The Coins of The Delft Hoard (2004)

1

The Coins of the Delft Hoard (2004)

By Paul A. Torongo

© 2017

All photographs © 2013 / 2017 Archeologische Dienst Delft

except where noted.

Hoard Deposited: after 1363

Town of Delft

Currently in the collection of the Archeologische Dienst Delft

Delft, The Netherlands

Research viewing: 16 April, 2014

Secondary {partial} viewing: February, 2017

The hoard was discovered in late 2004, during a routine archeological excavation by the

Geerweg near the Kantoorgracht, in the vicinity of the 14th

century horse market within the

walls of the medieval town of Delft [11]

. During the excavation, a ceramic jug was uncovered;

subsequent cleaning of this jug revealed the ninety-five silver coins hidden inside.

The hoard consisted almost entirely of 14th

century leeuwengroten from Flanders,

Holland, Brabant, Rummen and Looz, as well as several fractional leeuwengroten (i.e. ½ and

¼ groten).

This paper is intended as a replacement for our original, 2014 paper on the find: The Coins of

the Delft Hoard (2004) Part One, as well as the revised version published in 2016.

At the time of the original viewing of the hoard in 2014, 7 coins were unable for

inspection. In early 2017, photographs of these coins were made available to us, although the

weights of the coins were not provided. These seven coins are numbered sequentially

DC97_H0202_1102 through DC97_H0202_1108. Since the original publication, our knowledge of the leeuwengroot (of all regions) has

increased dramatically. All the latest information has been included in this revision.

A list of all 95 coins and their weights (where available) can be found in the Appendix, as

well as a list of the Dutch NUMIS System numbers.

The find was comprised of:

— 95 silver (or billon) coins divided as follows:

95 leeuwengroten (gros au lions or gros compagnons) or fractionals thereof:

1 Looz : Diederik van Heinsberg (1336-1361)

3 Rummen : Arnold of Oreye (1355-1377)

9 Brabant : 1 John II (1312-1355)

8 Joanna (1355-1406)

18 Holland : William V (1350-1389)

12 leeuwengroten

6 ½ leeuwengroten

1 unknown : ¼ leeuwengroot

63 Flanders : Louis II of Mâle (1346-1384)

2

The container in which the Delft Hoard was found © 2014 Paul A. Torongo

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COINS

The obverse of the leeuwengroten in the hoard is a rampant lion left, surrounded by a

clockwise legend that begins with an initial cross, followed by the word MONETA (the

legend of the sole leeuwengroot of John III of Brabant begins with an eagle instead of a

cross). Circling this is a border of 1 small lion and 11 leaves, each itself enclosed in a partial

circle. Between the legend and the outer border is a ring of oblong pellets. Some numismatists

prefer to view the lion side as the reverse and the cross side as the obverse. The approximate

diameter of a leeuwengroot is 27-28 mm.

The reverse has an outer and an inner legend. The central type is a cross, the arms of

which break into the inner legend. The legends are separated by a ring of oblong pellets, and

there is another ring of oblong pellets beneath the inner legend. There are rings of pellets

along the outer edges of both faces as well, but these are quite often not visible on the coins

themselves. The Delft Hoard has quite a number of coins where the outer pellet ring is at least

partially visible.

The reverse, outer legend is the same for all the leeuwengroten present:

È + BnDICTV q SIT q nomE q DnI q nRI q IhV q XPI

BeNeDICTVm SIT NOMEn DomiNI NostRI IHsV CHRIsti

Blessed be the Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ

The obverse legend differs from region to region, as does the reverse, inner legend.

The ½ leeuwengroot, of which there are six in the hoard (all from Holland), is similar in

design to the full groot, but the outer, obverse border of leaves and the reverse, outer legend

are absent. Fractional leeuwengroten were struck in several Low Lands regions, and it is often

difficult to tell a half-groot from a third-groot or quarter-groot.

The ¼ leeuwengroot, of which there is only one in the hoard, is similar to the ½ groot,

but smaller in diameter and lighter in weight. The legends on the coin are partially illegible,

forcing a determination of “unknown mint”.

