The Death of Dawn: On the Ethics of Florida Marine Parks

i

TheDeathofDawn:OntheEthicsofFloridaMarineParks

By

TaylorL.Leach

AThesisSubmittedtotheFacultyof

TheWilkesHonorsCollege

inPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeof

BachelorofScienceinLiberalArtsandSciences

WithaconcentrationinMarineBiology

WilkesHonorsCollegeof

FloridaAtlanticUniversity

Jupiter,Florida

May2018

ii

TheDeathofDawn:OntheEthicsofFloridaMarineParks

By

TaylorL.Leach

Thisthesiswaspreparedunderthedirectionofthecandidate’sthesisadvisor,Dr.JonMoore,andhasbeenapprovedbythemembersofher/hissupervisorycommittee.ItwassubmittedtothefacultyoftheHonorsCollegeandwasacceptedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofBachelorofScienceinLiberalArtsandSciences.

SupervisoryCommittee:

Dr.JonMoore

Dr.NicholasBaima

DeanEllenGoldey,WilkesHonorsCollegeDate

iii

ABSTRACTAuthor: TaylorL.Leach

Title: TheDeathofDawn:OntheEthicsofFloridaMarineParks

Institution: WilkesHonorsCollegeofFloridaAtlanticUniversity

ThesisAdvisor: Dr.JonMoore

Degree: BachelorofSciencesinLiberalArtsandSciences

Concentration: MarineBiology

Year: 2018

Overthelast80years,humanshaveenjoyedanddevelopedadeep

connectiontobottlenosedolphins(Tursiopstruncates)andkillerwhales(Orcinus

orca),startingin1938withtheopeningoftheworld'sfirstoceanariumtopresent-

daywiththecurrentmarineparksinFlorida.Wehavelearnedanimmenseamount

ofinformationabouttheintricaciesoftwoofthemostcharismaticmarinemammals

intheocean,andaswelearnmoreaboutthesehighlysocialcreatures,themore

peoplearedemandingtheimmediatereleaseofthemintothewild.This,however,

raisesanethicaldilemma:eitherwereleasetheanimalsintothewild,inwhichcase

theystandaveryslimchanceofsurvival,or,wecontinuetokeepthemunder

humancare,inwhichcase,theysufferfrominadequatehabitats.

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TableofContentsIntroduction..............................................................................................................................1

Sectionone:BackgroundHistoryoftheparks..............................................................2Sectiontwo:VeterinaryCare...............................................................................................9

SectionThree:Thedarksidetocetaceansunderhumancare.............................14

SectionFour:Keiko’sstory................................................................................................19SectionFive:Conclusions:shouldtheybereleasedornot?...................................24

References...............................................................................................................................26

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Introduction Overthepastfewyears,marineparks,especiallySeaWorld,havecomeunder

firefortheirtreatmentoftheirmajesticmarinemammals.Afterthereleaseofthe

CNNfilm,Blackfish,therehasbeenanoutcryto“free”allthedolphinsandkiller

whalesintothewild.DawnwaspulledintothepoolbythekillerwhaleTilikumand

drownedonFebruary24th2010(KirbyD.2013).Dawn’sdeathsparkedanation

widecalltoreleasetheanimals‘back’intothewild.

Thisideaposesalargenumberofconcernsonitsownandraisesanethical

dilemma:eitherwereleasetheanimalsintothewild,inwhichcasetheystanda

veryslimchanceofsurvival,or,wecontinuetokeepthemunderhumancare,in

whichcase,theysufferfrominadequatehabitats.

Thefollowingpaperwillgothroughandexplorebothsideoftheargumentof

whitherkeepingmarinemammalsunderhumancareisinhumaneorifreleasing

humandependentanimalsisinhumane.Sectiononewillfocusonthehistoryoffour

majormarineparksinFloridafromtheiropendatestotoday.SectionTwowillfocus

ontheevolutionofveterinarycareinparks.Sectionthreefocusesonthedarkside

ofcetaceansunderhumancare.SectionfourwillfocusonKeiko’slifeandrelease

project.Finallysectionfiveistheconclusion.Ultimatelytheissuereliesonthefact

thatweasasocietyhaveastandardmindsetonanimalcare,butfacilitiesthatdo

notaccommodatetothesestandards.

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Sectionone:BackgroundHistoryoftheparks.AHistoryofMarineparksandthepublic'sloveforcetaceans. Throughouthistoryhumanshavebeendeeplyinterestedinunderstanding

oneofourclosestwater-boundfamilymembers.Withtheopeningofthefirst

oceanariumtothecurrentFloridaparks,theloveformarinemammalshasinspired

manyyoungmarinebiologists.Inthepastdecadeanumberofstudiesand

documentarieshavecomeoutshowingthedangersandmistreatmentofmarine

mammalsaroundtheworld.Thesestudiesandfilmshavestirredupactivistscalling

fortheimmediaterehabilitationandreleaseofalltheanimalsintheparks.Despite

thecallsmanyofthemarineparksinFloridastillhavelargeattendancerates.

HistoryofMarinelandDolphinAdventureandFacilitysetup. Inthe1930’sthisinterestwasjumpstartedbytheopeningofalittlefilm

studioofftheeastcoastofFlorida.ThisfilmstudiowasknownasMarineStudios,it

openeditsdoorstothepublicandfilmmakersinthesummerof1938.Marine

Studiosholdthetitleofbeingthenation’sfirstoceanarium.Duringtheplanningand

constructionoftheoriginalpoolsforthestudiothethreeownersDouglasBurden,

C.V.WhitneyandIliaTolstoyfacedanumberofchallengesincludinghowto

reinforcetheviewingwindows.Atthesametimethepoolswerebeingbuiltthere

wasateamofengineersbuildingthefiltrationsystemforthestudio.Thesystem

builtforMarineStudioswasstateoftheart;theydugoutfromunderthepoolsto

theoceanthatwayfreshseawaterwaspumpedintothepools.Oncethepoolswere

fullyconstructedandfilledwithwatertheownershiredmentocollectanumberof

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animalsforthem.Thegoaloftheownerswastorecreateanenvironmentinthe

poolsthatlookedasifsomeonehadtakenacutoutoftheocean(McGinnis2017).

