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Slide 1
Slide 2
The Computer Defined A computer is an electronic device that
processes data, converting it into information that is useful to
people.
Slide 3
Analog and Digital Computer Analog systems represent data as
variable points along a continuous spectrum of values. Early analog
computers were mechanically devices, weighing several tons and
using motors and gears to perform calculations.
Slide 4
Digital systems represents data as having one distinct value or
another with no other possibilities. Digital computers are so
called because they work by the numbers.That is they break all
types of information into tiny units and use numbers to represent
those pieces of information.
Slide 5
Computers for individual users Most computers are meant to be
used by only one person at a time.Such computers are shared by
several people,but only one user can work with the machine at any
given moment.
Slide 6
Six primary types of computers Desktop computers Workstations
Notebook computers Tablet computers Handheld computers Smart phones
These systems are all examples of Personal Computers Personal
computers are also called micro computers
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Desktop Computers The most common type of personal computer is
the desktop computer.a PC that is designed to sit on a desk or
table. These computers you see in schools,homes, offices. These
computers are used to communicate, produce music, edit photographs
and videos, play sophisticated games and much more.
Slide 8
Workstations A workstation is a speacialized,single user
computer that typically has more power and features than a standard
desktop personal computer. These machines are popular among
scientists,engineer who need a system with grater than average
speed and the power to perform sophisticated tasks. Workstations
often have large high resolutions monitors and accelerated graphics
handling capabilities.
Slide 9
Notebook Computer Notebook computers as their name implies
approximate the shape of an 8.5 by 11 inch notebook and easily fit
inside a briefcase. People frequently use these devices on their
lap they are also called laptop computers.
Slide 10
Tablet PCs The tablet PC is the newest development in portable,
full featured computers. Tablet PCs offer all the functionality of
a notebook PC They are lighter and can accept input from a special
pen called a stylus or a digital pen.
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Handheld PCs Handheld personal computers are computing devices
small enough to fit in your hands. Personal digital assistant (PDA)
is the type of handheld computers. Size of PDA is no larger than
small appointment book and is normally used for special
applications Displaying telephone numbers and addresses Taking
notes Keeping track of dates or agendas
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Smart phones Some cellular phones double as miniature PCs These
phones offer advanced features,thats way they are called smart
phones These features can include Web service E-mail services
Special software such as personal organizers Special hardware such
as digital cameras or music players etc.
Slide 13
Computer for Organizations Some computers handle the need of
many users at the same time. The largest organizational computers
support thousands of individual users at the same time, from
thousands of miles away.
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Network servers Today,most organizations network are based on
personal computer Individual users have their own desktop computers
which are connected to one or more centralized computers,called
network servers. Large organizations may have dozens or hundreds of
individual servers working together at the heart of their network
When set up in such groups sometimes called clusters or server
farms
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In these large networks different group of servers may have
different purposes Handling printing tasks Enabling internet
communications Accounting tasks Word processing Database management
tasks
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Mainframe computres Mainframe computers are used in large
organizations such as insurance companies and banks, where many
people frequently need to use the same data. In a traditional
mainframe environment,each user access the mainframes resources
through a device called a terminal
Slide 17
Types of terminal A dumb terminal An intelligent terminal
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A dumb terminal A dumb terminal does not process or store data
It is simply an input/output device that function as a window into
a computer located somewhere else.
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An intelligent terminal An intelligent terminal can perform
some processing operations but it usually does not have any
storage.
Slide 20
The Parts of a Computer System A complete computer system
consists of four parts Hardware Software Data User
Slide 21
Hardware The mechanical devices that make up the computer are
called hardware Hardware is any part of the computer you touch
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Software Software is a set of instructions that makes the
computer perform tasks The term program refers to any piece of
software.
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Data Data consists of individual facts or pieces of information
that by themselves may not make much sense to a person. Tiny pieces
of data in various form is actually the useful information.
Slide 24
Users People are the computer operators, also known as users No
computer is totally autonomous
Slide 25
The information processing cycle A computer converts data into
information by performing various action. During performing a
mathematical operation on two numbers,then display the result.This
is called the information processing cycle.
Slide 26
The information processing cycle has four parts Input
Processing Output storage
Slide 27
Essential Computer hardware A computers hardware devices fall
into one of four categories 1. Processor 2. Memory 3. Input and
Output 4. Storage
Slide 28
Processing devices The processor is like the brain of the
computer It organizes and carries out instructions that come from
either the user or software. Processor usually consists of one or
more speacialized chips called microprocessors. Microprocessor is
plugged into the computers motherboard Motherboard is an example of
circuit board Many internal devices like sound card,video card,disk
controller are attached to the mother board.
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Memory devices In a computer, memory is one or more sets of
chips that store data and program instructions either temporarily
or permanently.
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Random Access Memory The most common type of memory is called
random access memory(RAM) RAM is like an electronic scratch pad
inside the computer. RAM holds data and program instructions while
the CPU works with them. When a program is launched it is loaded
into and run from memory RAM is also called read/write memory RAM
is made up of a set of chips mounted on a small circuit board. RAM
is also volatile,meaning that it lost its contents when computer is
shut off.
Slide 31
Read Only Memory Unlike RAM,read only memory (ROM) permanently
stores its data, even when the computer is off. RAM is called non
volatile memory because it never lost its contents ROM holds
instructions that the computer needs to operate.
Slide 32
Input and Output devices Input devices accept data and
instructions from the user or from another computer Out put devices
return processed data to the user or to another system. The most
common input device is the keyboard,which accept letters,numbers
and commands from the user. Another type is mouse
Slide 33
Examples of input devices The trackball and touchpad The
joystick A scanner A digital Camera A microphone
Slide 34
The function of an output device is to present processed data
to the user The most common output devices are monitor and the
printer
Slide 35
Storage Devices The purpose of storage is to hold data
permanently,even when the computer is turned off. Storage as an
electronic file cabinet and RAM as an electronic worktable. When
you work with a program or set of data,the computer locates it in
the file cabinet and puts a copy on the table.
Slide 36
What is storage and memory There are three major distinctions
between storage and memory There is more room in storage than in
memory Contents are retained in storage but not in memory Storage
devices operate much slower than memory chips
Slide 37
Two types of storage Magnetic storage Optical storage
Slide 38
Magnetic storage There are many types of computer storage but
the most common is magnetic disk. A disk is round, flat object that
spins around its center.
Slide 39
Optical storage Every computer sold today includes at least one
form of optical storage Devices that use lasers to read data from
or write data to the reflective surface of an optical disc The
CD-ROM DRIVE is the most common type of optical storage device An
increasingly popular data storage technology is the digital video
disc (DVD)