THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE VOL. I
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Mar 17, 2023
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VOL. I
HISTORY O F ROME
PUBLISHERS
DECLINE AND FALL OF T H E ROMAN EMPIRE
BY
VOL. I
NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT. r p S , FRED DE FAU & COMPANY.
CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS N ?AOI . . . . . . . . .
I N T R O D U ~ O N BY W. E. H. LECKY . . . . . . . xvii PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . xxix ADVERTISEYENT TO THE NOTES . . . . . . . oniii ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FXRST OCTAVO EDITION . , . xxxiv PREFACE TO THE Fomw VOLUME OF THE Qnum EDITION . xxm INTRODUCTION BY TEE EDITOR . . . . . . . md.
0 pr
1
Introduction . . . . . . Moderation of Augusks . . . . . Imitated by his Successors . . . Conquest of Britain, the First Exception to it . Conquest of Dacia, the Second Exception to it Conquests of Trajan in the East . . . Resigned by his Successor Hadrian . . . Pacific System of Hadrian and the two Antonines Contrast of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius . . Defensive Wars of Marcus Antoninus . . Discipline Military Establishment of the Roman Emperors
. . . . . . . .
Navy . . . Amount of ;he whole Estab1ishn;ent . . . Spain . . . . . . . . View of the Provinces of the Roman Empire .
V
ALMA, MICHIGAN
vi CONTENTS
Gaul . . . . . . Britain . . . . . Italy . he ~ m u d e and IUy;ian Frontier Rhatia . . . . . N o r i m and Pannonia . . Dalmatia . . . . . Mmia and Dncia . Thran. Macedonia. and Gmce' Asia Minor . . . . Egypt Syria. Phcenicia. and Palestine . . . . . .
?AGX . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 26 . 2 7
a 8 * 2 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . Africa . . . . . . . . . . . j a The Mediterranean with its Islands . . . . . General idea of the Roman Empire
* 3 3 * * * 3 4 . . .
CHAPTER I1
Of the Union and I d e m a l P r o s p d y of the Roman Empire in the Age of the An&mincs
Principles of Government . Universal Spirit of Toleration Of the People . . . Of the Magistrates . . Of Philosophers . .
At Rome In the Provinces . . Freedom oiRome . .
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . The Provinces . . . . . . . . Colonies. and Municipal Towns . . . . Division o f the Latin and the Greek Provinces . General Cse of both the Greek and Latin Languages Slaves
" . . . . . . . . . Their Treatment . . . . . . . Enfranchisement . . . . . . . Numbers . . . . . . .
Populousness of thy Roman Empire . . . . Obedience and Limon . . . . . . Roman Monuments . . . . . . Many of them erected at Private Expense . . Example of Herodes Atticus . . . . . Most orthe Roman Monuments for Public Use . His Re utation
Temples. Theatres. Aqueducts . . . . Number and Greatness of the Cities of the Empire . In Italy . . . . . . . . . Africa Gaul and Spain
Asia . . . . . . . . . .
. . 40
. . 40
. * 41 * . 43 . . 44 . * 44 . . 46 . * 49 . . 49 . . 49 . . 5 1 . . s a
. . 54 * . 53
Improvement of’Agri;dturr in the West& C0Unt;ies 2 tbd 65
Introduction of Fmits. k c 5 TheVine . . . . . . . . . . 66 The Olive . . . . . . . . . . 67 Flax . . . . . . . . . . 67 Artificial Crass . . . . . . . . . 67
General Plenty . . . . . . . . . Arts of Luxury . . . . . . . . . : 3 Foreign Trade . . . . . . . . . 68
General Felicity Gold and Siiver * 70
Dedine of Courage . 71
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER 111
Oj thc Conrtilulion o j thc Roman Empirc. in tkc Age of the Anlonincs
Idea of a Monarchy . . . . . . . . . 75 He reforms the Senate Situation of Augustus 75
Resigns his usurped Power . . 9 76
Is prevailed upon to resume it under the Title of Emperor or * 77
General . . . . . . . Power of the Roman Generals . 77 Lieutenants of the Emperor
. 78 Division of the Provinces between the Emperor and the Senate 81
. 80
The former preserves his Military Commands, and Guards, in Rome itself . . . . . . . . . 81
Consular and Tribunitian powers . . . . . . 82 The Magistrates 84 Imperial Prerogatives 83
The Senate . . . . . . . . Court of the Emperon . . . . . . . . 87 Deification . . . . . . . . . . 87 Titles of Augustus and Czsar . . . . . . Character and Policy of Augustus
. sg Image of Liberty for the People . . . . . 90
. 90
Attempts of the Senate after the Deak of Caligula . . 91
Their Obedience . 92
Designation of a Successor 93 . 92
Of Titus Of Tiberius * 93 The Race df the C;esars, and Fiavian Family
93
117 OfHadrian . . . . . . . . . * 95
. . . . .
