The Cold War (1945-52) Ch 26
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The Cold War (1945-52)
Ch 26
EQ’s
• What steps did the Allies take to promote growth in the postwar global economy?
• How did the Truman Doctrine shape U.S. postwar foreign policy?
• What contributed to McCarthyism?
• What were the most important trends of
the 1950s?
Chapter Organization
The Cold War Period (1945-52)
Foreign Policy
Korean War
The Home Front/Post war
America
The Second Red Scare
Domestic Politics
Cold War
"Let us not be deceived-we are today in the midst of a cold war. Our enemies are to be found abroad and at home. Let us never forget this: Our unrest is the heart of their success. The peace of the world is the hope and the goal of our political system; it is the despair and defeat of those who stand against us. We can depend only on ourselves."
Treat of Nuclear War
Tsar Bomb
The Tsar Bomba mushroom cloud seen from a distance of 160 km (99.4 miles). The crown of the cloud is 56 km (34.8 miles) high at the time of the picture.
The Tsar Bomba's fireball, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in diameter, was prevented from touching the ground by the shock wave, but nearly reached the 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) altitude of the deploying Tu-95 bomber.
Chapter Organization
The Cold War Period (1945-52)
Foreign Policy
Korean War
The Home Front/Post war
America
The Second Red Scare
Domestic Politics
What was Europe like after WWII?
What is the risk here for the U.S.?
• 2 million dead
• Cities in ruins
• Economic collapse
What about Japan?
• Douglas MacArthur
• Demilitarization
• Democratization • What is a constitutional monarchy?
Post-War Japan
Before WWII – Balance of World Power
U.S.A.
Japan
Britain France
U.S.S.R.
Germany
After WWII – “Balance of World Power”
?
?
Before the end of WWII
February, 1945: division of Germany into zones; compensation to Russia; free elections in Eastern Europe
July, 1945: Truman presses Stalin for free elections in Eastern Europe but Stalin refuses
General Assembly of 48 nations; Security Council of 15 w/ Britain, China, France, US & USSR as permanent members
United Nations
Hiroshima and Soviet Entry
Bretton Woods
At the "bottom of the Kremlin's neurotic view of world affairs is the traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity". Following the Russian Revolution, this sense of insecurity became mixed with communist ideology and "Oriental secretiveness and conspiracy"
"the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.... Soviet pressure against the free institutions of the Western world is something that can be contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points, corresponding to the shifts and manoeuvers of Soviet policy, but which cannot be charmed or talked out of existence."
Iron Curtain Speech - 1946
Truman Doctrine – March 1947
• $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe
Marshall Plan - 1947
WHY?
U.S. Aims Versus U.S.S.R. Aims in Europe
The U.S. wanted to…
• Ensure nations the right to democratic governments
• Gain access to raw materials and markets for its industries
• Rebuild governments and create new markets
• Reunite Germany
The U.S.S.R. wanted to…
• Encourage Communism
• Rebuild its war-ravaged country using resources from Eastern Europe
• Control Eastern Europe to balance U.S. influence in Western Europe
• Keep Germany divided and weak
Communist Takeover – Feb 1948
Berlin Blockade – June 1948
N.A.T.O. – July 1949
Communist Control of China - 1949
Soviet Atom Bomb - 1949
Korean War - 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953
380
Landing at Inchon
Truman fires MacArthur
Executive Order
• The Order's operative statement is:
– It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.
Review and practice DBQ Exercise
• “The Soviet Union was responsible for the early escalation of the Cold War between the years of 1945-52”
– To what extent do you believe this to be an accurate statement
1. Write thesis/intro paragraph
2. Using documents, create outline for subsequent and concluding paragraphs
How did the public feel about Truman immediately following FDR’s death?
How did this change over the course of time?
Baby Boom! Why?
GI Bill
A word per minute: At end, create a sentence using the words you gathered during the movie.
C O L D W A R
Post WWII Bust?
Post WWII Economy
2 – SFI 2 – Inferences 2 - Questions
Strikes and Truman’s Response
Consequences?
