The Convergence of ASHRAE Standard 90.1, 62.1 and 55 – Example of Energy Efficiency Measures Chonghui Liu (CL), PE, CEM, LEED AP Team Leader, Energy Services Popli Design Group 2018 CNY Engineering Expo Oncenter, Syracuse, NY Monday, November 12, 2018
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The Convergence of ASHRAE Standard 90.1, 62.1 and
55 – Example of Energy Efficiency Measures
Chonghui Liu (CL), PE, CEM, LEED AP
Team Leader, Energy Services
Popli Design Group
2018 CNY Engineering Expo
Oncenter, Syracuse, NY
Monday, November 12, 2018
• The results of the case studies do not reflect the results
from any specific project.
• The views expressed in the case studies are the author’s
only, they do not necessarily reflect the views of ASHRAE
SPPC 90.1 or other parties.
• The images referenced in this presentation are for
general information only, they do not reflect any specific
site.
Disclaimer
• ASHRAE standards – comparison and application
o 90.1
o 62.1
o 55
• Examples of energy efficiency measures
o Building Envelope – attic roof insulation
o HVAC – VAV AHUs in lecture halls
o HVAC – kitchen DCV
o HVAC – laboratory ventilation
• Q&A
Content
• Comparison and application of ASHRAE standards
o 90.1
o 62.1
o 55
• Learn the three ASHRAE standards from examples of
energy efficiency measures
o Building Envelope – attic roof insulation
o HVAC – VAV AHUs in lecture halls
o HVAC – kitchen DCV
o HVAC – laboratory ventilation
• Q&A
Learning Objectives
• Consulting engineers/managers
• Facility engineers/managers
• Manufacturer engineers/managers/sales
• Contractors/construction managers
• Architects/designers
• Professors/researchers/students
• Others
Do you know who you are talking to?
Feel free to ask questions at any point during the presentation.
Energy:
• Standard 90.1-2016: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise
Residential Buildings
• Standard 90.2-2007: Energy Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential
Buildings
• Standard 90.4-2016: Energy Standard for Data Centers
• Standard 100-2015: Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings
Commissioning:
• Standard 202-2013: Commissioning Process for Buildings and
Systems
• Guideline 0-2013: The Commissioning Process
ASHRAE Standards
4,000+
Other Resources for HVAC Design:
• Standard 15-2016 & 34-2016: Safety Standards for Refrigeration
Systems & Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants
• Standard 55-2013 (2017): Thermal Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy
• Standard 62.1-2016: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
• Standard 169-2013: Climate Data for Building Design Standards
• Standard 189.1-2014: Standard for the Design of High-Performance
Green Buildings
ASHRAE Standards 4,000+
Convergence
90.1
Energy
62.1
IEQ
55
Thermal
Comfort
To provide acceptable indoor air quality and thermal
environmental conditions for human occupancy while
optimizing energy efficiency in built environment.
• Building Envelope (Ch 5)
• HVAC (Ch 6)
• Service water heating (Ch 7)
• Power (Ch 8)
• Lighting (Ch 9)
• Other equipment (Ch 10)
• Oil embargo 1973
• Standard 90-75
• Standard 62-73
• Standard 55-66
History
Picture from www.wsj.com
Picture from www.thesleuthjournal.com
Comparison
Comparison – 90.1 compliance paths
• Ch. 4: Administration and Enforcement
o New Buildings
o Additions to existing buildings
o Alterations of existing buildings
Comparison – sections most used (by engineers)
• 90.1 min equipment efficiency tables
• 62.1 - min ventilation rates tables
• 55 - comfort zone psychrometric charts
Comparison – sections most used (by engineers )
90.1 min equipment efficiency tables
1. AC - Electric unitary AC and condensing units
2. HP - Electric unitary and applied HPs
3. Chillers - water chilling packages
4. Electric packaged ACs and HPs
5. Furnace - Warm-air furnaces (and ACs)
6. Boilers
7. Heat rejection
8. Heat transfer (no data)
9. Electric VFR ACs
10. Electric VRF HPs
11. ACs and condensing units serving computer rooms
12. Commercial refrigerator and freezers
13. Commercial refrigeration
14. Indoor pool dehumidifiers (vapor compression based)
15. Electric DX-DOAS (without energy recovery)
16. Electric DX-DOAS (with energy recovery)
Appendix F - DoE:
• AC and HP
• Water heaters
• Pool heaters
Unregulated
Questions or comments?
