THE COLD WAR, 1945-1990

THE COLD WAR, 1945-1990

SSUSH20 The student will analyze the impact of the Cold War on the United States.

a. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy.

b. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy.

c. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban missile crisis.

d. Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet offensive, and growing opposition to the war.

e. Explain the role of geography on the US containment policy, the Korean War, the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War.

THE COLD WAR

1.The Cold War was the state of conflict, tension and competition that existed between the superpowers, the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR), and their respective allies, from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s.

USA VS. USSR CAPITALISM VS. COMMUNISM DEMOCRACY VS. DICTATORSHIP SUPERPOWERS: GOAL: SPREAD

IDEOLOGY (IDEAS, BELIEFS)

THE COLD WAR

2. Rivalry between the two superpowers was expressed through military coalitions, propaganda, espionage, weapons development, industrial advances, and competitive technological development, e.g., the space race.

THE COLD WAR

3. Both superpowers engaged in costly defense spending, a massive conventional and nuclear arms race, and numerous wars.

CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR * American fear of communist attack * Truman’s (USA) dislike of Stalin (USSR) * Russia’s fear of the American's atomic bomb  * Russia’s dislike of capitalism * Russia’s actions in the Soviet zone of Germany * America’s refusal to share nuclear secrets * Russia’s expansion west into Eastern Europe and broken election promises in Eastern European nations * Russia’s fear of American attack * Russia’s need for a secure western border * Russia’s aim of spreading world communism

UNITED STATES REACTIONS TO THE COLD WAR 1. THE MARSHALL PLAN-ECONOMIC AID

TO EUROPE 2. USA COMMITMENT TO EUROPE-

FORMATION OF NATO ALLIANCE (AND WARSAW PACT, REACTION)

3. TRUMAN DOCTRINE-CONTAINMENT, STOPPING SPREAD OF COMMUNISM

COLD WAR, MARSHALL PLAN

1.EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM, AFTER WW II, 1947

2.GEORGE MARSHALL, SEC. OF STATE 3.PROGRAM TO REBUILD WESTERN EUROPE

AND OPPOSE COMMUNISM AFTER WW II 4.PROGRAM WAS OFFERED TO USSR AND

ALLIES IF POLITICAL REFORM STARTED AND SOME OUTSIDE CONTROL ALLOWED.

COLD WAR

GEORGE MARSHALL

COLD WAR, USA COMMITMENT TO EUROPE 1. FORMATION OF NATO ALLIANCE, 1949,

BY USA, DEFENSE/MILITARY 2. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

ORGANIZATION 3. MEMBER NATIONS INCLUDED MOST

OF W. EUROPEAN NATIONS 4. REACTION: USSR FORMED WARSAW

PACT,1955, DEFENSE/MILITARY

NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT

1. NATO, 1949

2. WARSAW

PACT, 1955

NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT, A COMPARISON

NATO, 2008

COLD WAR, USA COMMITMENT TO EUROPE, CONTINUED 5.REACTION BY USA: CONTAINMENT

POLICY 6.STOP SPREAD OF COMMUNISM 7.CONTAINMENT WAS PART OF USA

FOREIGN POLICY DURING COLD WAR.

COLD WAR, TRUMAN DOCTRINE

1.1947, PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN 2.USA MILITARY AND ECONOMIC AID TO

ANY NATION TO PREVENT COMMUNISM 3.TRUMAN, “SUPPORT FREE PEOPLES WHO ARE RESISITING

ATTEMPTED SUBJUGATION BY ARMED MINORITIES OR BY OUTSIDE PRESSURES”

4.USSR NEVER DIRECTLY MENTIONED

COLD WAR AND TRUMAN DOCTRINE The Truman Doctrine is a

proclamation by Harry S. Truman, President of the United States on March 12, 1947. It stated that the U.S. would support the Kingdom of Greece and Turkey economically and militarily to prevent their falling under Soviet control. Truman called upon the U.S. to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."