IthousedallsortsofmarinespeciesbutitsmostpopularwasitsAtlantic

bottlenosedolphins(Tursiopstruncates)andothercetaceans.Duringthesefirst

yearstheownersandthediversrealizedthatthedolphinswouldfollowthefood

whereveritwent.Thisdiscoveryledtothe“jumpmaster”feedingshowand

eventuallythehiringofAdolphFrohntoattempttotrainadolphin.AdolphFrohn

wasanestablishedanimaltrainerforanumberofcircuses;hewasalargemammal

trainer.IntheMarinelandhistoricalarchivesthereisdocumentationthatFrohn

didn’tbelieveitwaspossibletotraindolphins,thattherewasadifferencebetween

thelearningcapacityoflandmammalsandmarinemammals.WhenFrohnarrived,

herequestedayoungfemaledolphintoworkwith,butinsteadwasgivenayoung

malenamedFlippy.TotrainFlippyittookFrohnthreeyears,intheendFlippy

knewfiveormorebehaviors(McGinnis2017)(Marineland2018).

Overthepast50years,MarinelandDolphinAdventure(MDA)hasgrownits

veterinarianstaffandcareroutineforitsdolphins.Atthistimetheparkholds16

bottlenosedolphins,8ofwhicharefemaleandtheother8aremales.MDAisknown

forhavingoneofthebestbreedingprograms—theyare,forinstance,thefirstpark

tohaveasuccessfulbirthunderhumancare(Marineland2018).

In1947justnineyearsafteropeningtheirdoorsasMarineStudios,thefirst

dolphinwassuccessfullybornunderhumancare.Thatdolphin’snamewas

Spray.ShortlyafterSpraysbirth,MarineStudioswashometooneofthemost

famousdolphinsinFlorida,inFebruaryof1953Nelliewasborn.Nellieholdsthe

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recordforthelongest-liveddolphinbornunderhumancare;shepassedawayon

April30th2014makingher61yearsold(McGinnis2017).Accordingtoanumberof

fieldguides,thelifeexpectancyoftheAtlanticbottlenosedolphinisaround30to50

yearsinthewild(Smith1997).Nellie’slongevitycanbearesultofthevoluntary

husbandrybehaviorsthedolphinsaretaughtaswellasthebetterunderstandingof

bottlenosedolphinsingeneral.

ThislittlewonderofFloridaisnolongernamedMarineStudiosbutrather

MarinelandDolphinAdventure.Fromthe1950’stothe1970’sMarineStudios

changedtheirnametoMarineland,duringthistimetheparkbecameoneofthe

leadingtouristattractionsinthestate.Thepopularityoftheparkgainedsomuch

tractionthatMarinelandbecameitsowncity.Marinelandhadanumberoffamous

guestscomingthroughandspendinglargeamountsoftimeatanumberofthe

differentthingsatthefacility.IncludingErnestHemingwaywhowasaregularatthe

park’sMobyDicklounge.Initsprime,Marinelandhadanumberofexhibitsthat

wereonbothsidesofA1A,afirestation,policestation,restaurants,andhotelsallon

site.However,afterastringofhurricanesintheearly2000’sthefacilitywasin

desperateneedforrepairs.AccordingtotheheadoftheEducationdepartment

TerranMcGinnis,Marinelandwantedtochangedirectionofthefacilitytowards

educationandcloseencounters,soin2004theyshuttheirdoorstoremodelthe

park.Overatwo-yearperiod,anumberoftheoldstructuresweretakendownalong

witholdexhibits.In2006theparkreopenedasMarineland’sDolphinConservation

Center.Todaytheparkishometo16bottlenosedolphins,twoseaturtlesand12

sandtigersharks.Thedolphinhabitatisa1.3milliongallonsystemofeight

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connectedpools.Thefiltrationsystemhasbeenmodifiedtoincludeheaters,protein

skimmersandequipmenttofilteroutpotentialpathogensmakingthesystema

recirculatingone.Theoriginalwaterpumpsarestillusedincaseaswitchisneeded

fromtherecirculatingsystembacktotheoriginalpumpsystem.Theupdatedfacility

ismadeforthebehavioralandhealthneedsoftheanimals(McGinnis2017)

(Marineland2018).

MarinelandhasbeenaFloridainstitutionforover80yearsand,inthattime;

theyhavebeentheforerunnerforbestMarineParkwhenitcomestothecareofthe

animals.Theparkhasaveryrichhistoryintheunderstandingandcareof

bottlenosedolphins(McGinnis2017)(Marineland2018).

HistoryofSeaWorldOrlandoandFacilitysetup In1973,nearly40yearsafterMarinelandopened,SeaWorldOrlandoopened

itsdoors.TheopeningofSeaWorldOrlandomarkedthethirdparkforthecompany,

thefirstinSanDiego,CaliforniaandthesecondinColumbus,Ohio.Followingthe

openingoftheOrlandoPark,SeaWorldopenedafourthparkinSanAntonio,Texas.

However,theOhioParkeventuallyclosed,sinceitdidn’tperformaswellasthe

otherparks.CurrentlySeaWorldisownedinpartnershipwithBuschGardens.

AfterbeingboughtbyBuschGardens,theparkwastransformedfroma

dinnershowatmospheretobeingthepremierelocationforbothviewingmarinelife

andthrillingattractions.Despitetheshifttowardsrides,SeaWorld’smainattraction

isthekillerwhales(Orcinusorca),bottlenosedolphin,andothermarinemammal

shows.Whentheparkopenedin1973,SeaWorldwasallowedtocapturetheir

whalesfromthewild,eventhoughtheMarineMammalProtectionAct(MMPA

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2018)hadbeenineffectforayear.Othermarinemammalsatthepark,likethe

bottlenosedolphinswereapartofanexchangeprogramwithmultipleparksaround

theU.S.Thisexchangeprogramincludeddolphinsobtainedfromthewildbeforethe

act,aswellasdolphinsthatwerebornunderhumancare.Thefacilityiscurrently

hometosixkillerwhales,and36bottlenosedolphins.Thesixwhalesarehousedin

anumberofpoolsconnectedtoShamuStadium.The36dolphinsarehousedinfour

differenthabitats,thedolphintheatre,dolphincove,dolphinnurseryandtheanimal

carecenter.