viii CONTENTS AS. rmz
:$-I& Adoption of the two Antorunes 97 A d o p t i o a o f t b e e l d e r o m d ~ r V e r u s 96
- d M . m u . . . . . . . . Its precarious Nature
Peculiar Misery of the Romans under their Tyrants . . . IOI
Extent o their Empire left them no Place of Refuge . . 104 Knowledfr and free Spirit ofthe Romans 102
. . . . . . . . . . . Character pnd Reign of Pius . . . . . . Happineas of the Romans . . . . . . . ' 9 9 . . . . . . . 100 Memory of Tikrius. C d G . Nero. and Domitian . . . 100
Insensibility of the Orientals . . . . . . . x01 . . . . .
CHAPT'ER IV
Tk Cruelty. Follies. and Mvrdm of Comwwdus-EkElcdimt 01 Pertinax-
Guar& His atkmpts to rcjvrm thc Siak - His A s s a c s i n d i m by ihc Prebrian
Indul nce of Marcus . . . . . . . . 106
To his son Commodus 107 his wife Faustina 106
Character of Commodus . . . . . . . . 1 0 g His Return to Rome . . . . . . .
183 Is wounded by an Assassin . . . . . 110 1 0 9
Hatred and Cruelty of Commcdus tow& the Senate . . 1 1 1 The Quintilian Brothers . . . . . . . . 1x2
186 The Minister Perennis . . . . . . . . 1x2 Revolt of Maternus . . . . . . . . . 113 The Minister Cleander . . . . . . . . 114
x i @ Sedition and Death of Cleander 116 His Avarice and Cruelty 114
Dissolute Pleasures of Commodus . . . . . . 1 1 7 His Iporance and low Sports . . . . . . . 118 Huntmg of Wild Beasts . . . . 118 Commodus Displays his sk i1 in'the drmpktheatre . . . 1x9 Acts 89 a Gladiator . . . . . . . . . 120 His Infamy and Extravagance . . . . . . . IZI
r9a Deatg of Cornmodus 123
Cons iracy of his Domestics 122
He is acknowledged by the Praetorian Guards 124 Choice of Pertinax for Emperor 123
The Memory of Commodus deckred'infamous . I . . 125 Legal Jurisdiction of the Senate over the Emperors . . . 126 Viues of Pertinax . . . . . . . . . 116 He endeavours to Reform the State . . . . . . 127 His Regulations . . . . . . . . . . 128 His Popularity . . . . . . . . . . 129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
Discontent of the Prretorians . . . . . . . 129
CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER V
A.V. Proportion of the Military Force to the Number of the People The Pmtorian Guards . . . . . . . . Their Institution . . . . . . . . . Their Camp . . . . . . . . . . Their specious Claims Strength and Confidence . . . . . . . .
193 It is purchased by Julian . . . . . . . . They offer the Empire to Sale . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Julian . . . . . . . . .
Pescennius Niger in Syria . . . . , . . Clcdius Albinus in Britain . . . . . . Pannonia and Dalmatia . . . . . . . Declared Emperor by the Pannonian’kgibns , . . Marches into Italy . . . . . . . , Advances towards Rome . . . . . . . Distress of Julian . . . . . . . . His uncertain Conduct . . . , . , . Is deserted by the Prcetorians . . . . . . Is condemned and executed by Order of the Senate . . Disgrace of the Pmtorian Guards . , . . , Funeral and Apotheosis of Pertinax , , , . .