COLD WAR AND THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM IN ASIA: CHINA 1.CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1945-1949 2.CHINESE COMMUNISTS VS. CHINESE

NATIONALISTS 3.MAO ZEDONG VS. CHIANG KAI-SHEK 4.RESULT: CHINESE COMMUNIST WIN 5.RESULT: PEOPLES’ REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC) 6.CHINESE NATIONALISTS FLEE TO ISLAND OF

TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA (RC)

CHINESE CIVIL WAR

The Chinese Civil War, Nationalist-Communist Civil War, "War of Liberation", actually lasted from April 1927 to May 1950, and was a civil war in China between the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Chinese Communist Party (CPC). The war represented an ideological split between the Western-supported Nationalist KMT, and the Soviet-supported Communist CPC.

CHINESE CIVIL WAR, LEADERS CHIANG KAI SHEK AND MAO ZEDONG

COLD WAR, KOREAN CONFLICT

1. 1950-53 2. PRC SUPPORTED CONFLICT 3.COMMUNIST N. KOREA AND PRC INVADED

DEMOCRATIC S. KOREA 4. USA AND 15 OTHER UN NATIONS AIDED S.

KOREA 5. 1953, ARMISTICE SIGNED 6. RESULT: DIVIDED KOREAN PENINSULA AT

38TH PARALLEL (LINE OF LATITUDE)

KOREAN CONFLICT

RESULTS OF KOREAN CONFLICT

1.COMMUNISM CONTAINED. 2.TWO KOREAS, COMMUNIST N. AND

DEMOCRATIC S. 3. 54,000 AMERICAN DEATHS 4.FEAR OF SPREAD OF COMMUNISM IN

USA 5.SECOND RED SCARE, MCCARTHYISM

RISE TO POWER, SENATOR JOSEPH MCCARTHY 1.U.S. SENATOR, R., WISCONSIN 2.NEEDED AN ISSUE TO BE REELECTED 3.MADE CHARGE COMMUNISTS WERE

OVERTAKING U.S. GOVT 4.BLAMED DEMOCRATIC PARTY FOR

ALLEGED COMMUNIST INFILTRATION IN U.S. GOVT

SECOND RED SCARE, MCCARTHYISM, 1950S 1. McCarthyism is a term denoting the

intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. This period is also referred to as the Second Red Scare, and coincided with increased fears about communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents.

SECOND RED SCARE

2. Originally coined to criticize the actions of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, "McCarthyism" later took on a more general meaning, not necessarily referring to the conduct of Joseph McCarthy alone.

SECOND RED SCARE CAUSES

1.USSR ESTABLISHED COMMUNIST GOVTS IN E. EUROPE

2.USSR, A-BOMB 3.KOREAN CONFLICT

STALEMATE 4.PRC, 1949 5.ACCUSATIONS THAT USA

PRES. HARRY TRUMAN WAS SOFT ON COMMUNISM

6.DESIRE BY SOME AMERICANS TO STOP SPREAD OF COMMUNISM TO USA

RESULTS OF SECOND RED SCARE 1.ALLEGED COMMUNIST MOVEMENTS IN

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND MILITARY

2.CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OF COMMUNISTS IN USA

JOSEPH MCCARTHY

Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period of intense anti-communist suspicion inspired by the tensions of the Cold War.

MCCARTHYISM

The term "McCarthyism," coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist pursuits. Today the term is used more generally to describe demagogic, reckless, and unsubstantiated accusations, as well as public attacks on the character or patriotism of political opponents.

COLD WAR “WALLS”

1.BERLIN WALL, 1961, BUILT BY USSR AND E. GERMANY; PHYSICAL WALL

2.38TH PARALLEL, DIVIDES N. AND S. KOREA; FIGURATIVE WALL

3.BREAKING THROUGH THE WALLS CAUSED CONFLICT.