HistoryofMiamiSeaquariumandFacilitysetup AccordingtotheMiamiSeaquariumwebsite,thefacilitywasbuiltin1954,

thankstoFredD.Coppock.Ayearlater,theparkofficiallyopeneditsdoorstothe

public.Atthetimeofopeningtheirdoors,MiamiSeaquariumhadthreemajor

habitats:theTopDeckDolphinpool,ReefTankfacilityandtheSharkChannel.In

1968,theparkreceivedtheirfirstkillerwhalenamedHugo,unfortunatelyHugo

passedawayonMarch4th1980duetoarupturedaneurysm.Hewasroughly15

yearsoldatthetimeofhisdeath;hisnecropsyreportstatesthatinthemonths

beforehisdeathHugohadaradicalchangeinhisbehaviorfromusuallydocileto

thrashingaboutthehabitat(MiamiSeaquarium2018).

Lolitawasbroughttotheparkin1970andisoneofthelastkillerwhalesthat

werecapturedoffthecoastofWashington.LolitaandHugosharedthehabitatfor

only10years.AtthistimeLolita’sexactageisunknownbutitisbelievedsheis51

yearsoldandcurrentlystilllivinginherhabitat.Currentlythereisnoreliable

informationonthisfacilityotherthanithas9habitatsonsite:threehabitatsfor

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dolphins,onehabitatforLolita,twohabitatsforseal/sealion,thesharkchanneland

anareathathousesreptiles(MiamiSeaquarium2018).Theparkishometoa

numberofdifferentanimalspeciesincludingbothbottlenosedolphinsandasingle

killerwhale.Thisfacilityhasbeensaidtohavetomostoutdatedhabitatfortheir

lonekillerwhaleaswellastheirdolphinhabitats.

MiamiSeaquariumhasfewclaimstofamecomparedtoSeaWorld.Their

largestclaimtofameisaTVshownamedFlipper(whichaired1964-1967),

accordingtotheirwebsitetheshowwasfilmedonsite;thoughasingledolphinis

neveraddressedasbeingFlipper.AnotherclaimtofameforMiamiSeaquarium

followingtheTVshowisinthe1960’soneofthedolphinsfromtheparkwasusedas

theofficialmascotfortheMiamidolphinsfootballteam.Thedolphinhaditsown

tankatthefieldforgames(thisinspiredthefilmmakersofAceVenturaPet

Detective)(MiamiSeaquarium2018).

HistoryofDolphinResearchCenterandFacilitysetup

TheDolphinResearchCenterhasaveryinterestingbeginning.Inthe1940’s

MiltonSantiniwasanexperiencedcommercialfisherman,whousedtocollect

marinemammalsforanumberofparks,aswellasforprivatesales.Accordingtothe

parkswebsite,SantiniwasresponsibleforcreatingthedeeplagoonsintheGulfof

Mexico.OncehefinishedexcavatingthelagoonshebuilttheSantini’sPorpoise

TrainingSchool.BasedonthephotosfromtheDolphinResearchCenterswebsite

thehabitatswerebasicallyjustnetscirclingthedocks.Thisallowedfornatural

seawaterfromthegulftoflowintothelagoons.

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Atthispointinhislife,Miltonhadnobackgroundinanimaltraining.Overthe

yearshegainedexperienceintrainingandopenedtheschool.AnumberofMilton’s

dolphinswereusedinthemakingofthemovieFlipperin1963.Twoofthose

dolphinssurvivingkinsillliveattheDolphinResearchCenter(DRC2018)today.In

1972Milton’sfavoritedolphinMitizipassedawaycausingMiltontosellthefacility

toWometcoCorporation.TheWCchangedthefacilitiesnametoFlipper’sSeaSchool

duringthischangeacouplewashiredontotrainthedolphins,thiscouplewasJayne

andMandy.TheDRCwebsiteexplainsthatthegrowthoftheDRCwasslowand

gradualthiscouldhavebeenaproductofthefactthatthefacilityfocusedontaking

inanimalswhoneededcontinualmedicaltreatment.

ThemissionstatementaccordingtotheDRC’swebsiteis“Topromote

peacefulcoexistence,cooperationandcommunicationbetweenmarinemammals,

humansandtheenvironmentwesharethroughresearchandeducation.Thehealth

andwellbeingofDolphinResearchCenter’sdolphinsholdsabsoluteprecedence

overallotherinterests.DRCwillundertakenoprogramoractivitythat

compromisesthisbasiccommitment”(DCR2018).

AlloftheparksmentionedaboveareapartoftheAllianceofMarineMammal

ParksandAquariums.WhentheAMMPAwascreated,thegoalwastocreate“an

internationalassociationrepresentingmarinelifeparks,aquariums,zoos,research

facilities,andprofessionalorganizationsdedicatedtothehigheststandardsofcare

formarinemammalsandtotheirconservationinthewildthroughpubliceducation,

scientificstudy,andwildlifepresentations”(AMMPA2018)

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Sectiontwo:VeterinaryCareTheevolutionofmarinemammalveterinarycare Inthebeginningofthemarineparkrevolution,thepublicandscientists

knewverylittleinformationaboutthecetaceanstheywerecollecting.Accordingto

afirst-handaccountwrittenbySamRidgway,Marinelandwasthefront-runnerin

thequesttolearnandunderstandthecetaceansthatwerecollected.“Inthe1960s,

mortalityandmorbidityofmarinemammalsmaintainedinoceanaria,aquaria,and

laboratorieswashighoverall.Ihavebeenfortunatetowitnesstremendousprogress

intheveterinarycareofmarinemammals”(Ridgway2008).Ridgwaypointsouta

numberofdifferentpeoplewhowereinvolvedinthebeginningofMarineland’s

researchanddevelopmentcenter.Inthe1960’s,B.F.Skinnerhadbroughtscience

directlytotheanimaltrainingprogramandledthetrainersinpropertraining

techniques.“McBride'sinvaluableeffortsincludedbringinginanumberofscientists

tostudythedolphins.Thesescientistspublishedawealthofentirelynew

informationaboutthelivingdolphin.Amongtheearlypublicationsthatwerehighly

usefultomewerethoseofDuBois,Fetcher&Fetcher,EichelbergerandGeiling”

(Ridgway,2008).ItwasatMarinelandthatMcBridediscoveredthatdolphinscould

echolocateusingclicksandwhistlesunderwater.AfterMcBride’sdeathin1949,

otherscientistssteppedintocontinuetheworkonecholocationofMarineland

dolphins.In1969Ridgwayandfourothers“formedtheInternationalAssociation

forAquaticAnimalMedicine(IAAAM),IAAAMhasgrownintotheprimary

veterinarymedicalorganizationforthoseworkingwithaquariaandzoosthatkeep

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aquaticanimals”(Ridgway2008).Itwasintheseearlydaysthattheyalso

discoveredmajorcomplicationswithanesthesiafordolphins.Itwastrulyatrialand

errormethodologytounderstandingtheseanimals,andthisunfortunatelyleadto

manydeaths.