193-197 Success of Severus against Niger and against Albinus Conduct of the two Civil Wars . . .
193 Septimius Severus . . . .
Arts of Severus . . . . . . Towards Niger . . . . . Towards Albinus . . . .
Decided by one or two Battles . . . Event of the Civil Wars . . . . Siege of Byzantium Death of Niger and Albinus . . . Cruel Consequences of the Civil Wars . Animosity of Severus against the Senate . The Wisdom and Justice of his Government
Relaxation of Military Discipline . General Peace and Prosperity . . .
. . . .
X CONTENTS
Tko D d o j Snmu . TFUWIY oj Cotadla . U s ~ p o l i a of qdoqifivc . Fdl iu o j Elag&w . Virtues of A h & Scwrw . -- ness of rk A m y . General Sia& of the Roman Fimw
A 5 . ?*GI Grcatneu and Discontent of Severus . . . . . 162
Their two wns, Carscalla and Ceta 163 His wife the Empress Julia 162
Their mutual Aversion to each other . . . . . 164 Three Emperors 164
Fingal and his Heroes , . . , . : 3 Contrast of the Caledonians and the Romans . . . . 1 6 6 Ambition of Caracalla . . . . . . . . 167
1 x 1 Death of Severus, and Accession of his two sons , . . 167 Jealousy and Hatred of the two Emperors . . . . 168
212 Murder of Geta . . Fruitless Negotiation for dividing the Empire between them 1 6 9
. . . . . . 1 7 0 Remorse and Cruelty of Caracaila . . . . . . 171
213 His Tyranny extended over the whole Empire 173 Death of Papinian . ' 7 3
Relaxation of Discipline . . . . . . . a17 Murder of Caracalla . . . . , . . . . 176
. 1 7 5
Election and Character of Macrinus 178 Imitation of Alexander 177
Discontent of the Senate . . . . . . . . 179
Macrinus attempts a Reformation of the Army . . . . I& Death of the Empress Julia . . . . . . 1 8 1 Education, Pretensions. and Revolt of Elagabalus. called at
018 Defeat and Death of Macrinus 183 first Bassianus and Antoninus 182
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . His Superstition . . . . , . . : .,"a His profligate and effeminate Luxury . . . . . 187 Contempt of Decency. which distinguished the Roman Tyrants 1% Discontents of the A m y . . . . . . .
a91 Alexander Severus declared C a w aaa Sedition of the Guards. and Murder of Elagabalus 190
Accession of Alexander Severus . . . . . . 191
His wise and moderate Administration Power of his Mother Mamea 192
Education and Virtuous Temper of Alexander 194 * '93
?o+-e35 General happiness of the Roman 'U'oild 195 . 194
Alexander refuses the name of Antoninus . . . . . 196 He attempts toreform t he. A m y . . . . . 196 Seditions of the Pmtorian Guards. and Murder of clpian . 197
Tumults of the Legions Danger of Dion Cassjus . 199 . . . . . . . . 199
. 1% * 1% . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .- ... . . " ___ . . . . . . . . . . . "
CONTENTS &a.
DefcctsofhisRe' and C h e r . , . . Digression on they lnaaces of the Empire. . . Establishment of the Tribute on Roman Citknn . Tributes of the Provinces . . . , . . Abolition of the Tribute . . . . . .
of Asia . . . . . . . . of Egypt, Gaul,Africa, andspain . . . - of the Isle of Gyarus . . . . . .
Taxes on Roman Citizens instituted by Augustus . Amount of the Revenue . . . , . .
I. The Customs . . . . . . 11. The Excise . , . . . . .
Suited to the Laws and Manners , , . . 111. Tax on Legacies and Inheritances . . Regulations of the Emperors . . . . . Edtct of Caracalla , . . . . . . The Freedom of the City given to all Provincials, for
pose of Taxation. . . . . Temporary Reduction of the Tnbute . . , Consequences of the universal Freedom of Rome .
