscitation procedures? (CPR-ECMO)
• In Hospital “ECPR” = 45% survival
• Out-of-hospital arrest: Will some benefit from
aggressive efforts in ER (CPR / ECMO)
• Out-of-hospital arrests; ECMO prior to wishes of the
potential donors or their families; is this justified?
DCD: Ethical Concerns
• More willing to donate kidneys
• 66% v. 81%; p < 0.0001
• Less willing to donate a heart
• 64% v. 38%; p < 0.0001
• Less willing to donate liver
• 40% v. 34%; p < 0.036
• Less willing to donate corneas
• 22% v. 15%, p < 0.0059
South African Willingness to
Donation: 1993 vs 2013
The Dilemma of Jahi McMath
• Scenario 3: Jahi McMath
September 2013:
– 13 y.o. has tonsillectomy and tissue
removal for sleep apnea
– Declared “Brain dead”
– Family refused to accept the
medical declaration of death by
neurological criteria; said McMath
was not dead, and initiated legal
proceedings in an effort to require
the hospital to continue treatment
The Dilemma of Jahi McMath
• Jahi has the following evidence for
brain death:
– No cereberal activity
– No brain stem activity
– No EEG activity
– No cerebral blood flow
The Dilemma of Jahi McMath
• On December 20, 2013, McMath's family
filed a lawsuit petitioning the court to
require Children's Hospital Oakland to keep
McMath on life support.
• Provide for Tracheostomy and G-Tube
• Court appointed an independent Pediatric
Neuro specialist
• Specialist x 5 confirm “Brain death”
The Dilemma of Jahi McMath
• On December 24, 2013, judge states that Jahi is
legally dead, orders physicians to continue
support while family adjusts to order
• Family again challenges court ruling:
– Uniform Determination of Death (UDD) is a violation
of constitutional religious and privacy rights
– Jahi's heart was still beating, she was still alive
– Hospital: "grotesque" to require the hospital and its
doctors to provide further medical care to a dead
body
The Dilemma of Jahi McMath
• Hospital agrees: they will release Jahi to the
mother on the ventilator and on IV fluids
• Coroner issues a death certificate declaring Jahi
dead
• Jahi is moved to New Jersey catholic hospital
where tracheostomy and G- tube placed
• Now living in a New Jersey apartment with
around the clock nursing
• Cerebral death = irreversible functions of all parts
of the entire brain, including the brain stem
• Diagnosis of cerebral death
• Neurological exam
• Apnea test
• Timing• Neurologic death must be distinguished from persistent
vegetative state (PVS)
• In PVS, the brainstem remains intact and functions to
maintain respiratory effort and normal circulation
The Definition of Cerebral Death?
• Performed after all other criteria for brain death have been met.
• Core temperature ≥36ºC or 97ºF
• Systolic blood pressure ≥100 mmHg
• Eucapnia (PaCO2 35 to 45 mmHg)
• Absence of hypoxia
• Euvolemic status are prerequisites
• Brain Dead: A positive apnea test = no respiratory response to a
PaCO2 >60 mmHg or 20 mmHg greater than baseline values and
a final arterial pH of <7.2
• Preoxygenate with FiO2 = 1.0
Apnea Test
• In USA, two examinations separated by an
observation period are required:
• a 48-hour evaluation interval for infants age
seven days to two months
• 24 hours for those greater than two months to
one year
• 12 hours for those between 1 and 18 years
• EEG remains strongly recommended USA for all
patients and is required to determine brain death in
very young children
The Definition of Cerebral Death?
• Confirmatory tests:
• Recommended;
• Hypoxic-ischemic injury
• <12 hours
• Isoelectric EEG
• Arteriogram or nuclear medicine study
demonstrating absence of cerebral circulation
The Definition of Cerebral Death:
Confirmatory Tests
• Pupils fixed: anticholinergic, neuromuscular blockers,
preexisting disease
• No oculovestibular reflexes: ototoxic agents,
vestibular suppressants, preexisting disease
• No respiration: posthyperventilation syndrome,
neuromuscular blockers
• No motor activity: neuromuscular blockers, "locked-
in" state, sedative drugs
• Isoelectric EEG: sedative drugs, anoxia, hypothermia,
encephalitis, trauma
Misleading findings in ? Cerebral Death
Proportion of Physicians Facing a Malpractice Claim Annually, According to Specialty.
Jena AB et al. N Engl J Med 2011;365:629-636
Data on Law Suits in USA
Amount of Malpractice Payments, According to Specialty.
Jena AB et al. N Engl J Med 2011;365:629-636
However Pediatrics Highest Settlements
Cumulative Career Probability of Facing a Malpractice Claim or Indemnity Payment, According to Risk of Specialty and Age of Physician.
Jena AB et al. N Engl J Med 2011;365:629-636
If You Work Long Enough In the ICU:
You Will Get sued!
• Two types of settlements in medical
malpractice in the USA:
• Non-economic = Pain and suffering;
• Many states limit this including
California to $250,000 USD
• Economic = Life care plans
• Children Life care plans can be >$20M
The Dilemma of Jahi McMath
The Dilemma: Jahi McMath: “Alive!”
• October of 2014 family states “Jahi” now
has EEG activity and Brain blood flow and
petition court to determine Jahi “Alive”
• Court refuses: No evidence presented to
experts
• Law suit filed in March 2015 alleging
malpractice and that the $250,000 cap does
not apply as she is alive
The Dilemma of Jahi McMath
The Dilemma of Jahi McMath
• What are the ethical consequences?
• What defines “Brain Dead?”
• Some health system's mandate that
families sign a binding agreement:
– If their child is declared brain dead or no
chance for a meaningful recovery:
• Withdrawal of care mandatory
• Cap on amount of money paid in case of
error
Cultural Differences about Death
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Hope Pain allowed MD assist Own life
White African American
The Definition of Death Cerebral or
Cardiovascular?
• Defining the problem
• Cardiac Death
• Cerebral Death
Determination
Challenges
Organ Donation
Traditional
DCD
This is a REAL crisis
• That is 7,665 people who die every year
• That is the equivalent of 18 Boeing 747
crashes in a year.
• One Commercial Airplane crash, every 20
days.
Cultural Differences about Death– Stop if no hope:
• W= 72% /AA=32%
– Disclose Pain in terminal disease:
• W=71% / AA=42%
– Allowed to die:
• W=80% / AA=41%
– Approve of physician assisted suicide:
• W=53 / AA=22
– Moral right for suicide:
• W=78 / AA=34%