“Characteristically,Woodycautionedmethatthetaskofdevisinga

safeanestheticprocedurefordolphinswouldnotbeeasy.Heremindedme

thathehadbeencuratorofMarinelandofFloridain1955atthetimeofthe

so-called‘JohnsHopkinsExpedition.’Theproblem,Woodyexplained,was

thatbottlenosedolphins,andapparentlyallwhales,donotbreathasland

mammalsdo.Insteadofinhalingandexhalingeveryfewsecondsina

rhythmicfashion,dolphinshaveadjustedtheirbreathingpatterntolifeinthe

water;theyinhaleinafractionofasecond,holdtheairintheirlungsfor15

to60seconds,andexhaletobeginthenextrespiratorycycle.Before

surgicallyexaminingthefirstdolphin'sbrain,theJohnsHopkins'group

anesthetizedthedolphinwithaninjectionofbarbiturateintheabdomen.

Thiswasstandardpracticewithlaboratoryanimalssuchasratsandguinea

pigsatthetime.Sometimeaftertheinjection,theanimalrelaxed,losttheair

initslungs,andneverbreathedagain.Intheirsubsequentattemptstomap

thebrain,theneurosurgeonsusedasimplerespiratortokeeptheanimal

breathingduringanesthesia,butthemachineprovedinadequate.After

severalmoredolphinsdied,theexperimentersabandonedthesurgical

approachasameansofstudyingthedolphinbrain”(Ridgway2008).

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Astheyearspassed,Ridgwaywastaskedwithunderstandinganddeveloping

asafemeansforsurgicalanesthesiafordolphins.“Workingnightanddayforaweek

atGulfport,withthehelpoftheirmanager,DonJacobs,weanesthetizedallthe

dolphins,thoroughlycheckingeachanesthetizeddolphin'sreflexestobesurethey

wereinsensitivetopain.Wefoundthathalothane,theanestheticgasmost

commonlyusedinhumansurgery,alsowaseffectivefordolphins.Weknewthatwe

stillhadagreatdealtolearnaboutdolphinanesthesia-infact,itwouldtaketwo

moreyearsofcarefulworkbeforeDr.JamesG.McCormick(thenofPrinceton

University,Figure19)andIfinallyperfectedanddocumentedthetechnique

(Ridgway&McCormick,1967,1971)”(Ridgway2008).ThankstoRidgwayandhis

partners,parksnowhaveaprotocolandpartnershipwithamarinemammal

veterinariantoaidinsurgicalproceduresthatcansavedolphinslives.

Inhisaccount,Ridgwaytalksaboutanumberofdifferentdiscoveriesabout

marinemammalsaroundtheUnitedStatesinparkslikeMDAandeventheMiami

Seaquarium.“HonoredasaLifeMemberofIAAAM,Dr.JesseWhite,nowdeceased,

workedattheMiamiSeaquarium.There,Dr.Whitemadenumerouscontributionsto

generalmarinemammalcare,especiallyindolphinnutritionandinmanatee

(Trichechusmanatus)medicine,husbandry,reproduction,andconservation(White,

1970;Whiteetal.,1990).Healsomadesignificantcontributionstolegalstandards

fortheprotectionofmarinemammals”(Ridgway2008).In1973theMarine

MammalProtectionActwentintoeffect,thisleadsomeofthescientistand

especiallyparkstostopcollectingwildanimals.Theonlymarinemammalsthat

werecollectedaftertheactwentintoplacewereorcasforparkslikeSeaWorld.

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However,Dr.White’scontributionsinhusbandrycarehaveallowedforanarrayof

differentbehaviorstobetaughttodolphinsandorcasthathelpinhusbandrycare.

Theseincludeproceduresthatcanbeinvasiveornoninvasive,“Dr.Johnsonalsowas

thefirstpersonevertotrainadolphinformedicalbehaviors.Hetrainedhis

bottlenosedolphin"Salty"topresenthistailflukesowecouldtakeblood;topresent

hisopenmouthsoIcouldexaminehisteeth,throat,andtongue;andtopresentany

otherpartofhisbodyforexamination…Now,withprogressintrainingmethodsand

therealizationthatthesehusbandrybehaviorssavetimeandaresaferforthe

animalsandhumans,wecangetthedolphin'scooperationforallkindsofexams”

(Ridgway2008).DolphinsandorcasatallthefacilitiesinFloridatodayparticipate

intheirownmedicalcarethroughthesehusbandrybehaviors.Thesebehaviorscan

helpstaffwithanumberofprocedures,forexample,“wecanendoscopethem;we

canultrasoundthem;andwecancollectblood,urine,sperm,feces,aspirationsfrom

theblowhole,andsoon”(Ridgway2008).Thisbecomesextremelyusefulwhen

familylinespresentwithmajordiseases,atMDAanydolphinthatsharesalinewith

Chubbyislikelytogetcancerintheirmouth,thesedolphinsareroutinelychecked

forspotsandifoneisfounditistestedimmediately.

Ridgwaypointsoutanumberofdifferentproceduresthatcanbedoneand

whoisassociatedwithfindingthesediscoveries.“Endoscopescanbeusedto

examinethestomachfordisease,tumors,injury,parasites,orforeignobjects.