Although many of the coins look as though they were probably in excellent condition when

they were buried, most of the coins in the Delft Hoard are now marred by serious corrosion

and encrustation. Because of this, many coins are illegible when it comes to the specific and

important details with which we are concerned, such as the crossbars of the A’s or the

presence or absence of pellets near the initial, obverse cross. Many of the individual Delft

Hoard coins are thus rendered all but useless for broader research into the leeuwengroten of

all regions. Perhaps in the future the coins can be cleaned further to reveal more details.

This illegibility does not mean that the coins of the Delft Hoard are irrelevant – quite the

contrary – the hoard as a whole certainly has great numismatic significance. It is noteworthy

that so many early coins (Issue II, round O in COMES. 22 examples) were found together

with some of the latest issues (Issue VII, Pelleted L’s, 6 examples). These two issues are

separated in time by some fifteen years.

Many details are discernable on the coins, and they are all at least partially identifiable.

All of the O’s in COMES on the reverses of the Flemish coins are visible (and thus

identifiable as long or round), and a great many of the A crossbars are legible even when

much of the area around the letter is not.

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CATALOG of COINS:

All photographs © 2013 / 2017 Archeologische Dienst Delft

Shown approx. 2 ½ x life-size (250%)

Images marked with * are of a lower resolution than the other photos.

County of Looz (Loon)

Diederik van Heinsberg, Count of Looz

(1336-1361)

Vanhoudt Type G 644 var.

1 coin

D-01 / NUMIS 1120661 / 3.200 g.

[ , + M0netb d LOSen9 ] [ thE 0RI cdco MES ]

MONETA LOSEN

THEORIC COMES

Coin of Looz

Diederik, Count

This type of coin is quite uncommon, and this example is unusual because the reverse legend

for coins of this type usually reads THEORVC, not THEORIC.

The obverse border leaves are difficult to see, but appear to have 5 lobes. It is possible

that the ¼ groot in the hoard also comes from Looz (see p. 19).

5

Lordship of Rummen

Arnold of Oreye, Lord of Rummen

(1355-1377)

Vanhoudt Type G 2008 var.

3-lobed leaves

3 coins

[ , + M0neta j FRanD9 ] [ 0I%a Rfo L,9DE ,RVM9, ]

MONETA FRAND

ARNOLdvs DE RVMOensIs

Coin of “Rummen”

Arnold of Rummen

Whatever machinations one might employ to make FRAND read as Rummen (FRvmeND?),

the bottom line is that the obverse legend is a blatant attempt to deceptively copy the Flemish

legend MONETA FLAND. At first glance, the extra OI in the reverse, inner legend seems

strange and unnecessary. In fact, its only real purpose is to provide a resemblance to Flemish

(and Brabantine) coins, and to put two O’s next to the central cross arm.

There may be more variations on the Delft coins that are not visible.

D-02 / NUMIS 1120662 / 3.059 g.

There appears to be an annulet ä in MONETA.

6

Rummen (cont.)

D-03 / NUMIS 1120663 / 3.084 g.

Note the very prominent pellet left of the obverse cross.

D-04 / NUMIS 1120664 / 2.888 g.

7

Duchy of Brabant

John III, Duke of Brabant (27 October, 1312 – 5 December, 1355)

Vanhoudt G 269

3-lobed leaves

1 coin

[ } M0neta s BRaBan9 ] 09,DV X,Lo t9,BR aB9% I

[ óBnDIcTV q SIT q nome q DnI q nRI q IhV q õPI ]

MONETA BRABANtie

IOhannes DVX LOTier BRABantie

Coin of Brabant

John, Duke of Lotier, Brabant

‘Lotier’ being Lower Lorraine (Neder-Lotharingia).

D-05 / NUMIS 1120665 / 3.188 g.

Note the pierced cross and X in the reverse, outer legend (only the X is visible on the coin).

This is the only coin in the hoard with an initial eagle instead of a cross.

