The cold war

The Cold War1945 – 1962

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CausesThe Formation of the NATO and the Warsaw

PactThe Cambridge SpiesEffect

Look at these images what do they represent?

What do these acronyms stand for?

CIAKGBSIS

Who were these people

– Winston Churchill – Franklin D Roosevelt – Truman – Stalin

• Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Britain in 1945• Franklin D Roosevelt President of the USA in February 1945• Trumanbecame president of the USA in 1945• Stalinleader of Russia in 1945

What was the COLD WAR?• The end of the Second World War saw the

emergence of two superpowers, the USA and the USSR, who were locked in a struggle which lasted for 45 years. This was known as the Cold War.

• The term Cold War was first used in 1947 to describe the conflict. It was a war of

words, of propaganda and of threat between the USA and the USSR, but it did not involve the two Superpowers in direct confrontation.

They both took part in proxy wars – that is they helped their allies to fight the other Superpower or their allies but did not become directly involved in the conflict themselves.

Why did the Cold War begin?

• Four causes – Beliefs – Aims – Resentment about History – Events

Long Term Causes:• Differing ideologies• Stalin’s suspicions of the West• The USA’s change in policy

Short Term Causes:• Tensions between the leaders at Yalta and

Potsdam• The A Bomb began an arms race• Personality clash between Truman and Stalin

Group work time

Get in 6 groups and prepare a short presentation on the causes of the Cold War.

What was NATO?

NATO• The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

was formed in April 1949 by the Western powers. This was during the period of the Berlin Blockade, and was partly in response to Stalin’s aggression.

• The original twelve members of NATO in 1949 were the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

• NATO was a military alliance that committed all members to the defence of all the others.

• But NATO was more than a promise of American help in an emergency. The alliance was to be supported by large numbers of troops on the ground.

• In particular, there were a large number of troops in West Germany. By 1953, 5 divisions of US troops were permanently based there.

• Stalin, unsurprisingly, saw NATO as a threat to the USSR and Eastern Europe.

What was the WARSAW PACT?

• The Warsaw Pact was set up in 1955. • The Warsaw Pact was a defensive military alliance

of the USSR and its satellite states in Eastern Europe.

• It was intended as a counter-force to NATO, which

was a military alliance of western powers.

• The Warsaw Pact, like NATO, relied on collective security – if one nation was attacked, the others would come to its support.

• The Warsaw Pact helped to make Eastern Europe

an effective ‘buffer zone’ for the USSR against the West.

The WARSAW PACT vs NATO

For the next three decades, NATO and the WARSAW Pact forces faced each other and prepared for war.

The Cambridge Spies

A world of shadows• The early years• Failure to trust• Looking for discrepancies • Dealing with suspicion

A world of shadows

• The hardest and most bitterly fought confrontation between the Soviet Union and the western democracies during the 50 years of the Cold War was on the espionage front. In this arena the KGB, the 'sword and the shield' of the USSR, pitted its wits against its principal adversaries - the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States (CIA) and the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS).

...all of whom operated in a world of shadows, where deception and betrayal flourished.

Aims

• was to steal the secrets of the other side• to try to peer inside the mind of the enemy• to fathom his intentions• to neutralise them before they could be

executed.

The four most remarkable spies of the Cold War

• HAR (Kim) Philby• Guy Burgess• Donald Maclean • Anthony Blunt

all of whom betrayed their country to spy for Moscow.

Group work time

• Get in 4 groups and prepare a short presentation on each of the different spies.

Anthony Blunt Guy Burgess

HAR (Kim) Philby Donald Maclean

Effects

• Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union built up huge arsenals of atomic weapons and ballistic missiles.

• The military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed.

• It led to destructive conflicts like the Vietnam War and the Korean War.

• The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic weaknesses.

• The Berlin Wall was demolished and the two German nations were unified.

• The Warsaw Pact disintegrated.• The Baltic States and some former Soviet

Republics achieved independence.• America became the sole superpower of the

world.• Communism collapsed worldwide.