Endoscopesofvarioussizesarenowusedtoexaminethelungs(bronchoscopy),

nasalsystem,andlowerintestineofmarinemammals.Dr.JimMcBainandotherSea

Worldveterinarianshaveused3-mendoscopesonkillerwhalesfordiagnosticsand

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treatment”(Ridgway2008).Thediscoverieswerelimitlessinthebeginning.Once

breedingprogramsbegantotakeoff,“Wealsolearnedthatfemaledolphins,even

thosethathadneverhadanoffspring,wouldlactatetonurseanorphancalf”

(Ridgwayetal.,1995).Bothoftheseadvanceswerehelpfulbecauseattimesa

femalewillnotnurseherowncalf.“Milkingobtainstheearlycolostrum(firstmilk

orimmunemilk)thatcontainstheprotectiveimmunoglobulin,richnutrients,and

othersubstancesessentialforprotectingtheoffspringinearlylife.Feedingthis

essentialmilksupportstheorphanuntilanotherfemalebeginslactatingtonurse

thecalf”(Ridgway2008).Duetothecollectionofwilddolphinsformarineparksin

theearly1940’s,therehasbeenanoverwhelmingincreaseinpublicunderstanding

oftheseanimalsaswellasanincreaseinthescientificknowledgegathered.

Theintroductionofenvironmentalenrichmentdevices WhenparkslikeMDAfirstopenedtheyhousealltheanimalscollectedinthe

sametanks,thiswasduetotheownerswantingtorecreatetheoceanforfilming

purposes.Interestinglyenoughtheyfoundthedolphinstobeextremelycuriousand

playfulanimals.AccordingtothehistorylessonprovidedtosummerinternsatMDA

thedolphinswouldcrowdthediverscarryingfoodorchasefoodatthesurface.

Internswerealsotoldofhowthedolphinswouldgoaboutplayingwitheachother

aswellasflippingseaturtlesandgrabbingpelicansbytheirfeet.Thisbehavioris

whatultimatelyledtheownerstothinkthedolphinswouldbetrainedaswellas

showedthemthatthedolphinsneededinteractiontoreleasetheirenergy.Today

marinemammalsarekeptseparatefromotherspecies;atMDAthesixteendolphins

liveinaninterconnectedeight-poolhabitat.Thisallowsthemtocommunicatewith

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eachotherusingclicksandwhistles.Italsoallowsforthedolphinstobemoved

aroundfrompooltopoolwithease.Whichinturnallowsthetrainingstaffto

socializethedolphins.

Thissocializationwouldseemtobeenoughtoreleasethedolphins’energy,

however,activistsclaimthatnomattertheamountofsocialization,enclosurewill

causedepressionandthedullingoftheanimal’ssenses(Blackfish2013).Overthe

yearsfacilitieshavedevelopedawayfortheanimalstointeractwitheachotherand

theirenvironmentatthesametime.Trainersusepositivereinforcement(Thisisa

formofconditioningthatB.F.Skinnerscientificallydescribed)asameanstoteach

theanimalstheirbehaviors;thiscanbedonewithextrafood(whichismostoften

used)orwithanenvironmentalenrichmentdevice(EED).EED’scanbeanyitem

fromfootballstobuoysonewouldfindonaboattohighlypersonalizeddevicesto

aidinrehabilitation.Theyaretypicallygiventotheanimalsaftertrainingsessions

asarewardorameanstoexpelextraenergythetrainingsessiondidnotrelease.

SectionThree:Thedarksidetocetaceansunderhumancare.Blackfishandthecalltoreleaseallmarinemammals OnNovember12,2013GabrielaCowperthwaite(2013)andCNNreleased

thedocumentary,Blackfish.Thismoviefocusespredominantlyonthelifeofasingle

killerwhalenamedTilikum,howeveritsmainideaseemstopushthatSeaWorldas

acompanyisthereasonfortheattacksbyTilikumandanumberofotherwhales.

CowperthwaiteinterviewsanumberofformerSeaWorldanimaltrainersonthe

eventsofTilikumandothers.Thedocumentaryaimstoshowthatfacilitieslike

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SeaWorldshouldreleasethewhalesorrelocatedthemtoseapens.Tilikumwas

roughlytwoyearsoldwhenhewastakenfromhispodin1983offtheIcelandic

coast.HewastakentoSealandofthePacificinVictoria,BCtolivewithtwoother

youngfemalewhales.Whilehewasthere,hewasplacedinasmallholdingpool,

whichwasjustanetwithafloatingdockinasmallmarina.Duringthenightthe

whaleswerestoredinasmall20x30ftmetalshedlikestructuretopreventpeople

fromcuttingthenetandreleasingthewhales.DuringhistimeatSealandofthe

Pacific,Tilikumwassubjectedtonegativetrainingstylesaswellassocialabuse

fromthetwofemalewhales.OnFebruary20,1991femaletrainerKeltieByrnefell

intothepoolwiththethreewhales,Tilikum,HaidaIIandNootkaIV.Basedonpark

visitorsfromthatday,TilikuminstigatedthegrabbinganddrowningofKeltie.

AccordingtopreviousSealandtrainers,thiseventwashighlystimulatingforall

threeofthewhalesthatparticipatedinthedrowning.Aftertheincidentthethree

whalesweresoldtoSeaWorldandmovedtoOrlando(Cowperthwaite2013).

Tilikum’ssociallifeinOrlandowasstrikinglysimilartothatatSealand.Many

ofthelargerfemalewhalesactedaggressivelytowardshimcausingSeaWorldto

keephimonhisownmostofthetime.Inthefilm,anumberoftheOrlandotrainers

mentionthatthegeneralattitudeaboutTilikumcomingfromcooperateconflicted

withthestoryofKeltie’sdeath.CooperatetreatedTilikumasifhewasadangerous

killerwhiletellingallofthetrainersthathehadnothingtoduewiththeSealand

trainersdeath.Despitethesimilaritiesinhissocializationatthetwoparks,amajor

differencebetweenthetwowasthetrainingandfacilitysize.Intheyearsfollowing

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beingmovedtoSeaWorldOrlando,Tilikumwasusedforbreedingdespitethefact

hehadobviousaggressivetendenciestowardsthetrainers(Cowperthwaite2013).

