THE COLD WAR

THE COLD WAR

READINGS: Smith, et al., 950-955, 959-985

WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR? Undeclared War

between Two Superpowers• United States

Democracy Capitalism

• Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) Communism

Theatres of Battle:• Proxy wars in other

countries• Nuclear Arms Race• Space Race• Economic Competition

COLD WAR IN EUROPE Fear of Communism in

Greece, Italy, and France

Fear of Revival of Fascism in Germany• July 1947 – Marshall

Plan• April 1949 – Creation of

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Orga1nization)

• August 29, 1949 – Soviets detonate Atomic Bomb

• 1955 – Soviets form Warsaw Pact

• October 4, 1957 – Soviets launch Sputnik

KOREAN PROBLEMS End of World War II: North Korea (Soviet Zone):

• Soviets turn North Korea into militarized Communist State under Kim Il-Sung

South Korea (U.S. Zone):• Korean’s Create “People’s

Republic” U.S. refuses recognition

• Economy so tied into Japan’s not sure want to separate it

• Don’t want to give land confiscated by Japanese back to Koreans

• Reluctantly agreed to back South Korea as United Nations recommended Korea’s independence

NORTH KOREA Kim Il-Sung

• Born into Christian family

• Organized anti-Japanese resistance movement from USSR in 1930s

• Proclaimed “People’s Democratic Republic” (September 9, 1948)

• Institutionalized dictatorship modeled on Stalin’s

Repressed/killed thousands and created a police state

SOUTH KOREA Rhee Syngman

• Nationalist and Christian

• Politically conservative• Spent many years in

the U.S.• Unpopular with many

non-Christians• Unpopular with Koreans

opposed to U.S. influence

Led to leftist movements

• He imprisoned thousands and created police state

KOREAN WAR (1950-1953) Both Koreas wanted Reunification

– with force if necessary United Nations passed resolution

in favor of democratic unified Korea

North Korea (with Soviet and Chinese support) invaded South Korea (June 25, 1950)• U.S. General Douglas

MacArthur ordered U.N. invasion of North Korea

With the successful invasion of North Korea, MacArthur wanted to push into China

• Threatened by U.N./U.S. invasion, China supported North Korean Advance into South Korea

With stalemate, armistice signed restoring division at 38th Parallel (June 27, 1953) – nothing changed, no treaty signed

North Korea Kim Il-Sung: “Thinking about

reunification makes it impossible for me to sleep at night”

In 1961 – North Korea per capita income twice that of South Korea

Many students in South envious of northern brothers

But North Korea could not sustain development without Soviet help, which gradually, then suddenly disappeared

North Korea won of poorest nations in world today

Leaders (Kim Jong-Il and Kim Jong-sun) have been among most dangerous

South Korea Syngman Rhee: “An armistice

without national unification [is] a death sentence wthout protest.”

With US aid, South Korea has become one of Asia’s “Little Tigers,” a modern industrial nation that produces

appliances, electronics, and automobiles for export

Boasts 98% literacy and claims highest digital literacy in the world

Remains a solid US ally

Right-slide at 1988 Olympics

South Korea Brothers Memorial

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION

Sun Yat-sen – Father of Modern China? (Elected President Dec. 30, 1911)

May 4th Movement (May 4, 1919)

1920 – 1949 Civil War between Nationalists and Communists

CHINESE NATIONALISTS

Kuomintang (KMT) Under leadership of Chiang

Kai-shek• Allied with Shanghai business

community Formed United Front with

Chinese Communists to unify country between 1926 and 1928

1928 - Expelled communists and killed thousands

Chiang ran the Republic of China from 1928-1937 from Capital in Nanjing

Attempted to modernize China along western lines• Received significant public

and private aid from the United States

CHINESE COMMUNISTS Mao Zedong

• Peasant who saw base of Communists in Peasantry

• Used violence to redistribute property

1935 – “Long March” with 100,000 soldiers• Fought 6,000 miles

on foot• Moved into Northern

Shensi Province• Set up Headquarters

in Yenan - 1936

JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA, 1937

Communists and Nationalists form uneasy front against Japan

Communists build up peasant support in Northern China

Communists build mass-based party

Communists foster cult of people/peasants

END OF WORLD WAR II IN CHINA

U.S. wants Nationalists and Communists to form coalition government• Nationalists refuse

Have more U.S. weapons Thought could easily

defeat CCP Had no cause Had no economic program Many KMT generals

warlords who fought each other for territory

CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1946-1949

Communists had millions of peasants, few weapons

Gradually defeated KMT • Confiscated weapons

October 1, 1949, victorious Mao proclaims “The People’s Republic of China”

Chiang Kai-Shek, KMT flee to Taiwan

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1957

Communists consolidate power

Economy a disaster at end of war• Rebuilt it rapidly with

Soviet assistance, but still backward

• Collectivized agriculture• Tried to industrialize

along Soviet lines Failed – too backward

“Great Leap Forward” - 1958 Urban population up

30% 1952-1957• Grain production

stagnant Mao solution –

industrialize on the collectives• Put factories in rural

areas• Worked at first• Failed without Soviet

Assistance 1959 Huge Famine

“THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION” 1960-1978

Famine challenged communist myths• Peasants, workers

turned against Mao and the CCP

The Cultural Revolution• Reeducate masses

Universities closed Dissidents attacked Millions killed, tortured,

imprisoned Only ended with Mao’s

Death

U.S. AND CHINA Both Chiang Kai-Shek and

Mao Zedong committed to “One China”

