The Compound Light Microscope - Mrs. Wigmore's Homepage: · 2018-10-18 · The Compound Light Microscope Complete the table below Structure Function Ocular lens (eyepiece) Revolving

The Compound Light Microscope

Complete the table below

Structure Function

Ocular lens (eyepiece)

Revolving nosepiece

Objective lens

Stage

Stage clips

Diaphragm

Coarse adjustment

knob

Fine adjustment knob

Lamp

Base

Magnification

Total Magnification = eyepiece lens power X objective lens power

Eyepiece lens Objective lens Total Magnification

low 10X

medium 10X

high 10X

Scientific Drawing You don’t have to be a good artist to draw good scientific drawings. The key is to be accurate – draw what you see in the correct proportions. When preparing a scientific drawing, follow these rules:

1. Drawings should be neat and accurate; all parts need to be in the proper proportions.

2. All drawings should be done in pencil.

3. Labelling lines should be drawn in pencil, using a ruler and to the right side of the drawing.

4. Shading and/or colouring is unnecessary. Stippling is permissible.

5. Make all line smooth and continuous; not sketchy.

6. All diagrams should be large (at least ½ page) and done on blank paper.

7. Each diagram should have an appropriate title, and the magnification indicated

Example:

Properties of a Microscope Magnification:

How much "______________" the lenses make the object appear compared to ________________. Resolution:

Characteristic of Lenses that allows two dots to appear as _____________ and not ___________ (DETAIL) Contrast:

The difference in appearance between the specimen and the ____________________. Most cell parts look the ___________ under a microscope. By increasing the contrast (making some parts __________________) we can see the different parts more clearly. Ways to increase contrast:

change the amount of _____________ coming in by adjusting the ___________

add a ______________ that will colour only certain parts of the cell to make them "________"

Methylene Blue is used for ______________ cells to stain the DNA in the nucleus

Iodine is used for ______________ cells to stain the starch in the cell wall

Cell Theory

All known living things are made up of ________________.

Some organisms are ____________________ (made of only one cell), others are _________________, (made of many cells)

All cells come from pre-existing cells by ___________________.

Cells contain genetic information (______________) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division

All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.

_______________________ (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.

The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of __________________________________.

The Cell Parts and Functions, Investigating Science 10, p 10- 16

All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made of between ________________

and __________________ cells. Each cell contains smaller parts called

_____________. These cellular structures have special functions that maintain all of the

life processes of the cell, including: _______________________

___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________.

Label the following diagrams and complete the chart on the back.

Typical Animal Cell

Typical Plant Cell

CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS HOMEWORK

Organelle Plant/Animal Description and Function

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Nucleolus

DNA

Chromatin

Ribosome

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Body

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Lysosome

Centriole

Flagellum

Cilia

Chapter 1.1 HW: Define difusion and answer Q 3,8, 10, and 12 on page 25.

Cell Division

Why is cell division important?

1) __________________ and ___________________________________

Healing cuts, broken bones and replacing dead cells

2) ___________________

Cell division allows an organism to grow bigger (from ______ to _________ cells)

3) ________________________ of organisms

Unicellular organisms like bacteria reproduce by ____________________ in two.

_______________ and ______________ cells are made from the division of cells in

reproductive organs.

Why is it better for a cell to divide (and stay small) rather than to just grow bigger and bigger?

If a cell becomes too large:

____________________ from outside the cell can’t get to all parts of the cell quickly

______________________________ from the nucleus take too long to travel to all cell

parts

Larger cells have less _______________________ (SA) than multiple cells of equal

volume. Therefore, the larger cells cannot obtain enough nutrients from the surrounding

environment

Factors that affect cell division:

______________________________: sunlight, altitude

______________________________: inhibit (slow) division and mitosis

DNA __________________________: can disrupt apoptosis (the natural death of cells e.g.

cancerous cells)

SNC 2DI: The Cell Cycle READ P.28-30. LABEL THE DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE BELOW AND FILL IN THE BLANKS.

Every hour, about _____________ cells die and are replaced in your body. Cells do not constantly

divide. They go through periods of ________ and preparing for _______________. This

sequence of events is called the ___________________. When cells are not dividing, they are in

a stage (that has three sections) called _________________. During the first section this

phase, cells go through a period of rapid growth, where they take in __________________ (like

sugars) and produce new ______________and ______________. The cell spends 90% of its

time in _____________. Once the cell has grown to a size where its _______________ is too

small to service the large volume, the cell is unable to absorb enough ____________ or expel

enough ____________. At this point it is healthier for the cell to divide into two identical

______________ cells. In preparation for the MITOSIS (M-phase), the cell prepares for

division by _______________ its chromosomes creating two identical copies of DNA called sister

____________. Chromosomes must be duplicated because they contain very important

information about how a cell functions, and each new cell will need a copy of this information. The

nucleus divides in a process called _________________ and the cytoplasm and the rest of the

cell divide through a process called _________________________.