No one knows for sure when striking of this type began in Brabant, nor when it ended,

although if Flanders can be used as a model, it was likely to have been c. 1341-1343. That

makes this the oldest coin in the hoard (the unidentified ¼ groot potentially excluded).

8

Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (5 December, 1355 – 1 November, 1406)

Vanhoudt Type G 295

3-lobed leaves

8 coins

[ . = M0neta e FIÙFD9 ] [ 09,DV cddddlo t9BR AB9%I]

MONETA FILForDensis

IOhanna DVCissa LOTier BRABantie

Coin of Vilvoorde

Johanna, Duchess of Lotier, Brabant

D-06 / NUMIS 1120666 / 3.173 g.

D-07 / NUMIS 1120667 / 3.080 g.

9

Brabant (cont.)

D-08 / NUMIS 1120668 / 3.311 g.

D-09 / NUMIS 1120669 / 2.795 g.

D-10 / NUMIS 1120670 / 3.120 g.

10

Brabant (cont.)

D-11 / NUMIS 1120671 / 3.082 g.

D-12 / NUMIS 1120672 / 3.298 g.

D-13 / DC97_H0202_1107 / NUMIS ___

11

County of Holland

William V, Count of Holland and Zeeland

(1350-1389)

Duke of Bavaria from 11 October, 1347

10 leeuwengroten (Grolle Type 17.2.2)

4 ½ leeuwengroten (Grolle Type 17.2.3, see pp. 15-16)

Leeuwengroten:

Grolle Type 17.2.2

[ + M0neTa ë holanD9 ] [ GVIl lelM DVX:c 0MeS ]

MONETA HOLANDiae

GVILLELMvs, DVX, COMES

Coin of Holland

William, Duke, Count

The O’s of COMES are always round on Holland leeuwengroten. Either the T or the A of

MONETA can be annuleted or plain on Holland leeuwengroten: t T ä a. All of the

Holland leeuwengroten present in the Delft Hoard have 5-lobed border leaves on the obverse.

The colon between DVX and COMES is visible almost all of the coins (some Holland

leeuwengroten do not have this mark)

Between the words MONETA and HOLAND is a leaf, sometimes with a pellet above it.

This leaf is often mistaken for an X. The stem of this leaf mark is not always facing

downwards: ê ä è . (See ref. 7 for further information.)

D-14 / NUMIS 1120673 / 3.428 g.

12

Holland (cont.)

D-15 / NUMIS 1120674 / 3.188 g.

D-16 / NUMIS 1120675 / 3.202 g.

D-17 / NUMIS 1120676 / 3.262 g.

13

Holland (cont.)

D-18 / NUMIS 1120677 / 3.433 g.

D-19 / NUMIS 1120678 / 3.356 g.

D-20 / NUMIS 1120679 / 3.256 g.

14

Holland (cont.)

D-21 / NUMIS 1120680 / 3.369 g.

Leaf-mark: ì

D-22 / NUMIS 1120681 / 3.222 g.

15

Holland (cont.)

D-23 / NUMIS 1120682 / 3.141 g.

Annulet ä in MONETA

Leaf-mark: [ë]

D-24 / DC97_H0202_1104 / NUMIS ___

Leaf-mark: [ê]

16

Holland (cont.)

D-25 / DC97_H0202_1106 / NUMIS ___

Leaf-mark: ì

Half leeuwengroten:

*Grolle Type 17.2.3b

6 coins

[ + MoneTa w hollanDIe w ] [ GVIl leLM DVX:c oMES ]

Grolle lists several varieties of legends, obverse and reverse, some more accurate than

others [3]

; we provide here what we feel to be the most likely transcription. A more accurate

attribution is not possible due to the poor state of the coins. (See ref. 7 for further

information.)

17

Holland (cont.)

D-26 / NUMIS 1120683 / 1.630 g.

D-27 / NUMIS 1120684 / 1.557 g.

D-28 / NUMIS 1120685 / 1.642 g.

18

Holland (cont.)

D-29 / NUMIS 1120686 / 1.310 g.