COLD WAR WALLS, BERLIN WALL

THE BERLIN WALL

BERLIN WALL

BERLIN WALL

THE 38TH PARALLEL

The 38th parallel was first suggested as a dividing line for Korea in 1902.. Russia was attempting to pull Korea under its control, while Japan had just secured recognition of its rights in Korea from the British. In an attempt to prevent any conflict, Japan proposed to Russia that the two sides split Korea into separate spheres of influence along the 38th parallel. However, no formal agreement was ever reached, and Japan later took full control of Korea.

THE 38TH PARALLEL

After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the parallel was established as the boundary.

In 1948, the dividing line became the boundary between the newly independent countries of North and South Korea. After the ceasefire that effectively ended the Korean War (1950-1953), a new border was established through the middle of the Demilitarized Zone, which cuts across the 38th parallel at an acute angle, from southwest to northeast.

THE 38TH PARALLEL

THE 38TH PARALLEL

THE 38TH PARALLEL AND THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA

The Korean Demilitarized Zone is a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea. The DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula roughly in half, crossing the 38th parallel on an angle, with the west end of the DMZ lying south of the parallel and the east end lying north of it. It is 155 miles (248 km) long and approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) wide, and is the most heavily armed border in the world.

SOUTH KOREA AND NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA NORTH KOREA

COLD WAR CONFLICT, CUBA

1.CUBAN REVOLUTION, 1956-59 2.BAY OF PIGS INVASION, 1961 3.CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962

CUBAN REVOLUTION

The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of the United States supported ruler General Fulgencio Batista's regime on January 1, 1959 by the 26th of July Movement and other revolutionary elements within the country. The Cuban Revolution also refers to the ongoing implementation of social and economic programs by the new government since the overthrow of the Batista dictatorship, including the implementation of Marxist policies.

LEADERS OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION 1.Fidel Castro

2.Ernesto "Che" Guevara3.Raul Castro4.Camilo Cienfuegos5.Huber Matos

FIDEL CASTRO

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until his resignation from the office in February 2008.

BAY OF PIGS INCIDENT

1.CUBAN EXILES FROM USA INVADE CUBA WITH SUPPORT OF U.S. MILITARY.

2.U.S. AIRSTRIKE FAILED TO DESTROY CUBAN AIRFORCE

3.FAILED INVASION, POOR PLANNING 4.EMBARRASSED USA PAID CUBA 53 MIL

OF FOOD AND MEDICINES FOR RELEASE OF CAPTIVES.

BAY OF PIGS

The bay is the site of the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion, an unsuccessful April 17 1961 United States CIA-backed invasion which many people believe was directed by President John F. Kennedy in an attempt to overthrow Fidel

Castro.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

1.USSR AND CUBA BUILT MISSILES IN CUBA AIMED AT USA

2.WHY? CUBA’S DEFENSE AGAINST USA 3.USA REACTION: PRESIDENT JOHN

KENNEDY (JFK) ORDERED A BLOCKADE OF CUBA AND THREATENED A USA INVASION OF CUBA.

4.USSR REMOVED MISSILES IN CUBA; USA REMOVE MISSLES IN TURKEY AIMED AT USSR.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. In Russia, it is termed the "Caribbean Crisis,“ while in Cuba it is called the "October Crisis." The crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War, and is often regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

JFK VS. NK, USA VS. USSR IN CUBA

THE VIETNAM WAR

1. The Vietnam War, or the Vietnam Conflict, also, the Second Indochina War, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1959 to April 30, 1975.

2. The war was fought between the communist North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and others.

3. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of a wider strategy called containment.

4. USA FEAR OF COMMUNISM SPREADING IN SE ASIA AND BEYOND, AKA, THE DOMINO THEORY

VIETNAM CONFLICT

4. The Vietnam War was the longest military conflict in U.S. history. The hostilities in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia claimed the lives of more than 58,000 Americans. Another 304,000 were wounded.