You are made up of approximately 100 trillion cells. This is amazing considering that all

these cells started from one fertilized egg. Even now cells are dividing in your body!

How does cell division occur?

Cell division occurs in two stages:

1. Mitosis -

2. Cytokinesis -

These two stages produce TWO identical cells from one original cell. In order to describe

the events of cell division, the process is divided into several phases.

INTERPHASE:

PROPHASE:

METAPHASE:

ANAPHASE:

TELOPHASE and CYTOKINESIS:

FINAL RESULT OF CELL DIVISION:

The Cell Cycle: Mitosis HOMEWORK

Diagrams Animal Plant

Name of Stage & What is Happening

How to Recognize each Phase

DNA, MUTATIONS, AND CANCER The nucleus of every cell in your body has the same DNA. The DNA is like “software” it controls everything that occurs inside your cells and your body. However, sometimes this “software” develops problems. Mutations are changes in the genetic code. Mutations can be very harmful to the cell. Some even cause cancer. Cancer All cancers are caused by mutations in genes that regulate (control) cell division. Information stored in these genes control the rate at which the cell divides (mitosis) and self-destructs (apoptosis). If these genes develop a mutation, then the cell will no longer divide at a normal rate and will continue dividing after it has become damaged. These cells will divide uncontrollably at a very fast rate forming a tumour. 1. Compare cancer cells to normal cells using the table below:

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

2. Define the term carcinogen.

3. List the three types of known carcinogens and provide examples of each.

Carcinogen: Examples

1.

2.

3.

4. What is the difference between benign malignant tumors?

Benign Tumors: Malignant Tumors:

5. Describe the two ways we can treat cancer.

1. 2.

6. List the ways that we can help to prevent cancer.

Chapter 1.2 HW: Answer Q 4 on page 32 and Q 3, 9, 10,15, and 16 on page 37.

WHAT IS A STEM CELL?

A stem cell is a cell that is:

Where stem cells come from:

Embryonic stem cells can be taken from: Adult stem cells can be taken from:

Animal Tissues 4 Major types of animal tissues: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. _________________________________________

Lines, covers, and protects other tissues and organs.

Sheet-like, line body surfaces, cavities, ducts, and tubes Characterized by:

They are found:

lining major __________________

lining most _____________ (stomach, small intestine, kidney, esophagus etc.)

in ducts and glands (bile duct, salivary glands etc.)

in the lungs, ovaries, and ___________

2. ______________________________ provide ___________________ and keeps body parts together

most abundant tissues in the body

cells are widely separated from each other in a _________ that is produced by the cells.

Specialized connective tissues:

Blood has 3 parts: ____________________, ___________________ and ________________. Ligaments: Tendons:

3. _________________________________________ These cells ______________ when stimulated to cause __________________

3 subtypes

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

4. _________________________________________________________ provides _____________________________ between all organ systems

Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response

found in the ___________, _________________ and __________________ (sensory)

Plant Tissues Dermal - protective ___________________________________________________________ (plant skin) Stomata- specialized ________________(pores) in the lower epidermis. Stomata allow

____________ to enter or leave a leaf Meristematic - this region is constantly __________________, and is responsible for both vertical (root

system) and horizontal ______________ (increasing width) in the plant Vascular - composed of xylem & phloem, which are the ___________________ for nutrients and water Xylem - responsible for the movement of water and minerals from the __________________ to

the _________________________. Phloem - transports _____________ produced in photosynthesis from the _______________ to

other areas of the plant. Ground - synthesizes organic compounds, supports the plants and provides storage for the plant... In the roots: _________________________ In the stem: _________________________ In the leaves: _____________________________ occurs in specialized mesophyll cells

Tissues of the Stem: Tissues of the Leaf: Tissues of the Root:

Tissues of the Leaf:

Tissues of the Root:

Organs of the Plant: Parts of a Flower: Ch 1.3 HW: Answer Q 3-5 on page 41, Q3 on page 45, Q 3,4,6, and 7 on page 47

Human Body Organs Using your textbook, fill in each box with information (structure & function) of the organ it is pointing to.