D-30 / DC97_H0202_1102 / NUMIS ___

D-31 / DC97_H0202_1103 / NUMIS ___

19

Unknown mint

1 coin (¼ groot ?)

D-32 / DC97_H0202_1108 / NUMIS ___

[+…c]omeS […]enS ?

mon eTb […] […]

We showed this coin to a number of medieval coin experts, but none could identify it because

it is just too illegible (and because we could not provide weight or size information). Based on

the coins listed in Grolle (ref. 3), it is not a coin of William VI (1404-1417) as originally

reported [1]

. It may come from one of the smaller lordships that struck fractional

leeuwengroten, e.g. Looz (LOSENS?). It seems unlikely that this coin predates the Brabant

coin of John III.

20

County of Flanders

Louis II of Mâle, Count of Flanders and Rethel

(26 August, 1346 – 30 January 1384)

All Gaillard Type 219 / Vanhoudt Type 2596

MONETA FLANDriae

LVDOVICvs COMES

Coin of Flanders

Louis, Count

The specific details of the legends differ from issue to issue. The major details relevant to

identification of the leeuwengroten of Louis II of Flanders are as follows:

Obverse:

The initial cross of the legend:

(pellets present to the left , = and/or , = , to the right = ,, or absent =)

The A of MONETA (crossbar present a or absent b)

The A of FLAND’ (crossbar present a or absent b)

The leaf between the two words (stem pointing to A e, F d, or straight down f)

The L of FLAND’ (pellet present j or absent l)

Reverse:

The O of COMES (round 0 or long o)

The L of LVDOVIC’ (pellet present j or absent l)

The form of the leaves in the obverse, outer border is another identifying characteristic. The

leaves have either 3 or 5 lobes to them. There are in fact several other rather subtle details

regarding these leaves, but for the current discussion it will suffice to simply identify the

leaves as having 3 or 5 lobes.

3 lobes: B x

5 lobes: k < #

Conclusions as to which mintmarks correspond to which issues have been drawn based on

Aimé Haeck’s De leeuwengroten met het kruisje van Lodewijk van Male – Een proeve van

(her)classificatie [4]

, as well as on reports made during our own continuing research (refs. 6-9)

21

Flanders (cont.)

Issue II : {24 Nov. 1346 – 27 May 1351}

Pellet right of cross, round O in COMES

22 coins, all with 5-lobed border leaves

[ + , M0netb f FlanD9 ] Haeck II-6B (common)

[ + , M0netb e FlanD9 ] Haeck II-5B (uncommon)

[ lVD 0VI CdC0 MeS ]

These appear to be the oldest coins of Louis II of Mâle in the hoard. The poor state of the

coins makes it impossible in most cases to determine with complete certainty if the leaf-stem

is straight (Haeck Type II-6B), or if it curves toward the F of FLAND (Haeck Type II-5B). It

is also impossible to be certain whether an A crossbar is present in FLAND or not.

D-33 / NUMIS 1120692 / 3.396 g.

22

Flanders, Issue II (cont.)

D-34 / NUMIS 1120694 / 3.588 g.

D-35 / NUMIS 1120695 / 3.242 g.

D-36 / 3.289 g. / NUMIS 1120703

23

D-37 / NUMIS 1120705 / 3.559 g.

D-38 / NUMIS 1120706 / 3.406 g.

D-39 / NUMIS 1120709 / 3.208 g.

24


D-40 / NUMIS 1120712 / 3.319 g.

D-41 / NUMIS 1120714 / 3.229 g.

D-42 / NUMIS 1120715 / 3.477 g.

25

D-43 / NUMIS 1120718 / 3.228 g.

D-44 / NUMIS 1120719 / 2.993 g.

D-45 / NUMIS 1120723 / 3.334 g.

26


D-46 / NUMIS 1120724 / 3.539 g.

D-47 / NUMIS 1120726 / 3.664 g.

D-48 / NUMIS 1120727 / 3.428 g

27


D-49 / NUMIS 1120732 / 3.043 g.