Before 1971, U.S. recognized Nationalist Taiwan as “official” China

July 1971 – President Richard Nixon sends Henry Kissinger to China

October 1971, Taiwan Kicked out of U.N., “People’s Republic of China” brought in

May 1973 – Chinese and U.S. “normalize” all relations• Nixon agrees Taiwan should

be reunified with China January 1, 1979 President

Jimmy Carter recognizes “People’s Republic of China” as “official” government of China

CHINA UNDER DENG XIOAPING (1978-1997)

Under Deng Xioping, China moves rapidly in a capitalist direction• Encourages trade,

especially with the U.S. Limited Democracy –

much official repression

Tiananmen Square Massacre• Brings tanks in to fire

on students protesting for Democracy, Liberal ideals of French and American Revolution

CONTEMPORARY CHINA

With Baoding English Class

CHALLENGES CHINA FACES

TAIWAN

Island largely populated by Malay peoples

Taiwan only annexed by Qing Dynasty in 17th Century• Encourage Chinese migration

1894/1910 Taiwan becomes Japanese Colony• Fostered Industrialization• Fostered Mass Education

1944 – 71% Chinese Literate• Only 10% Literate in Dutch East

Indies and French Indochina• Restricted Taiwanese university

education• Allowed Taiwanese farmers to own

land Main Point: Taiwan’s 20th

Century History very different from that of Mainland China

END OF WORLD WAR II

Taiwan Reunified with China• KMT ruled Taiwan as

conquered colony• Taiwanese Rebellion

1947 10,000 Taiwanese

killed

DEFEAT OF KMT - 1949 Communists defeat

Nationalists (KMT) in Chinese Civil War

Chiang Kai-shek and 2 million KMT soldiers flee to Taiwan• Brutally chase

Taiwanese out of homes, factories, land

• Thousands more killed• Taiwanese believe

Chinese Nationalists worse than Japanese

UNITED STATES AND TAIWAN 1949 - U.S. recognizes

Taiwan as “true” China• Taiwan admitted to

United Nations Taiwan grew

economically The KMT dictatorship

morphs into democracy

U.S. invested capital U.S. provided military

support

IS TAIWAN A SEPARATE NATION OR A PROVINCE OF CHINA?

Improved U.S. Relations with Mao -> Taiwan no longer recognized

• Tensions persist between China and Taiwan

Lee Teng-hui – member of KMT – first elected President of Taiwan 1996

• Proclaims Taiwan will deal with mainland China on the basis of “special state-to-state relations”

China rejects “two-state theory”• Chen Shui-bian, head of Democratic

Progressive Party, native Taiwanese elected President March 2000

Platform calls for Independent Taiwan First victory of native Taiwanese over KMT

Significant and often escalating tensions between China and Taiwan

Ma-Ying-Jeou, ardent KMT, becomes President in March 2008

IS ONE CHINA POSSIBLE? President Bush stands firm on

U.S. Commitment to “One China” but…• Taiwan very democratic, little

democracy in China• 1992: China’s per capita GNP

$560.00, Taiwan’s $9,300• 2006: China’s per capita GNP

$7,700,• Taiwan’s $29,000 • U.S. ignores many human

rights abuses in China, but… China has 3rd largest economy

in the world U.S. has many economic

interests in both Taiwan and China

Much of Chinese investment comes from Taiwanese

VIETNAM

Under French colonial control from 1880s• Created plantation

economy in hands of French

Destroyed Vietnamese families

Took Vietnamese land

Used Vietnamese as forced laborers

Much resentment

Ho Chi Minh One of Many Vietnamese

nationalists opposed to French rule

Went to Paris seeking national self-determination for Vietnam in 1919-1920• No one would talk to him

Founded French Communist Party

Studied in the Soviet Union Launched nationalist

uprisings from China in 1930s• French put down uprisings,

killing thousands• Had little influence in

country

JAPANESE ACQUIRE VIETNAM Germans make France

give Vietnam to Japan 1940

When obvious would lose, Japanese attacked French in Vietnam

U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh, who creates Viet Minh to liberate Vietnam

General Vo Nguyen Giap occupies Hanoi after Japanese surrender• Proclaims Provisional

Government with Ho Chi Minh as President

Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam – September 2, 1945

VIETNAMESE WAR AGAINST THE FRENCH French insist on

keeping Vietnam leading to war 1946-1954

Ho Chi Minh controls North

French create puppet regime under Bao Dai, last of Nguyen emperors in South

War with France ends when Vietnamese devastate French troops in Battle of Dien Bien Phu - 1954

THE VIETNAM WAR Geneva Conference

• U.S. originally backed Ho Chi Minh, but scared by development of Communism in Korea and China

“The Domino Theory” Recognized French

government of Bao Dai Gave government $4 billion in

aid 1950-1954• Now U.S. backed division of

country at 17th Parallel Ho Chi Minh controlled North Ngo Dinh Diem backed by

U.S. controlled the Republic of Vietnam in the South

Soviets and China sent material aid but no soldiers to North Vietnam

U.S. sent half a million soldiers to South by 1969

DEFEAT OF SOUTH VIETNAM South difficult to govern

• Multiethnic • Divisions between Buddhists and

Catholics• Corruption in Government• Ho Chi Minh sometimes popular as

nationalist Terrain difficult

• U.S. dropped more tons of bombs on Vietnam than they did on Japan in World War II

• U.S. used napalm to destroy foliage

Atrocities led much U.S. public opinion against war, many demonstrations

U.S. withdraws after much protest – 1973• Two years later, Saigon falls• Vietnam becomes Communist• Those who could, left• Vietnam communist, but moving

in Capitalist direction like China• Still one of poorest countries in

Asia