Inthesummerof1999,a27year-year-old-mannamedDanielP.Dukeswas

founddrapedoverthebackofTilikumdead.OnJuly5th,Dukesvisitedtheparkand

stayedaftertheparkhadclosedforthenight.Accordingtothefilmandthepolice

reports,Dukeswasnotundertheinfluenceofanydrugs,butinsinuatedthathemay

havebeenmentallyunstable.Dukesavoidedthenightsecurityandjumpedintothe

backpoolwhereTilikumwasbeinghoused.ThenextmorningJuly6th,hisbodywas

foundlyingacrossthebackofthewhalewithanumberofinjuriestohisbody.This

wastheseconddeathcausedbyTilikuminlessthan10years.SeaWorldcontinued

tousehimastheprimarybreedingmaleforallparks(Cowperthwaite2013)

(Hargrove&Chua-Eoan2015).

AfterintroducingtheseconddeathallegedlycausedbyTilikum,

Cowperthwaiteswitchesthenarrativetoshowanumberofincidentswhereother

killerwhaleshavecausedinjuryordeathtotrainers.In2006atSeaWorldSanDiego

Kasatka,thedominantfemale,grabbedtrainer,KennethPeters’foot.Theincident

occurredduringaliveshow,KasatkagrabbedPeters’footanddovetothebottomof

thepool.ShedovedownseveraltimesbeforelettinggoofPeters.Inthefilmthereis

livefootageoftheincident,inwhichonecanseethroughoutthewholeordealPeters

remainedcalmpettingKasatkaeachtimesheresurfaced.Afterthethirdorfourth

timeresurfacing,shereleasedPeters’foot,fellowtrainerscanbeseenrunninga

floatingnetbetweenthetwosoPeterscouldgetoutofthepoolandreceivemedical

attention.TheincidentherebetweenPetersandKasatkacanbetakenanumberof

17

ways.Theformertrainersinterviewedbelievethatthiswasanactofaggressionby

Kasatka,unfortunatelyPeterswasnotinterviewedsohisperspectiveonthewhole

ordealisunknown.Basedonthevideooftheincident,neitherKasatkanorPeters

arefranticintheirmovements;theyareactuallyratherslowandcalm.Itispossible

theactwasoutofplayorcuriosityfromKasatka,inthefilmaneuroscientistis

interviewedtospeakontheevidenceofthehighlysocialandemotionalcapabilities

ofkillerwhales.ThisincidentinvolvingKasatkathedominantfemalewhaleat

SeaWorldSanDiegoandtrainerKenPetersisdeemedasuccessofSeaWorld’s

trainingandrelationshipestablishmentproceduresthetrainersundergo.Basedon

thevideoevidence,itwouldseemmorelikelythatPeters’didhavearelationship

withKasatkaandheractionscouldbethatofcuriosityratherthanaggression

(Cowperthwaite2013)(Orcahome2010).

Afterdiscussingthispotentialsuccessstory,thefilmmovesontoanincident

thattookplaceataparkintheCanaryIslands.LoroParqueisamarineparkthat,

accordingtothefilm,hasaratherbadreputation.Sincethebanoncapturingwild

orcaswentintoeffect,breedingprogramsbecameratherlucrativeforlargeparks

likeSeaWorld.Thisboomintheorcabreedingprogramleadtoasimilarprogramas

thedolphinbreedingexchangeprogram,inwhichparkswilltransferanimalsto

eachotherifneeded.SeaWorldsentfouryoungkillerwhalestoLoroParqueaspart

ofthisexchangeprogram.AccordingtoSeaWorldexecutivesthisfacilityisnot

ownedoraffiliatedwithSeaWorldinanyway,yetpriortothesendingoffouryoung

killerwhalesSeaWorldbroughtoveranumberofLoroParquetrainersforacourse

inbehavioraltraining.Accordingtothefilm,SeaWorldalsokeptfullownershipof

18

thewhalesduringtheexchange.Duringashow,LoroParque’sbesttrainer,Alexis

Martinez,waskilled.ThefilmdoesnotdiscussspecificsofAlexisMartinez’sdeath

butratherglossesoveritbyclaimingitwasaviolentattackofaggressionbythe

whaleKeto.ThiswouldmeanthatAlexis’deathcountsagainstSeaWorldduetothe

actualownershipoftheanimals(Cowperthwaite2013).

Atthispointinthefilmitisclearthatthedirectorispushingtoshowthat

SeaWorldhasafundamentalproblemwithaggressivewhalesandmakestheclaim

thatallwhalesunderhumancareareaggressive.FormerSeaWorldtrainerand

authorofKillingKeiko,MarkSimmons,wereinterviewedforthefilm.Heistheonly

trainerwhofightsagainstthisclaimthatallwhalesunderhumancarearecrazed

aggressivebeings.BothTilikumandanotherwhaleshareaverysimilarhistorywith

onlyslightdeviations.AfterthedeathofAlexisMartinez,thefilmbeginstotalk

aboutTilikum’sfinalkill.InFebruary2010trainerDawnBrancheauwasworking

withTilikumduringaDinewithShamushow,duringtheendofsessionDawngotin

thewatertodoarelaxingsessionwithTilikum.Usuallythesesessionsaretobuild

therelationshipbetweentrainerandtheanimal.Atthispointinthesession

somethingchangedinTilikum’sbehaviorandhegrabbedDawn’sarmandpulled

herintothewaterwhereshewaskilledbyanumberofveryviolentforces

(Cowperthwaite2013).

InthemonthsfollowingDawn’sdeath,OSHAsuedSeaWorldforthe

endangermentoftrainerlives.OSHAwasfightingtokeepthetrainersoutofthe

waterwiththeorcas,becausetheirbehaviorcouldnotbepredictednomatterthe

bondbetweentheanimalandthetrainerworkingthem.Inlate2010toearly2011

19

OSHAwonthecase,mandatingthatallSeaWorldtrainersmustbebehindabarrier

atalltimeswheninteractingwiththewhales(Cowperthwaite2013).