Firmaesp of the Emperor . . . .
CHAPTER VI1
Thc Elevation and Tyranny of Masimin - Rebellion in Africa and Ituly, under Ihc Authority o j t h e Senuk - Civil Wars and Seditions - Violent Deaihs of Maximin and his Sa, of Maximus and Bdhinw, and oj ths ihrcc Gordians - UsxrpaLimr and Secdar Games of Philip
The apparen! Ridicule and solid Advantages of hereditary Suc-
Want of it in the Roman empire productive of the greatest cesson . . . . . . , . . . Calamities . . . . I . . . .
Birth and Fortunes of Maximin . . . . . . 235 Cons iracy of Maximin . . . . . . , . His Military Service and Honours , . . . . ,
M d e r of Alexander Severus . . . , . . . Tyranny of Maximin . . , . . . . . Oppression of the Provinces . , . , . , ,
237 Revolt in Africa . . . . . . . . . They solicit the Confirmation of their Authority . , . Character and Elevation of the two Gordians , . . . The Senate ratifies the Election of the Gordians . . . Assumes the Command of Rome and Italy . . . . Declares Maximin a public Enemy . . . . . .
137 Defeat and Death of the two Gordians , . . . . Prepares for a Civil War . . . . . . . .
Their Characters . . . . . . , . . Election of Maximus and Balbinus by the Senate . . . Tumult at Rome . , . . . , . . .
xii CONTENTS A 9 .
Th younger Cordian is dtdued &ear . Maximin p r e p s to attack th Senate and & &per& Sicge of Aquikia . . . . . Conduct of Maximus
His Portrait . . . . . . ition at Rome . . . . .
a# Marches into Italy
. . . . .
. . . . L . .
a38 Massacre of Maximus and Balbinua . . Discontent of the Pmtorian Guards . . The third Gordian remains sole Emperor .
a40 Administration of Misitheus Innocence and Virtues of Gordian . .
a42 The Persian War . . . . . a43 The Arts of Philip . . . . . aqq Murder of Gordian . . . . .
Form of a Military Republic .…
HISTORY O F ROME
PUBLISHERS
DECLINE AND FALL OF T H E ROMAN EMPIRE
BY
VOL. I
NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT. r p S , FRED DE FAU & COMPANY.
CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS N ?AOI . . . . . . . . .
I N T R O D U ~ O N BY W. E. H. LECKY . . . . . . . xvii PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . xxix ADVERTISEYENT TO THE NOTES . . . . . . . oniii ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FXRST OCTAVO EDITION . , . xxxiv PREFACE TO THE Fomw VOLUME OF THE Qnum EDITION . xxm INTRODUCTION BY TEE EDITOR . . . . . . . md.
0 pr
1
Introduction . . . . . . Moderation of Augusks . . . . . Imitated by his Successors . . . Conquest of Britain, the First Exception to it . Conquest of Dacia, the Second Exception to it Conquests of Trajan in the East . . . Resigned by his Successor Hadrian . . . Pacific System of Hadrian and the two Antonines Contrast of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius . . Defensive Wars of Marcus Antoninus . . Discipline Military Establishment of the Roman Emperors
. . . . . . . .
Navy . . . Amount of ;he whole Estab1ishn;ent . . . Spain . . . . . . . . View of the Provinces of the Roman Empire .
V
ALMA, MICHIGAN
vi CONTENTS
Gaul . . . . . . Britain . . . . . Italy . he ~ m u d e and IUy;ian Frontier Rhatia . . . . . N o r i m and Pannonia . . Dalmatia . . . . . Mmia and Dncia . Thran. Macedonia. and Gmce' Asia Minor . . . . Egypt Syria. Phcenicia. and Palestine . . . . . .
?AGX . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 26 . 2 7
a 8 * 2 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . Africa . . . . . . . . . . . j a The Mediterranean with its Islands . . . . . General idea of the Roman Empire
* 3 3 * * * 3 4 . . .
CHAPTER I1
Of the Union and I d e m a l P r o s p d y of the Roman Empire in the Age of the An&mincs
Principles of Government . Universal Spirit of Toleration Of the People . . . Of the Magistrates . . Of Philosophers . .