• Building Envelope – attic roof insulation
• HVAC – VAV AHUs in lecture halls
• HVAC – kitchen DCV
• HVAC – laboratory ventilation
EEM Examples
Building Envelope – Attic Roof Insulation
• 90.1 – Chapter 5
o 5.4: Air Leakage
Continuous air barrier
New: building pressurization test
< 0.4 cfm/ft2
under 0.3 in. of water
o 5.5:
Table 5.5-0 to 5.5-8
Climate 5A
Residential (except low-rise)
Min. R-49
o 5.7: Future: envelope Cx?
6.7: HVAC
IECC: HVAC/Plumbing/Lighting Controls
Comments?
• 62.1 and 55 - Vented attic
o Eliminate moisture from below
o Prevent melting snow and ice dams forming
• Climate zone: 5A
• Residence halls on a university
• Existing condition:
o Flat upper roof with EPDM
o Sloped sides with original slate shingles
o Solid wood deck
o Wood/steel structural framing below
o Cellulose insulation 3.5 inches ~ R-11 (ASHRAE Fundamental)
o Cracks/penetrations
• Energy:
o Heat conduction thru ceiling
o Heat loss from air leakage below
Building Envelope
• Recommendation:
o Remove cellulose insulation
o 5.4 Continuous air barrier -> Seal
cracks/penetrations of attic floor
o 5.5 Min R-49 -> R-50 insulation
(ASHRAE Fundamental):
Closed cell spray foam 2 inches
Blown-in cellulose insulation 10
inches
• Benefits besides energy savings:
o Perform under low temp
o Seal entire attic floor
o Air and vapor barrier
o Acoustical barrier
o No harmful additives
o Protected – flame retardant
Building Envelope
Picture from www. greenintegrateddesign.com
Picture from www.tcworks.org
Summary:
Building Envelope
Building Envelope EEM – Attic Roof Insulation
Value Unit
Annual electric energy savings 0 kWh/yr
Annual electrical energy cost savings $0 $/yr
Annual natural gas energy savings 200,000 therm/yr
Annual natural gas energy cost savings $120,600 $/yr
Total annual energy cost savings $120,600 $/yr
Total project cost $600,000 $
Simple payback period 5.0 yr
Life cycle cost $650,000 $
Questions or comments?
HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls
90.1 – Chapter 6
• 6.4:
o Minimum efficiency tables
6.8.1-1 RTU/AHU with elec. AC
Not for CW/HW AHUs
o Automatic shutdown
Time switch or scheduling control
Occupant sensors
Manually operated timer
Interlock to security system
o DCV
> 500 ft2
≥ 25 people/1000 ft2
(> 40 people/1000 ft2
in 90.1-2010)
1 or more: Economizer /Modulating />3,000 CFM OA
Definition: OA – number of people
• Occupancy schedule
• Occupancy sensors
• People counters
• CO2
sensors
o Zone
o Return air duct
o CO2
sampling
Exceptions: exhaust energy recovery comply with 6.5.6.1
KDCV
HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls
90.1 – Chapter 6
• 6.5:
o Air economizer: 5A > 54,000 Btu/h (4.5 tons)
o Prevent simultaneous H/C: Dual-duct except snap acting controls
o Vary supply airflow – load
o Static pressure reset – zone requiring most pressure
o Multi-zone supply air temp reset – load or OAT
o Required OA rate – larger of OA or EA by 62.1
o EA energy recovery
• 6.7:
o System Cx:
> 50,000 ft2
conditioned area
o IECC 2015:
> 480 MBH (40 tons)
> 600 MBH for hvac + dhw
HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls
• 62.1 – Procedures
o IMC: 6.2 and 6.4
Section 6 Procedures
Section 6.1 General
Section 6.2
Ventilation
Rate Procedure