Midterm Election of 1946
Characterize the early Truman presidency in ONE word, ONE color,
and ONE symbol
80th Congress – “Do Nothing Congress”
• 22nd Amendment
• Taft-Hartley (1947)
– Outlawed closed shop
– “Right to work”
Truman and Civil Rights
• Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
• Fair Employment Practices Commission
What has been the trend for the Democratic party since FDR relative to the electorate? What groups are increasing in importance to electoral politics?
1948 Election and the “Whistle Stop”
Fair Deal – what does this sound like? 1. Major improvements in the coverage and adequacy of the
unemployment compensation system.
2. Substantial increases in the minimum wage, together with broader coverage.
3. The maintenance and extension of price controls to keep down the cost of living in the transition to a peacetime economy.
4. A pragmatic approach towards drafting legislation eliminating wartime agencies and wartime controls, taking legal difficulties into account.
5. Legislation to ensure full employment.
6. Legislation to make the Fair Employment Practice Committee permanent.
7. The maintenance of sound industrial relations.
8. The extension of the United States Employment Service to provide jobs for demobilized military personnel.
9. Increased aid to farmers.
10. The removal of the restrictions on eligibility for voluntary enlistment and allowing the armed forces to enlist a greater number of volunteers.
Fair Deal
• National Health Care
• Federal aid to education
• Civil Rights
• Public funds for housing
• Farm programs
Fear of destruction from without
Fear of destruction from within
Propaganda – Both sides
The Cold War at Home
“Communists. . .are everywhere—in
factories, offices, butcher shops, on street
corners, in private businesses, . . . plotting to
destroy the liberties of every citizen,”
Attorney General J. Howard McGrath
warned in 1949. FBI director J. Edgar
Hoover warned against “the diabolic
machinations of sinister figures engaged in
un-American activities.”
What inferences can you make from these quotes?
"I further swear (or affirm) that I do not advise, advocate or teach, and have not within the period beginning five (5) years prior to the effective date of the ordinance requiring the making of this oath or affirmation, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the United States of America or of the State of California and that I am not now and have not, within said period, been or become a member of or affiliated with any group, society, association, organization or party which advises, advocates or teaches, or has, within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means of the Government of the United States of America, or of the State of California. I further swear (or affirm) that I will not, while I am in the service of the City of Los Angeles, advise, advocate or teach, or be or become a member of or affiliated with any group, association, society, organization or party which advises, advocates or teaches, or has within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the United States of America or of the State of California . . . ."
The Loyalty-Security Program
• New legislation stigmatized communists
and barred them—and homosexuals—
from immigrating.
Security and Civil Rights
• The Smith Act (1940) – ...with intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any
such government, prints, publishes, edits, issues, circulates, sells, distributes, or publicly displays any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or attempts to do so; or...organizes or helps or attempts to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any such government by force or violence; or becomes or is a member of, or affiliates with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof.
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) 1. required Communist organizations to register with the
United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," either fascist or communist.
2. Members of these groups could not become citizens and in some cases were prevented from entering or leaving the country. Citizens found in violation could lose their citizenship in five years.
3. The Act also contained an emergency detention statute, giving the President the authority to apprehend and detain "each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of espionage or sabotage."
If communists were trying to destroy U.S. democracy from within, how
would they do it?
HUAC
• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
– Name names
Klaus Fuchs
Espionage Cases
Alger Hiss
Rosenbergs
20
12
Cheaters
Non -Cheaters
Joseph McCarthy
McCarthyism
McCarthy Years
What do you think the impact of TV was on McCarthy’s “witch hunt?”
Election of 1952
• Issues
• Candidates
• Results
Compare/contrast to today’s political ads?
Election of 1952
Dwight D. Eisenhower
• 34th POTUS – Two terms
• Supreme Allied Commander WWII>NATO Commander and President of Columbia University
• "Communism, Korea and corruption“
• Domino Theory
• Fiscal conservative but….
"Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes you can do these things. Among them are H. L. Hunt a few other Texas oil millionaires, and an occasional politician or business man from other areas. Their number is negligible and they are stupid."
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