D-50 / NUMIS 1120734 / 3.345 g.

D-51 / NUMIS 1120740 / 3.328 g.

28

D-52 / NUMIS 1120744 / 3.508 g.

D-53 / NUMIS 1120746 / 3.452 g.

D-54 / NUMIS 1120748 / 3.396 g.

29

Flanders (cont.)

Issue III : { 28 May, 1351 – 1 January, 1352

15 January, 1352 – 5 September, 1353 }

Leaf-stem to F, pellets left and right of cross

5 coins

, + , M0netb d FlanD9 lVD 0VI cdco MES

The leaf-stems on two of these coins are clearly curving toward the F of FLAND, and another

two appear to be as well. D-55 appears to have a barless A, but the coin is hard to read. Pellets

left and right of the initial cross seem to be visible on D-56, the crossbar in FLAND seems to

be present, in MONETA it is absent; the coin is probably from Issue III-9. The barless A of

MONETA and stem curving to the F can be seen on D-57, however pellets by the cross are

difficult to see, therefore the attribution of Issue III-9 is tentative (although likely).

D-58 has a pellet left of the cross, but on the right it is uncertain. Unfortunately, the low

resolution of this photo prevents us from drawing too many conclusions about the A’s. Little

or nothing can be seen of the area around cross on D-59 and the A’s are in bad shape as well.

Attribution of these two coins to Issue III-9 can only be tentative.

D-55 / NUMIS 1120687 / 3.389 g.

30

Flanders, Issue III (cont.)

D-56 / 3.491 g.

NUMIS 1120691

D-57 / NUMIS 1120693 / 3.178 g.

D-58 / NUMIS 1120710 / 3.536 g.

31

Flanders, Issue III (cont.)

D-59 / NUMIS 1120725 / 3.500 g.

Issue V : {20 December, 1354 – 18 September, 1359}

Leaf-stem to A, pellet left of cross

Illegible and/or Haeck Type V-12

30 coins ?

, + M0neta e FlanD9 lVD 0VI CdCo MeS

All 30 of the following coins are too illegible to be able to determine with 100% certainty that

they come from Issue V (the “common type”). Issue V was the issue with the largest number

of pieces struck (22,644,213 coins), and coins of this issue are by far the most common sort

seen today.

32

Flanders, Issue V (cont.)

D-60 / NUMIS 1120688 / 3.387 g.

This coin may not be from Issue V at all, as it seems to have a barless A in MONETA. If there

are pellets left and right of the initial, obverse cross, then the coin is from Issue III.

D-61 / NUMIS 1120689 / 2.866

This coin may be from Issue III as well.

33


D-62 / NUMIS 1120690 / 3.412 g.

This coin may be from the Issue V, ‘refined’ style sub-group.

D-63 / 3.280 g. / NUMIS 1120696

From the Issue V, ‘serif’ L sub-group?

34


D-64 / NUMIS 1120697 / 3.467 g.

D-65 / NUMIS 1120698 / 3.397 g.

D-66 / NUMIS 1120700 / 3.297 g.

35


D-67 / NUMIS 1120702 / 3.449 g.

D-68 / NUMIS 1120704 / 3.398 g.

36


D-69 / NUMIS 1120707 / 3.547 g.

This coin may have ‘footless’ N’s in the reverse, outer legend.

D-70 / 3.481 g. / NUMIS 1120708

Is the A of MONETA unbarred? Is this an Issue III coin?

D-70 (detail)

37


D-71 / NUMIS 1120711 / 3.355 g.

D-72 / NUMIS 1120713 / 3.498 g.

Is this an Issue III coin?

38


D-73 / NUMIS 1120717 / 3.487 g.

Is this an Issue III coin?

D-74 / NUMIS 1120720 / 2.829 g.

39


D-75 / NUMIS 1120721 / 3.279 g.

D-76 / NUMIS 1120722 / 2.972 g.

Appears to have ‘footless’ N’s in the outer legend.

40


D-77 / NUMIS 1120728 / 3.588 g.

Barless A or A’s?