5. From 1946 until 1954, the Vietnamese had struggled for their independence from France during the First Indochina War.

6. At the end of this war, the country was temporarily divided into North and South Vietnam. North Vietnam came under the control of the Vietnamese Communists, LED BY HO CHI MINH, who had opposed France and who aimed for a unified Vietnam under Communist rule. The South was controlled by Vietnamese who had collaborated with the French.

7. VIETMINH, GROUP WHOSE GOAL WAS TO OPPOSE ALL FOREIGNERS IN VIETNAM

HO CHI MINH Hồ Chí Minh (May 19, 1890

– September 2, 1969) was a Communist, Marxist-Leninist Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman, who later became prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1946–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).

Defeated the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

The former capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his honor.

VIETNAM CONFLICT

7. In 1965 the United States sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing.

8. THE WAR: DEMOCRATIC SOUTH VIETNAM AND USA VS. COMMUNIST NORTH VIETNAM AND THE THE VIETCONG (The Vietcong , or National Liberation Front, was an army based in South Vietnam that fought the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War (1959-75). It had both guerrilla and regular army units.)

10. USA involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive.

VIETNAM CONFLICT

11. The Tet Offensive was a military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong, and the North Vietnamese army against the forces of the South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies.

12. The purpose of the offensive was to strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple the SV government, thus ending the war in a single blow.

VIETNAM CONFLICT

13. The operations are referred to as the Tet Offensive because they began during the early morning hours of 31 January, the day of the most important Vietnamese holiday, Tết Nguyên Đán, which celebrates the first day of the year on a traditional lunar calendar. Both North and South Vietnam announced on national radio broadcasts that there would be a two-day cease-fire in honor of Tết, also called "Spring Festival."

VIETNAM CONFLICT

TET OFFENSIVE RESULTS:

1.FAILED AT GOAL TO DRIVE OUT USA

2.FAILED AT BRINGING ABOUT SV UPRISING

3.LED TO QUESTIONS OF FURTHER INVOLVEMENT OF USA IN WAR

VIETNAM CONFLICT

4. ANTI-WAR PROTESTS HAPPEN, ESPECIALLY ON UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES, ABOUT ENDING DRAFT AND WITHDRAWING FROM VIETNAM

5.AT RIGHT, PRES. LYDON BAINES JOHNSON, LBJ

THE END OF THE VIETNAM CONFLICT FOR THE USA 1. Under a policy called Vietnamization, U.S. forces

withdrew as South Vietnamese troops were trained and armed, A POLICY STARTED BY PRESIDENT RICHARD M. NIXON

2. A peace treaty was signed by all parties in January 1973, Paris Peace Accords, and USA WITHDREW, but fighting continued.

3. South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam in 1975 while last Americans were being evacuated from SV.

4.1976, VIETNAM REUNITED UNDER COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP

THE VIETNAM CONFLICT Anti-Communist forces:   South Vietnam

 United States  South Korea  Australia  Philippines  New Zealand Khmer Republic  Thailand Kingdom of Laos

Communist forces:  North Vietnam

Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao  People's Republic of China  Soviet Union  North Korea

SOUTH VIETNAM, NORTH VIETNAM, AND VIETNAM

ROLE OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE CONTAINMENT POLICY 1.KOREA-RUGGED, MOUNTAINOUS

TERRAIN WITH EXTREME TEMPS 2.BAY OF PIGS, SECLUDED WATERBODY

SURROUNDED BY SWAMPLAND 3.CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, ISLAND

NATION EASY TO SURROUND 4.VIETNAM, RUGGED TERRAIN INLAND

WITH TROPICAL RAINFORESTS AND HOT, HUMID TEMPS

RESULTS OF THE COLD WAR

1.TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND MARSHALL PLAN

2.EAST-WEST TENSIONS OVER BERLIN 3.NATO AND WARSAW PACT 4.RED SCARE AND MCCARTHYISM 5.MILITARY ARMS RACE 6.SUPERPOWER RIVALRY FOR WORLD

POWER