SectionFour:Keiko’sstory JustlikeTilikum,KeikowastakenfromhispodintheNorthAtlanticwhenhe

wasroughlytwoyearsold.KeikobeganhislifeunderhumancareinanIcelandic

aquarium.Justthreeyearsafterbeingintheaquarium,hewasmovedtoMarineland

inNiagaraFalls.JustlikeTilikum,Keikosufferedfrombullyingbytheolderwhales,

itisunknownifthiswascausedbynegativereinforcement,asinTilikum’scase.Due

tothisbullyingandastringofskinlesions,KeikowassoldtoReinoAventura,a

smallparkinMexicoCity.Atthispoint,Keikowasroughlyeight-years-oldand10ft

long.Uponarrivaltohisnewhome,hewasplacedinahabitatdesignedfor

bottlenosedolphinsratherthankillerwhales.Overthecourseofhistimeatthepark

inMexicoCityhebecameoverweight,lethargicanddevelopedaseverecaseofthe

papillomaaroundhismouthandpectoralfins.Thehabitathewasplacedinwas

filledwithcitytapwater;toincreasethesalinityofthischlorinatedwaterthepark

dumpedbagsofsaltintothehabitat.Anothermajorissuewiththehabitatwasthe

lackofchillers.“Killerwhalesliveinhabitatswheretheaveragewatertemperature

rangesfrom40-50○F,Keiko’smodifieddolphinhabitatinMexicoCity’swaterwasat

aconstant70-80○F”(Demarset2010).Byanystandard,thisisanunacceptable

habitatcombinedwithlacklustercarebyhistrainers.

In1991,WarnerBrothersstudioswassendingoutmoviescoutstofinda

killerwhalefortheupincomingfilmFreeWilly.Keikowasfoundfloatinginhispool

bythemoviescoutsanditwasdecidedhewouldbeWillyinthefilm.Onceitwas

20

decidedthatKeikowouldbethefilm’sstar,anumberofchangestookplaceto

preparehimfortherole.Accordingtothefilm,KeikotheUntoldStoryofFreeWilly,

WarnerBrothersconsultedamarinemammalvettoaddressKeiko’sobvioushealth

issues(Demarset2010).Theyweredirectedtochangehisdiettoamorenutrient

richdiet,theywerealsotoldtoputinachillerforthehabitattocoolthewater.A

numberofthecastmemberswhowereinterviewedforthefilmmentionhowthese

changesseemedtoenergizeKeiko.Afterfilmingwascomplete,thestudiodecidedto

moveKeikotoafacilitybettersuitedforkillerwhalesinOregon.Throughanumber

offundraisers,Keikowasmovedtohisnewhome.Followinghismove,anumberof

youngfansmadeinquiriesaboutKeikoandhisfreelife.Atthistime,Warner

Brothersrealizedthattheyshouldonceagainstepinandraisethemoneynecessary

tofreeKeiko.TheyusedthisOregonfacilitytobegintherehabilitationprocess,this

included:awatersystemwhichpulledinfreshfilteredseawater,increasedhigh

energybehaviors,betterqualityfishandantibioticstotreathisrespiratory

infection.

Atthispointinthefilmdocumentary,KeikotheUntoldStoryofFreeWilly,the

directorandcastmembers‘chosen’tobeinterviewedboastaboutthegoodthat

cameoutofthisrehabilitationandreleaseprogram(Demarset2010).However,

MarkSimmons,projectleaderforthebehavioraltrainingstaffpaintsamuch

differentpictureofKeiko’sreturntothewild.InhisbookKillingKeikothetruestory

ofFreeWilly’sreturntothewild,Simmonspointsoutanumberofdifficultiesthe

teamfacedintherehabilitationprocess(Simmons2014).Simmonslaysoutthe

21

eventsoftheprojectfromstartuntilhisleavingin2000whentheprojectmanagers

changed,thebookreadsmuchlikeascientificlogbookduringanexpedition.

“Therearethosewhowouldhaveyoubelievethatkillerwhalesatmarine

parksaresomehowdifferentthantheirwildbrethren;thatthewhalesinzoological

settingsarecrazedbyyearsin‘prison’”(Simmons2014).Thisquoteopensthebook

andsetsaveryspecifictoneabouthisfeelingsaboutanimalsunderhumancare

(Simmons2014).ItisclearthatSimmonscomesfromthesideofthebusinessthat

dealscloselywithanimalsunderhumancare,atthetimeofpublishingthisbookhe

hasover27yearsexperienceinbehavioraltraining.Asthebookprogressespastthe

introductionandfacilitydescription,SimmonsbeginshisdiscussiononKeiko’s

rehabilitationproject.Simmons’breakstheprojectdownintotwomainphases,the

firstbeingthereleaseplan.PhasetwotookplaceinKlettsvikBayandcenteredon

tryingtoreintroduceKeikotowildpods.

Fromthebeginning,Keiko’sreleaseprojectwaslitteredwithinternal

managementdisagreementsandwhatSimmonsbelievedwerehiddenpolitical

agendas.“Atthattime,themanagersinchargeoftheprojectdidnotbelievethatany

reshapingormodificationofKeiko’slearninghistorywasnecessary.Theybelieved

thatnaturewouldtakeitscourseiftheysimplygothimtoIceland”(Simmons2014).

Simmonsandtheothermembersofthebehavioraltrainingteamseemedtobe

fightinganuphillbattletheentiretimetheyworkedontheproject.Astheteam

beganworkingKeikoandteachinghimhowtobemorelikehiswildconspecifics,

themoretheyrealizedthathemayactuallyhaveashotatassimilatingintoapod

andsurvivinginthewild.After16monthsworkingwithKeikoandreshapinghis

22

learninghistory,itwasfinallytimeforanattempttointroducehimtoapodofwild

whales.Thisintroductionaccordingtoprotocolssetinplacebymanagementand

thebehavioralteamagreedthattherightpodmustbefoundandthatthe

introductionwouldbeslowandontheanimals’termsnotthehumans.Thisfirst

introductionwouldbeadeterminingfactorinKeiko’sabilitytobereleased.

“CharlesandtheFWKFboardfirmlybelievedthatthiswasit;thatKeiko’s

firstintroductionwasaone-wayticketandhewouldnotbereturningtothe

KlettsvikwiththeDraupnir.”Itseemsprettyclearthatmanagementandthose

workinghandsonwithKeikobelievedtwoverydifferentoutcomesweretooccur

aftertheintroduction.SimmonsrecountsanargumentbetweenhispartnerRobin

andmanagementabouttheintroductioninlaterparagraphs,inwhichmanagement

hasagreedtoallowthe‘harassment’ofthewildwhalesbeforeKeikoistomeet

them.AccordingtoSimmonsthereweremembersoftheteamthatwerebeing

advisedbyBairdtotakeDNAsamplesfromthewildpodforhisresearchjustbefore

meetingKeiko.ForSimmonsandRobin,theideaoftakingsamplesandagitatingthe

wildpodjustbeforemeetingKeikowasunthinkableandfranklywouldsethimup

forfailure.