Section 6.3
IAQ Procedure
Section 6.4
Natural
Ventilation
Procedure
Combination
Section 6.5 Exhaust Ventilation
Section 6.6 Design Documentation
Procedures
Ez: zone air distribution effectiveness
• Cooling
• Heating
• Induced ventilation
Ev: system ventilation efficiency
• Zpz: primary OA fraction
• Appendix A
HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls
62.1
• 6.2:
o Breathing zone OA: CFM-people + CFM-area (Table 6.2.2.1)
o Dynamic reset – DCV (required by 90.1)
> 500 ft2
≥ 25 people/1000 ft2
– Examples below
(90.1-2007/2010 ≥ 40p/1000 ft2
– 90.1-2013/2016 ≥ 25p/1000 ft2)
1 or more:
• Air economizer
• Automatic modulating control of OA damper
• Design OA > 3,000 CFM
• Restaurant dining
• Cafeteria
• Bars, cocktail lounge
• Conference
• Lobby / pre-function
• Break room
• Reception area
• Transportation waiting
• Auditorium seating
• Correctional booking/waiting
• Daycare
• Classroom
• Lecture classroom
• Lecture hall
• University lab
• Media center
• Music / theater / dance
• Multi-use assembly
• Religious worship
• Courtroom
• Legislative chamber
• Museum / gallery
• Mall common area
• Barbershop
• Spectator area
• Dance floor
• Gambling casino
HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls
62.1 2016 - 5.16/17 Air Classification (subjective
criteria) and Recirculation
• Class 1: suitable for recirculation/transfer, e.g.
office, common, classrooms…
• Class 2: recirculation/transfer to similar Class2/3
e.g. locker, gym, bathrooms…
o Exception: Class 2 to 1: permitted with ER
device, and
o Recirculated Class 2 < 10% OA.
• Class 3: only recirculated within, e.g. chem/bio
labs, trash rooms, kitchen hoods…
o Exception: Class 3 to other space: permitted
with ER device, and
o Recirculated Class 3 < 5% OA.
• Class 4: harmful – Not recirculated/transferred to
any spaces or within, e.g. kitchen grease hoods,
paint booth, chem storage…
• ETS: Not recirculated/transferred from ETS area to
ETS-free area
IMC 2015 – Section 403
• In excess of required OA, not
prohibit recirculated as a
component of SA.
• Not prohibited if < 10% OA,
e.g. toilets, wood/metal shops,
locker rooms, science labs, art
classrooms, prison cells with
plumbing fixtures.
• Not recirculated/transferred to
any spaces or within e.g. repair
garages, beauty/nail/pet shops,
fuel station, kitchen, smoking
lounges.
Kitchen
90.1 6.5.7.1
Transfer Air
HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls
55
• Thermal comfort: that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation.
Picture from www.nzdl.org
Ch 9 Fundamentals
Ta ≈ To
IECC: Design Conditions for Load
• Heat ≤ 72F (e.g. 68)
• Cool ≥ 75F (e.g. 75, 72, 68)
• Climate zone: 5A
• Lecture halls on a university
• Existing condition:
o Originally constructed in 1960s
o 20 lecture halls, concourse and supporting areas
o 17 AHUs in mech rooms throughout the building
2 large dual-duct AHUs (~40% of total CFMs)
2 multi-zone AHUs
13 single-zone AHUs
o Chilled water and hot water coils
o Constant volume (VFDs on SFs, but soft-start only)
o Preheating coils not used
o Mixing hot and cold air flows (simultaneous heat and cool)
o High static pressure
o Pneumatic zone temp sensors ≠ campus BAS
o Pneumatic dampers and zone air flows ≠ campus BAS