The conservation of peatlands a win-win opportunity for fighting climate change, protecting water and maintaining biodiversity Dr. Matthias Drösler Technische Universität München Freising – Germany [email protected]+49 8161 713715 Brussels 23.09.2010 Drösler - TUM
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The conservation of peatlandsa win-win opportunity for fighting climatechange, protecting water and maintaining
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
outline
wetland
fen(minero-trophic)
bog(ombro-trophic)
usednaturalused
mire
marshnon-peatformingmostly salt-water
influencedswamp
non-peatformingfresh-water
…..
peatland
Peatland definition
up to 550 PgC in peatlands (Parish et al. 2008)
ca. 30 % soil organic carbonca. 3 % land surface
(Lappalainen 1996)
Drösler - TUM
Peatland distribution worldwide
• Carbon in ecosystems
• Peatlandimportance
(Parish et al. 2008)
Peatlanddistribution in Europe
Montanarella et al. (2006)
Small scale variability of peat-depth
Drösler - TUM
for the to day climate-effect of peatlands the C-pool is less importantthan the exchange of climatic relevant trace gases
pool dimension vs. pool change rate makes stock change monitoring uncertain
CO2-uptakeGPP
CH4- N2O-emission
CO2-balanceNEE
CO2-emissionRespiration
Drösler - TUM
GHG-exchange in peatlands
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Production
Water table
Capillaryfringe
ConsumptionSoil surface
CO2N2OCH4
Relative gas fluxes – different scales per gas!
Soil profile
Processes of GHG-exchange in peatlands
Greenhouse gases in peatlandsCO2N2OCH4
Relative gas fluxes – different scales per gas!
Water table
Drainedpeatland
SourceSink
Water table
Naturalpeatland
Processes of GHG-exchange in peatlands
measurement techniques for GHGmeasurement techniques for GHG--exchange exchange of of COCO22, CH, CH44 and Nand N22OO
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
Peatland use
EU-27 Peatland Area
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Bogs Fens
Area
[M h
a]
DegradedCropGrassForestMire
Adapted from Joosten & Clarke 2002
Median EFs for temperate peatlands
-10-505
1015202530354045
MireDrai
ned f
orest
Grassla
ndCrop
land
Degrad
edRes
tored
bog
Restor
ed fe
nt C
O2-
equi
v. h
a-1 a
-1
CO2 CH4 N2O
Freibauer, Drösler et al. in prep.
European peatlands: GHG budget
GHG Budget
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Mire Forest Grass Crop Degraded
Gg
C-e
quiv
alen
ts a
-1
Fen BogSource
Sink
Net source: 31,800 Gg C-equ. a-1
Freibauer, Drösler et al. in prep.
N2O
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
CH4
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
C uptake
NEP
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
C uptake
GHG emissions from peatlands in EU-27
C-equivalents
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
C uptake
Area
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
84 TgCO2-eq a-1
11.3 TgCO2-eq a-1
21.5 TgCO2-eq a-1
117 TgCO2-eq a-1
Freibauer, Drösler et al. in prep.
-1000
100200300400500600700800900
Finlan
dSwed
enNorw
ayBela
rus
United
King
dom
German
yPola
ndIre
land
Estonia
1000
km
2
UnknownPeat cut CroplandGrasslandForestryMires
GHG emissionsfrom peatlands
by country
(emission factors:Drösler et al. 2008)
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Finlan
dSwed
enNorw
ayBela
rus
United
King
dom
German
yPola
ndIre
land
Estonia
GH
G b
alan
ce [G
g C
O 2-e
qu]
UnknownPeat cut CroplandGrasslandForestryMires
Freibauer, Drösler et al. in prep.
outline
Drösler - TUM
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
peatland synthesis: detailed objectives
1
3
24
5
9
7
6
8
10
11
German input: Nationally funded sites
Blue sites BMBF-project2006-2010
Blue and purple sites vTI-project2009-2012
Research partners – BMBF project
Vegetationsökologie
TUM-VÖK Matthias Drösler, Wolfram Adelmann, Lindsey Bergmann, Christoph Förster,Julia Hermann
IÖW Ulrich Petschow, Alexandra Dehnhardt, Stefan Görlitz, Philipp Schägner
LBEG Heinrich Höper, Colja Beyer, Horst Liebersbach
MPI-BGC Annette Freibauer, Catharina DonMaria-Hahn Schöfl, Angelika Thuille
TUM-WDL Jochen Kantelhardt, Lena Schaller, Rico Hübner
ZALF-BLF Michael Sommer, Marc Wehrhahn, Franz Zinnecker
ZALF-LSD Jürgen Augustin, Madlen Pohl, Elisabeth Boraz, Michael Giebels, Merten Minke, Maarten Schmid,
peatland study: representative selection of sites
Climatic water balance
GHG-balance - German bogs
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Acker
Grünlan
d inte
nsiv
/ mitte
l
Grünlan
d exte
nsiv
trock
en
Grünlan
d exte
nsiv
nass
Hochm
oor tr
ocke
n
Naturna
h/Ren
aturie
rtÜbe
rstau
t CO
2-Ä
qu. h
a-1 a
-1Alle TGs Hochmoor
Fehlerbalken: Minimum - Maximum der Messungen
All sites Peat bogs
Farm
land
Gra
ssla
nd in
tens
ive
Gra
ssla
nd
exte
nsiv
e dr
y
Gra
ssla
nd
exte
nsiv
e w
et
Hea
th
Nat
ural
/ res
tore
d
Floo
ded
Drösler et al. in prep.