D-78 / NUMIS 1120729 / 3.288 g.

41


D-79 / NUMIS 1120730 / 3.529 g.

D-80 / NUMIS 1120731 / 3.390 g.)

From the Issue V, ‘serif’ L sub-group?

42


D-81 / NUMIS 1120733 / 3.143 g.

D-82 / NUMIS 1120735 / 3.296 g.

43


D-83 / NUMIS 120736 / 3.17 g.

Appears to have ‘footless’ N’s in the outer legend.

D-84 / NUMIS 1120738 / 3.332 g.

Possibly from the Issue V, ‘refined’ type sub-group.

44


D-85 / NUMIS 1120739 / 3.561 g.

D-86 / NUMIS 1120741 / 3.406 g.

D-87 / NUMIS 1120743 / 3.073 g.

45


D-88 / NUMIS 1120745 / 3.068 g.

D-89 / NUMIS 1120747 / 3.141 g.

Apparently from the Issue V, ‘footless’ N sub-group.

46

Flanders (cont.)

Issue VII : {4 December, 1361 – 27 September, 1362}

Haeck Type VII-17 [4]

Pellet L’s

6 coins

, = M0neta e FjanD9 jVD 0VI CdCo MES

D-90 / NUMIS 1120699 / 2.696 g.

D-91 / NUMIS 1120701 / 3.009 g.

47

Flanders, Issue VII (cont.)

D-92 / 3.023 g. / NUMIS 1120716

D-93 / NUMIS 1120737 / 3.519 g.

D-94 / NUMIS 1120742 / 3.142 g.

48

Flanders, Issue VII (cont.)

D-95 / DC97_H0202_1105 / NUMIS ___

Haeck proposed a second type of Issue VII coin, with no A crossbars on the obverse (Haeck

Type VII-18). We are of the opinion, however, that this type probably does not exist (see our

report on Issues VI – VIII of Louis of Mâle, to be published).)

The Delft Hoard (2004): Previous Literature

The find had been previously reported by Bult & de Bruin [1]

in 2005, although it was a third

party who actually identified the coins, since Bult and de Bruin are archeologists, not

numismatists [12] [13]

.

The find was originally reported as:

“95 coins... silver groten, half groten and quarter groten of fine silver. 63 silver groten

from different issues from Flanders of Louis I and II of Male, struck between 1346 and

1365. The most recently-struck coin dates from the period 1404 and 1417, being a ¼

groot of Willem VI of Holland.” [1]

Having inspected the coins and/or photographs, we have determined that there are no coins

from Louis I of Flanders present, nor any coins from William VI. There is no particular

reason to think that the hoard was deposited as late as 1404-1417.

49

CONCLUSION

The coins of the Delft Hoard (2004) are divided as follows:

95 Total coins in Hoard

1 1 Looz : Diederik of Heinsberg (1336-1361)

3 3 Rummen : Arnold of Oreye (1355-1377)

9 Brabant :

1 John III (1312-1355)

8 Joanna (1355-1406)

18 Holland : William V (1350-1389)

12 leeuwengroten

6 ½ leeuwengroten

1 1 unknown : ¼ leeuwengroot

63 Flanders : Louis II of Mâle (1346-1384)

57 without pellet L’s:

0 Issue I

22 Issue II, Haeck Types 6b / 5b

5 ? Issue III, Haeck Type 9

0 Issue IV

30 ? Issue V, Haeck Type 12

0 Issue VI

6 with pellet L’s:

6 Issue VII, Haeck Type 17

95 Total coins in Hoard

88 Total leeuwengroten present

6 Total ½ leeuwengroten present

1 Total ¼ leeuwengroten present

The single leeuwengroot of John III (1312 - 1355) from Brabant is likely to be the oldest of

the 95 coins in the hoard. Based on the Flemish coins with pelleted L’s, the hoard could not

have been deposited before the beginning of December, 1361.

Minting of the leeuwengroot ceased completely in Flanders by mid-1364, and it is

unlikely that Arnold of Oreye (1355-1377) would have continued to strike them in Rummen

for any great length of time after this date.