AccordingtoSimmons,Keiko’sfirstmeetingwithhiswildconspecificswas

highlytraumaticandcausedKeikotoswimoffinconfusion.Duetoanaerialspotter

itwasconfirmedthatKeikodidnotgooffwiththewildpodbutratherhadtraveled

northandwasswimminginfastsprintsandthenslowingtocircle.Thisbehavior

indicatedtobothSimmonsandRobinthatKeikowasconfusedanddisoriented.This

firstintroductionwasthebreakingpointfortheestablishedbehaviorteam,when

23

managementrefusedtochangetheassemblageofboatsduringintroductionsthe

teamputforthanultimatum.Itwaseitherchangetheplantofewerboatsoffering

morecontrolofthesituationortheteamwouldwalk.OnJuly20th2000,Simmons,

Robin,Tom,andKellylefttheprojectduetofundamentaldifferencesinwhatit

meansforsomethingtobeinKeiko’sbestinterest.

Overthenextthreeyearsfrom2000-2003,anumberofintroductionswere

attempted.Itwasproventimeandtimeagainthatthefirstintroduction’sfailure

causedanegativeassociationtowildwhalesforKeiko(andvisaversa).Keikonever

showedavestedinteresttothewildpodshewitnessedforagingortraveling.In

2002theprojectbeganlosingthemajorityofitsfunding,atthistime,thecrew

memberswhowereinterviewedforthefilmKeikotheuntoldstoryofFreeWilly

werehiredon(Demarset2010).ThesecrewmemberswereColinBaird,Mark

Berman,TobbaandNaomiRose.Followinganintroduction,Keikoonceagainfled

thesceneandwasfound300milesawayoffthecoastofNorway.Itwasspeculated

thatheoriginallyfollowedthewildpodforsometime,but,atsomepoint,hewent

offonhisown.Thereisnoproofofhimeverrejoiningapodonhisjourneyto

Norwayorifhewasalonetheentiretime.

ThisiswhereKeikospenthisfinaldays.Simmonsincludesanemailexcerptfrom

membersoftheoriginalteaminquiringaboutKeiko’shealthandprogress,theemail

showsthatthedataavailabletothemshowedKeikowasfailingtonotonly

assimilateintoawildpodbuthewasalsonotforagingonhisown.

Whenlookingatthesetwoworksaboutthesameprojectandrelease,there

seemstobecleardifferencesastowhatitmeantforittobesuccessful.Keikowas

24

putunderarigorousrehabilitationplanwiththeaimofgivinghimthebestchance

tosurviveonhisown.Thatrehabilitationwassquanderedbythelackofknowledge

orcarebymanagementfromOFSandFWKF.Keikomayhavelivedfouryearsinthe

oceanafterbeingunderhumancarefor16years,buthewasneveronhisown.By

allmeasuresofthereleasestandards,Keiko’sreleasewasafailureduetohis

dependencyonhumancareandcompany.

SectionFive:Conclusions:shouldtheybereleasedornot?

Marineparkshaverecentlycomeunderfire.AfterthedeathofaSeaWorld

trainer,animaladvocatesarguethatparksshouldreleasealloftheirmarine

mammals,nomatteriftheycamefromthewildover30yearsagooriftheywere

bornunderhumancare.Accordingtoastudydonetwoyearsafterthetrainer’s

death,itwasfoundthatdolphinshowsandinteractionprogramswereactually

highlyeducationalforthepubliconbasicinformationofthespeciesaswellas

conservationefforts.Marineparksprovideauniqueenvironmentforaverage

peopletogetupcloseandpersonaltothesemajesticanimals(LückM&JiangY.

2007)(JiangYet.al2007).InthefilmBlackfish,afewofthetrainersexplainedthat

theydecidedtobecometrainersaftervisitingseaparks.Thereisaconnectionone

getsaftervisitingandseeingtheseanimalsupcloseinamostlycontrolled

environment.Dolphinsandorcasinthewildpopuprarelyformajorityofthe

population,thisisoneofthemainreasonsmarineparksbecamesopopular.The

peoplewantedtoseethesecreaturesandwantedtolearnaboutthem,andlikethe

25

documentaryBlackfishandothersclaim,“withouttheseparksit’shardtoimaginea

societysodedicatedtotheprotectionofmarinemammals”(Cowperthwaite2013)

(Parsons2012).

However,withthedeathofDawn,theSeaWorldtrainer,thecalltorelease

marineanimalshasbeenstrongandunceasing,despitenotknowingifitwouldbe

betterorworsefortheanimalstobereleased.Overtheyearsanumberofscientists

havemadetheclaimthatanimalsunderhumancarearecrazedhighlyaggressive

animalsduetotheirconfinement.BoththefilmBlackfishmakesthisclaimaswell

asAndersonet.al2016.TrainerslikeMarkSimmonsdisagreewiththeseblanket

statementsduetoworkingwithtwokillerwhales,TilikumandKeiko.Boththe

whaleshadsimilarbeginningsinparksandyetonlyonekilledpeople.

Thecalltoreleasetheseanimalshasanegativesidethatisrarelytakeninto

accountbythoselookingto“free”them.Duetotheirprolongedexposuretohumans,

theseanimals’chancesofsurvivalaredrasticallycut.Basedontheinformation

aboveandtheadvancesinmarinemammalcareinparks,thebestpossiblesolution

tothisissueistoupdatefacilitiesandkeepthemincaptivity.Iffacilitieswere

updatedtomimicthenaturalenvironment,theoverallhealthofthesemarine

mammalswouldgreatlyimprove.Ultimatelytheissueliesonthefactthatweasa

societyhaveastandardmindsetonanimalcare,butfacilitiescurrentlydonot

accommodatetothesestandards.Thereisasevere1950’sfacilitysetupwitha

proactive21stcenturyconservationmindsetabouttheseanimals.

26

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