-75 -50 -25 0 25 50WT-mean total [cm]
-250
0
250
500
750
1000G
WP
-bal
ance
GH
Gs
[g C
O2-
C-e
qu. m
-2
-
2
GH
G-b
alan
ce[g
CO
2-C
Äqu
iv. m
-2a-
1] r2=0.6
p=<0.01
Mean WT: dominating but not single explainingfactor
1. extensive grasing*2. inten. meadow3. ext. meadow4. ext. meaow with sedges5. tall sedges6. former extensive meadow
7 former extensive meadow8 inten. meadow9 inten. meadow11 farmland13.1 small sedges (restored) MW 22 cm13.2 small sedges (restored) MW 14 cm
GHG-reduction potential –fen area example FS-Moos
C-pool in German peatlands 1200 – 2400 Mio t
Emissions from German peatlands up to 45 Mio t CO2 equiv/a (NIR2010)
peatlands are among the biggest single sources4.5 % of the overall climate impact of Germany
30 % ot the emissions of the whole farming sectorfrom peatland agriculture unless just 8 % of farmland on organic soils
big emission-reduction potentials at small land proportion
GHG-Balances German peatlands
Drösler - TUM
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
outline
(Colias palaeno)
species conservation vs. climate protecion?
-75 -50 -25 0 25 50WT-mean total [cm]
-250
0
250
500
750
1000
GW
P-b
alan
ce G
HG
s [g
CO
2-C
-equ
. m-2
2
habitat
methane-source
species conservation vs. climate protecion?
-75 -50 -25 0 25 50WT-mean total [cm]
-250
0
250
500
750
1000
GW
P-b
alan
ce G
HG
s [g
CO
2-C
-equ
. m-2
2
monitoring: bog vegetation as indicator for restoration succes
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
PeatlandPeatlandconservationconservation
restorationrestoration
Biodiversity
ClimateprotectionWater regulation
Synergies between BiodiversityBiodiversity--,WaterWater-- and ClimateClimate protectionprotection
Development of sitesite--specificspecificPeatlandPeatland managementmanagement strategiesstrategies(land-use, land-tenure, hydrological setting,costs and goals)
ChallengesChallenges and and potentialspotentials
ApplicationApplication of of newnew peatlandpeatland managementmanagement strategiesstrategies(stakeholder participation, permanence, commitment, costs)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Fläche [ha]
Geb
iets
emis
sion
en [t
CO2 /
Jahr
]
Farmland to grassland
Extensification of grassland Water rising
Agricultural use of wetmeadows
optimalrestoration
Water risingNature conservation
Reduction of area emissions FS-Moos
reduction: 12.000 t CO2-equiv a-1
CO2-abatement costs: 9 – 64 Euro /t CO2
Wiss. Beirat Agrarpolitik beim BMELV, 2007
Climate mitigation via peatland conservation
Mitigation potential via peatland restoration
Estimated emission reductionsCa. 30 t CO2 equiv. / ha a in fensCa. 15 t CO2 equiv. / ha a in bogs
Abatement costs
PeatlandPeatlandconservationconservation
restorationrestoration
Biodiversity
ClimateprotectionWater regulation
Integration of Integration of ecologicalecological servicesservices ((climateclimate, , biodiversitybiodiversity, , waterwater) ) in in agriculturalagricultural fundingfunding schemesschemes withinwithin CAP CAP paypay land land usersusers on on organicorganic soilssoils forfor producingproducing ecologicalecological servicesservices
ButBut: : MonitoringMonitoring & & modellingmodelling of of thethe effectseffects neededneeded! !
conclusionsconclusions
Synergies between BiodiversityBiodiversity--,WaterWater-- and ClimateClimate protectionprotection
Development of sitesite--specificspecificPeatlandPeatland managementmanagement strategiesstrategies(land-use, land-tenure, hydrological setting,costs and goals)
ApplicationApplication of of newnew peatlandpeatland managementmanagement strategiesstrategies(stakeholder participation, permanence, commitment, costs)
EU-FP7 Project (2010-2013)GHG-Europe (coord. vTI)
Greenhouse gas management in European land use systems
activity 2.1: peatland synthesis (TUM-VÖK)
Annette Freibauer vTI-AK Seminar 27.04
Thanks for your attention
Thanks to all contributers in the running GHG-exchange projects
Thanks to the funding institutions: EU, BMBF, vTI, LfU, BStMWK, BFN