At Rome In the Provinces . . Freedom oiRome . .
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy . . . . . . . . . The Provinces . . . . . . . . Colonies. and Municipal Towns . . . . Division o f the Latin and the Greek Provinces . General Cse of both the Greek and Latin Languages Slaves
" . . . . . . . . . Their Treatment . . . . . . . Enfranchisement . . . . . . . Numbers . . . . . . .
Populousness of thy Roman Empire . . . . Obedience and Limon . . . . . . Roman Monuments . . . . . . Many of them erected at Private Expense . . Example of Herodes Atticus . . . . . Most orthe Roman Monuments for Public Use . His Re utation
Temples. Theatres. Aqueducts . . . . Number and Greatness of the Cities of the Empire . In Italy . . . . . . . . . Africa Gaul and Spain
Asia . . . . . . . . . .
. . 40
. . 40
. * 41 * . 43 . . 44 . * 44 . . 46 . * 49 . . 49 . . 49 . . 5 1 . . s a
. . 54 * . 53
Improvement of’Agri;dturr in the West& C0Unt;ies 2 tbd 65
Introduction of Fmits. k c 5 TheVine . . . . . . . . . . 66 The Olive . . . . . . . . . . 67 Flax . . . . . . . . . . 67 Artificial Crass . . . . . . . . . 67
General Plenty . . . . . . . . . Arts of Luxury . . . . . . . . . : 3 Foreign Trade . . . . . . . . . 68
General Felicity Gold and Siiver * 70
Dedine of Courage . 71
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER 111
Oj thc Conrtilulion o j thc Roman Empirc. in tkc Age of the Anlonincs
Idea of a Monarchy . . . . . . . . . 75 He reforms the Senate Situation of Augustus 75
Resigns his usurped Power . . 9 76
Is prevailed upon to resume it under the Title of Emperor or * 77
General . . . . . . . Power of the Roman Generals . 77 Lieutenants of the Emperor
. 78 Division of the Provinces between the Emperor and the Senate 81
. 80
The former preserves his Military Commands, and Guards, in Rome itself . . . . . . . . . 81
Consular and Tribunitian powers . . . . . . 82 The Magistrates 84 Imperial Prerogatives 83
The Senate . . . . . . . . Court of the Emperon . . . . . . . . 87 Deification . . . . . . . . . . 87 Titles of Augustus and Czsar . . . . . . Character and Policy of Augustus
. sg Image of Liberty for the People . . . . . 90
. 90
Attempts of the Senate after the Deak of Caligula . . 91
Their Obedience . 92
Designation of a Successor 93 . 92
Of Titus Of Tiberius * 93 The Race df the C;esars, and Fiavian Family
93
117 OfHadrian . . . . . . . . . * 95
. . . . .
viii CONTENTS AS. rmz
:$-I& Adoption of the two Antorunes 97 A d o p t i o a o f t b e e l d e r o m d ~ r V e r u s 96
- d M . m u . . . . . . . . Its precarious Nature
Peculiar Misery of the Romans under their Tyrants . . . IOI
Extent o their Empire left them no Place of Refuge . . 104 Knowledfr and free Spirit ofthe Romans 102
. . . . . . . . . . . Character pnd Reign of Pius . . . . . . Happineas of the Romans . . . . . . . ' 9 9 . . . . . . . 100 Memory of Tikrius. C d G . Nero. and Domitian . . . 100
Insensibility of the Orientals . . . . . . . x01 . . . . .
CHAPT'ER IV
Tk Cruelty. Follies. and Mvrdm of Comwwdus-EkElcdimt 01 Pertinax-
Guar& His atkmpts to rcjvrm thc Siak - His A s s a c s i n d i m by ihc Prebrian
Indul nce of Marcus . . . . . . . . 106
To his son Commodus 107 his wife Faustina 106
Character of Commodus . . . . . . . . 1 0 g His Return to Rome . . . . . . .
