The Crusades- Overview

The Medieval The Medieval CrusadesCrusades

Major Trends and EventsMajor Trends and EventsThe Church and PapacyThe Church and Papacy

The power and The power and prestige of the Church prestige of the Church and papacy increased and papacy increased during the High Middle during the High Middle AgesAges

Pope GregoryPope Gregory worked to reform the worked to reform the

Church and increase its Church and increase its power power

Pope UrbanPope Urban Continued to increase Continued to increase

papal power papal power Called the First Crusade Called the First Crusade

promising forgiveness promising forgiveness of sins and salvation to of sins and salvation to all pilgrimsall pilgrims

The CrusadesThe Crusadesfrom the Latin for cross –from the Latin for cross –

cruxcrux series of military series of military

campaigns to recapture campaigns to recapture the Holy Land and the Holy Land and Jerusalem from the Jerusalem from the Muslim TurksMuslim Turks

Four official Crusades Four official Crusades Only one was successful Only one was successful

– 1– 1stst Crusade Crusade Act of religious Act of religious

devotion and devotion and pilgrimage to gain pilgrimage to gain God’s favor God’s favor

Major Motivations and Major Motivations and ObjectivesObjectives

Take control of the Holy Land Take control of the Holy Land and and Jerusalem from the Muslims (Turks) Jerusalem from the Muslims (Turks) Forgiveness of sins Forgiveness of sins by participating by participating in a holy pilgrimage in a holy pilgrimage Economic gain Economic gain – increased trade – increased trade and commerceand commercePolitical power Political power and prestige for the and prestige for the kings and knights of Europekings and knights of EuropePersonal glory and honorPersonal glory and honorExpansion of Church power Expansion of Church power into into Asia MinorAsia Minor

BackgroundBackground Emperor Alexius of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius of the Byzantine

(Christian) Empire requested help in (Christian) Empire requested help in protecting his kingdom from the Muslim protecting his kingdom from the Muslim Turks Turks

The Emperor asked Pope Urban to send The Emperor asked Pope Urban to send some Christian knights to some Christian knights to ConstantinopleConstantinople

Pope Urban saw this as an opportunity Pope Urban saw this as an opportunity to expand Church power in the Eastto expand Church power in the East

The first official Crusade - 1096The first official Crusade - 1096

Emperor Alexius of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius of the Byzantine EmpireEmpire

Pope Urban called the First Pope Urban called the First Crusade in 1096Crusade in 1096

Pope Urban calls the First Pope Urban calls the First CrusadeCrusade

The Peasant’s CrusadeThe Peasant’s Crusade(the (the first unofficial first unofficial

Crusade)Crusade) Many peasants followed Many peasants followed Peter the Hermit Peter the Hermit in in

his pilgrimage to the Holy Landhis pilgrimage to the Holy Land Thousands of peasants marched across Thousands of peasants marched across

Europe Europe They killed and looted as they traveled They killed and looted as they traveled thousands of Jews were killed- anti-Semitism thousands of Jews were killed- anti-Semitism

Emperor Alexius did not allow the peasants to Emperor Alexius did not allow the peasants to enter Constantinople enter Constantinople

Once the peasants crossed into Asia Minor Once the peasants crossed into Asia Minor they were attacked and most were killed or they were attacked and most were killed or enslaved by the Turksenslaved by the Turks

Peter the Hermit and his Peter the Hermit and his followersfollowers

The Four Crusades The Four Crusades

The First Official The First Official CrusadeCrusade

Christian knights came Christian knights came from all over Europe from all over Europe

The First Crusade The First Crusade Capture of Jerusalem -1099Capture of Jerusalem -1099

The crusaders The crusaders attacked attacked Jerusalem and Jerusalem and captured the citycaptured the city

The Christian The Christian crusaders crusaders massacred the massacred the city’s inhabitants city’s inhabitants (Jews, Christians, (Jews, Christians, and Muslimsand Muslims) )

The Second CrusadeThe Second Crusade

The Christian The Christian crusaders lost crusaders lost control of control of JerusalemJerusalem

The Muslim The Muslim leader, Saladinleader, Saladin recaptured the recaptured the city from the city from the Christians in Christians in 11871187

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusadethe Crusade of Kingsthe Crusade of Kings

Several kings Several kings participated in the participated in the Third CrusadeThird Crusade

Richard the Richard the Lionheart- Lionheart- king of king of England fought in this England fought in this CrusadeCrusade

Crusaders failed to Crusaders failed to recapture Jerusalemrecapture Jerusalem

Saladin allowed Saladin allowed Christian pilgrims Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalemto visit Jerusalem

Richard the Lionheart Richard the Lionheart King of England King of England

The Fourth Crusade - The Fourth Crusade - 12041204

The Fourth Crusade The Fourth Crusade left from Venice but left from Venice but only made it to only made it to ConstantinopleConstantinople

The Crusaders The Crusaders invaded and sacked invaded and sacked the city and the city and returned to Venice returned to Venice without ever going without ever going to the Holy Landto the Holy Land

Only the First Only the First Crusade was Crusade was successfulsuccessful

Christians took control of Christians took control of Jerusalem Jerusalem

The Children’s CrusadeThe Children’s Crusade

This crusade This crusade involved involved thousands thousands of children of children who who were sent off on were sent off on pilgrimage to the pilgrimage to the Holy LandHoly Land

It was a complete It was a complete failure failure resulting in resulting in the death or the death or enslavement of the enslavement of the participantsparticipants

Major Outcomes of the Major Outcomes of the CrusadesCrusades

Feudalism began to decline Feudalism began to decline across across EuropeEurope

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism continued to be a problem continued to be a problem Trade and commercialTrade and commercial increased with the increased with the

EastEast A A money economy money economy began to developbegan to develop Growth in the Growth in the middle classmiddle class Towns and cities revived and grewTowns and cities revived and grew The The power and prestige of the Church power and prestige of the Church

and papacy began to declineand papacy began to decline Expansion of knowledge Expansion of knowledge as contact with as contact with

the East increased the East increased