Esophagus

Lungs

Stomach

Heart

Intestines

Liver

Alveoli (Lung Tissue)

Pancreas

Trachea

THE HUMAN HEART

Arteries - Veins -

Ch 2.1 HW: Answer Q 1,3 on page 60, Q 3-6, 9, 13, 18 on page 63

Animal Organ Systems The human body is a network of systems – all linked for a common purpose – maintaining ____________________. Homeostasis is the ______________range of operating conditions in the internal environment of an organism

Brought about by cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems all ______________________

Examples include: blood ______, body temp., blood ____________, concentrations of ______________

All of your organ systems need to be synchronized together to ensure that the organism stays _____________

Organ System Major Organs Major Function

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Circulatory

Respiratory

Digestive

Exceretory

Reproductive

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Close-up of the _______________________

Ch 2.2 HW: Answer Q 4, 5 on page 71 and Q 3, 7, 13 on page 77

Organ Systems Working Together In order to maintain homeostasis, all of the organs in a system must work together – the same can be said for organ systems. Alone, each system can function but cannot form an organism. Therefore, organ systems are interdependent. Describe how your organ systems work together to create the “fight or flight response” to a threat.

Let’s think about when we are being active – which organ systems are working together? How? See pages 80-81

Circulatory System

Respiratory System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Diagnosis

Doctors order ______ to gain information about how ____________________ are working

They try to start with tests that are ________and _____________ (little damage to tissues)

A doctor may perform MANY tests to come up with a _________(what is wrong with you!)

Common Tests include:

Pulse:

how often your heart is beating

can most easily be felt in your _________ (radial artery) or ________ (carotid artery)

normal adult pulse is _____________ beats per minute

abnormal heart rhythms can be caused by exercise, anxiety, fever, caffeine, lack of oxygen, heart disease

Blood Pressure:

pressure of blood against the _________________

normal blood pressure is 110-130 <--systolic pressure (heart ___________) 75-85 <-- diastolic pressure (heart __________)

high blood pressure can lead to ______________ disease and __________

Blood Samples:

test levels of:

______ blood cells (anemia, dehydration)

_________ blood cells (infection, blood cancer)

______________ (diabetes)

___________________________ (may block arteries)

Urine Tests:

May look for:

___________ (infection)

proteins (kidney failure)

sugar (diabetes)

_______________ (pregnancy)

drugs (some tests detect drugs in your system for up to 11 weeks!)

Ch 2.3 HW: Answer Q 1 and 2 on page 83 , Q 1, 2, 4, 7, 9 and 16 on page 86

Vaccinations

Immunization involves making a person _______________ to infection through vaccination A vaccination is a substance that is given to boost your body's defence system ____________ it becomes infected

Most vaccines contain a little bit of the disease that is _____________________________.

The body's immune system then builds __________________to fight off these germs

The___________________ stay with your body for a long time so that if the disease is caught, your body is already prepared to fight it off

The most common vaccine is ________________________________

Others include

Other prevention techniques:

1. _______________________________________

West Nile Virus pamphlets

Hand washing posters

STD awareness

2. ________________________________________

Cervical - pap test

Breast - free mammograms age 50-74

Colon - fecal occult blood test every year after age 50

3. DNA Screening (still in early stages of research)

4. Healthy Living (exercise/diet)

Ch 3 HW: Read 3.2/3.3 Answer Q 1,3 on page 107, Q 8,9,14,17,18 on page 111, Q 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14 on page 120

Things you should know for the SNC2D biology unit test...

Microscopes (types, parts, how to adjust)

Calculating cell size/magnification

Scientific drawings

Organelles (structure and function)

Comparing plant and animal cells

Cell Theory/The cell cycle (reasons for mitosis, stages)

Cancer

Stem cells/Regeneration

4 types of animal tissues (appearance, function, location)

4 types of plant tissues (appearance, function, location)

Main organs of plants and animals (function, organ system involved in, appearance, composition)

Organ Systems (organs involved, basic function)

o Circulatory, digestive, respiratory pathways/diagrams

Homeostasis

Organ Systems working together

Medical imaging (X-Ray, CT scan, PET scan, MRI etc)

Diagnosis techniques

Preventative Medicine (Vaccinations, Screening etc)

Cloning (reproductive, gene and therapeutic), transgenic organisms

Try the multiple choice quizzes/matching activities available at: www.sciencesource.ca User Name: HHSSstdnt Password: Husky