183 Is wounded by an Assassin . . . . . 110 1 0 9
Hatred and Cruelty of Commcdus tow& the Senate . . 1 1 1 The Quintilian Brothers . . . . . . . . 1x2
186 The Minister Perennis . . . . . . . . 1x2 Revolt of Maternus . . . . . . . . . 113 The Minister Cleander . . . . . . . . 114
x i @ Sedition and Death of Cleander 116 His Avarice and Cruelty 114
Dissolute Pleasures of Commodus . . . . . . 1 1 7 His Iporance and low Sports . . . . . . . 118 Huntmg of Wild Beasts . . . . 118 Commodus Displays his sk i1 in'the drmpktheatre . . . 1x9 Acts 89 a Gladiator . . . . . . . . . 120 His Infamy and Extravagance . . . . . . . IZI
r9a Deatg of Cornmodus 123
Cons iracy of his Domestics 122
He is acknowledged by the Praetorian Guards 124 Choice of Pertinax for Emperor 123
The Memory of Commodus deckred'infamous . I . . 125 Legal Jurisdiction of the Senate over the Emperors . . . 126 Viues of Pertinax . . . . . . . . . 116 He endeavours to Reform the State . . . . . . 127 His Regulations . . . . . . . . . . 128 His Popularity . . . . . . . . . . 129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
Discontent of the Prretorians . . . . . . . 129
CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER V
A.V. Proportion of the Military Force to the Number of the People The Pmtorian Guards . . . . . . . . Their Institution . . . . . . . . . Their Camp . . . . . . . . . . Their specious Claims Strength and Confidence . . . . . . . .
193 It is purchased by Julian . . . . . . . . They offer the Empire to Sale . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Julian . . . . . . . . .
Pescennius Niger in Syria . . . . , . . Clcdius Albinus in Britain . . . . . . Pannonia and Dalmatia . . . . . . . Declared Emperor by the Pannonian’kgibns , . . Marches into Italy . . . . . . . , Advances towards Rome . . . . . . . Distress of Julian . . . . . . . . His uncertain Conduct . . . , . , . Is deserted by the Prcetorians . . . . . . Is condemned and executed by Order of the Senate . . Disgrace of the Pmtorian Guards . , . . , Funeral and Apotheosis of Pertinax , , , . .
193-197 Success of Severus against Niger and against Albinus Conduct of the two Civil Wars . . .
193 Septimius Severus . . . .
Arts of Severus . . . . . . Towards Niger . . . . . Towards Albinus . . . .
Decided by one or two Battles . . . Event of the Civil Wars . . . . Siege of Byzantium Death of Niger and Albinus . . . Cruel Consequences of the Civil Wars . Animosity of Severus against the Senate . The Wisdom and Justice of his Government
Relaxation of Military Discipline . General Peace and Prosperity . . .
. . . .
X CONTENTS
Tko D d o j Snmu . TFUWIY oj Cotadla . U s ~ p o l i a of qdoqifivc . Fdl iu o j Elag&w . Virtues of A h & Scwrw . -- ness of rk A m y . General Sia& of the Roman Fimw
A 5 . ?*GI Grcatneu and Discontent of Severus . . . . . 162
Their two wns, Carscalla and Ceta 163 His wife the Empress Julia 162
Their mutual Aversion to each other . . . . . 164 Three Emperors 164
Fingal and his Heroes , . . , . : 3 Contrast of the Caledonians and the Romans . . . . 1 6 6 Ambition of Caracalla . . . . . . . . 167
1 x 1 Death of Severus, and Accession of his two sons , . . 167 Jealousy and Hatred of the two Emperors . . . . 168
212 Murder of Geta . . Fruitless Negotiation for dividing the Empire between them 1 6 9
. . . . . . 1 7 0 Remorse and Cruelty of Caracaila . . . . . . 171
213 His Tyranny extended over the whole Empire 173 Death of Papinian . ' 7 3
Relaxation of Discipline . . . . . . . a17 Murder of Caracalla . . . . , . . . . 176
. 1 7 5
Election and Character of Macrinus 178 Imitation of Alexander 177
Discontent of the Senate . . . . . . . . 179
Macrinus attempts a Reformation of the Army . . . . I& Death of the Empress Julia . . . . . . 1 8 1 Education, Pretensions. and Revolt of Elagabalus. called at
018 Defeat and Death of Macrinus 183 first Bassianus and Antoninus 182
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . His Superstition . . . . , . . : .,"a His profligate and effeminate Luxury . . . . . 187 Contempt of Decency. which distinguished the Roman Tyrants 1% Discontents of the A m y . . . . . . .