Leeuwengroten from Looz are fairly uncommon, and the single example in the hoard is

unusual for having a reverse legend reading THEORIC instead of the more common

THEORVC.

It may be noteworthy that the only ½ leeuwengroten in the hoard were struck in the

county in which the town of Delft stood and in which the hoard was originally hidden

(Holland).

The unidentified ¼ groot is puzzling, but there are hundreds of similar, known specimens

of semi-legible, unidentifiable fractional coins with lions on them. Although we would

welcome any information that could be provided by our readers, there is also little point in

wasting too much time trying to identify a coin with legends that cannot be properly read.

50

Brabant

As mentioned, the single groot of John III (27 October, 1312 – 5 December, 1355) is the

only coin in the hoard with an eagle as an initial mark in the obverse legend instead of a cross,

and it is likely to be the oldest of the 95 coins in the hoard Joanna was Duchess of Brabant

from 5 December, 1355, until her death on 1 November, 1406. Her husband ruled at her side

until his death on 8 December, 1383. The earliest (?) issues of leeuwengroten for the pair

(“gros of Vilvoorde”) bear only Joanna’s name; these are the type of groten present in the

Delft Hoard.

Later issues of leeuwengroten under Joanna (the “gros of Brabant”) had obverse legends

reading MONETA BRABA, and reverse, outer legends reading WENCESL DEI GRA

LVCENB BRAB DVX (Vanhoudt Type G 314). This type of coin is absent from the Delft

Hoard.

Flanders

In total, there are 63 leeuwengroten from Flanders in the hoard (all Gaillard Type 219 /

Vanhoudt Type 2596); 6 with pellet L’s and 57 without (i.e. with normal L’s).

Of the 57 coins without pellet L’s, 22 of them have a round O in COMES on the reverse

and 5-lobed leaves in the obverse border; these are the characteristics of Issue II coins.

A further 5 (?) coins have a leaf-stem curving toward the F and long O’s in COMES. 1

coin clearly has a pellet to the left and right of the cross, while the other 4 are less certain.

These 5 coins appear to have come from Issue III.

The remaining 30 coins are all partially illegible. It is probable that most of them are from

Issue V (Haeck Type V-12, the “common type”), although one or two may be from Issue III,

or, even more unlikely, from Issue VI.

All 6 of the coins with pellet L’s have 3-lobed border leaves on the obverse, and seem to

have the distinctive ‘bow’ A’s often seen on coins from this issue: Ã .

22 round O in COMES (Issue II)

5 leaf stem to F (Issue III?)

30 illegible and / or “common type” (Issue V)

6 pelleted L’s (Issue VII)

There are no coins present that can be attributed to Issue VI coins with any certainty; if any

are present, they are among the illegible coins listed here under Issue V. In theory, Issue VI

coins should be the third most common sort seen today, but this is not the case, and the coins

are actually fairly rare. Issue IV coins are extremely rare, and their absence from the Delft

Hoard is not noteworthy. Issue I coins are fairly rare, and are usually not found in hoards with

late issues (e.g. Issue VII); their absence from the hoard is also not surprising.

51

Minting of leeuwengroten in Flanders under Louis II of Mâle

The following table shows the minting of leeuwengroten in Flanders under Louis II of Mâle:

Issue Period Duration Coins

minted Mint(s)

* I 20 Jan. 1346 – 20 Nov. 1346 (c. 10 months) 719,994 Ghent

II 24 Nov. 1346 – 27 May 1351 (c. 54 months) 13,870,824 Ghent / Bruges

III: 28 May 1351 – 5 Sep. 1353 (c. 15 months) 8,197,860 Bruges

IV 7 Sep. 1353 – 24 Oct. 1354 (c. 14 months) 318,120 Bruges

V 20 Dec. 1354 – 17 Jun. 1358 (c. 42 months) 22,644,213 Ghent / Malines

no coins 18 Jun. 1358 – 21 Oct. 1359 (c. 15 months) 0

VI 22 Oct. 1359 – 4 Dec. 1361 (c. 14 months) 9,681,000 Ghent / Malines

VII 4 Dec. 1361 – 27 Sep. 1362 (c. 10 months) 1,989,000 Ghent

no coins 28 Sep. 1362 – 30 Nov. 1363 (c. 14 months) 0

VIII 1 Dec. 1363 – 2 Mar. 1364 (c. 3 months) 456,300 Malines

This table is based upon the information in Het munthuis in Gent [5]

, further updated from

personal correspondence between the authors of the current paper and Jean-Claude Martiny [14]

.