a91 Alexander Severus declared C a w aaa Sedition of the Guards. and Murder of Elagabalus 190
Accession of Alexander Severus . . . . . . 191
His wise and moderate Administration Power of his Mother Mamea 192
Education and Virtuous Temper of Alexander 194 * '93
?o+-e35 General happiness of the Roman 'U'oild 195 . 194
Alexander refuses the name of Antoninus . . . . . 196 He attempts toreform t he. A m y . . . . . 196 Seditions of the Pmtorian Guards. and Murder of clpian . 197
Tumults of the Legions Danger of Dion Cassjus . 199 . . . . . . . . 199
. 1% * 1% . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .- ... . . " ___ . . . . . . . . . . . "
CONTENTS &a.
DefcctsofhisRe' and C h e r . , . . Digression on they lnaaces of the Empire. . . Establishment of the Tribute on Roman Citknn . Tributes of the Provinces . . . , . . Abolition of the Tribute . . . . . .
of Asia . . . . . . . . of Egypt, Gaul,Africa, andspain . . . - of the Isle of Gyarus . . . . . .
Taxes on Roman Citizens instituted by Augustus . Amount of the Revenue . . . , . .
I. The Customs . . . . . . 11. The Excise . , . . . . .
Suited to the Laws and Manners , , . . 111. Tax on Legacies and Inheritances . . Regulations of the Emperors . . . . . Edtct of Caracalla , . . . . . . The Freedom of the City given to all Provincials, for
pose of Taxation. . . . . Temporary Reduction of the Tnbute . . , Consequences of the universal Freedom of Rome .
Firmaesp of the Emperor . . . .
CHAPTER VI1
Thc Elevation and Tyranny of Masimin - Rebellion in Africa and Ituly, under Ihc Authority o j t h e Senuk - Civil Wars and Seditions - Violent Deaihs of Maximin and his Sa, of Maximus and Bdhinw, and oj ths ihrcc Gordians - UsxrpaLimr and Secdar Games of Philip
The apparen! Ridicule and solid Advantages of hereditary Suc-
Want of it in the Roman empire productive of the greatest cesson . . . . . . , . . . Calamities . . . . I . . . .
Birth and Fortunes of Maximin . . . . . . 235 Cons iracy of Maximin . . . . . . , . His Military Service and Honours , . . . . ,
M d e r of Alexander Severus . . . , . . . Tyranny of Maximin . . , . . . . . Oppression of the Provinces . , . , . , ,
237 Revolt in Africa . . . . . . . . . They solicit the Confirmation of their Authority . , . Character and Elevation of the two Gordians , . . . The Senate ratifies the Election of the Gordians . . . Assumes the Command of Rome and Italy . . . . Declares Maximin a public Enemy . . . . . .
137 Defeat and Death of the two Gordians , . . . . Prepares for a Civil War . . . . . . . .
Their Characters . . . . . . , . . Election of Maximus and Balbinus by the Senate . . . Tumult at Rome . , . . . , . . .
xii CONTENTS A 9 .
Th younger Cordian is dtdued &ear . Maximin p r e p s to attack th Senate and & &per& Sicge of Aquikia . . . . . Conduct of Maximus
His Portrait . . . . . . ition at Rome . . . . .
a# Marches into Italy
. . . . .
. . . . L . .
a38 Massacre of Maximus and Balbinua . . Discontent of the Pmtorian Guards . . The third Gordian remains sole Emperor .
a40 Administration of Misitheus Innocence and Virtues of Gordian . .
a42 The Persian War . . . . . a43 The Arts of Philip . . . . . aqq Murder of Gordian . . . . .
Form of a Military Republic .…
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