From the table, one can see that leeuwengroten (with an initial, obverse cross) were struck for

in Flanders for almost 15 years, during a period of just over 18 years.

Short “pauses” in minting of a month or so can be ignored, as all the dates given are only

approximate and probably not accurate down to the day; minting began before the first audit

was held, and no one knows how long it took once a contract was signed for production of

coins to actually begin

* striking of Issue I began under Louis I of Nevers (17 September, 1322 – 26 August, 1346), who was

killed at the Battle of Crécy.

52

Acknowledgements

The author would very much like to thank Marja van Bijsterveldt, mayor of the city of Delft,

as well as her staff, Mark de Kok in particular.

The author would also like to thank the Archeologische Dienst Delft and for their assistance,

as well as J. De Bruin, E. J. Bult, Steven Jongma, J. Pelsdonk, F. Theuws and Bram Wessels.

Photographs © 2013 / 2017 Archeologische Dienst Delft except where noted.

Used with permission.

LITERATURE:

This bibliography has been revised since publication of our original 2014/2016 articles to

include relevant literature subsequently published regarding leeuwengroten.

[1]

Delft * IPSE-terrein

Epko J. Bult & Jasper de Bruin (Gemeente Delft, vakteam Archeologie)

Archeologische Kroniek Zuid-Holland 2004

in Archeologische Kroniek Holland 2004

TGV Teksten en Presentatie

2005

pp. 60-63

[2]

Recherches sur les Monnaies des Comtes de Flandre

Victor Gaillard

Ghent, 1852 & 1857

[3]

De Muntslag van de Graven van Holland tot de Bourgondische Unificatie in 1434

(3 volumes)

J.J. Grolle

De Nederlands Bank N.V.

Amsterdam, 2000

ISBN 90-804784-3-1

[4]

De leeuwengroten met het kruisje van Lodewijk van Male – Een proeve van

(her)classificatie

Aimé Haeck

supplement to Jaarboek EGMP

2013

53

[5]

Het Munthuis in Gent

Deel I Karel de Grote – Lodewijk van Mâle (768 –1384) Jean-Claude Martiny

Uitgeverij Snoeck

2014

ISBN: 978-94-6161-135-2

[6]

A Preliminary Look at the Leeuwengroten of Louis of Mâle

(1346-1384): Issues IV and V Paul Torongo & Raymond van Oosterhout

Rotterdam, 2015

Academia.edu

[7]

A Preliminary Look at the Leeuwengroten of the County of Holland Including the

Fractional Coins

Paul Torongo & Raymond van Oosterhout

Rotterdam, 2016

Academia.edu

[8]

A Preliminary Look at the Leeuwengroten of Louis of Mâle, Count of Flanders (1346-

1384) : Issues I, II, III and IV

Paul Torongo

Rotterdam, 2016

Academia.edu

[9]

A Preliminary Look at the Leeuwengroten of Louis of Mâle (1346-1384): Issues VI – VIII

Paul Torongo

Rotterdam, 2017

Academia.edu

[10]

Atlas der munten van België van de Kelten tot heden

Hugo Vanhoudt

Herent, 1996

ISBN 90-9009686

54

[11]

The Delft Hoard – A 14th Century Coin Hoard in Perspective

Bram Wessels

Delft, 2013

unpublished

[12]

private correspondence

Epko J. Bult – Paul Torongo

[13]


Jasper de Bruin – Paul Torongo

[14]


Jean-Claude Martiny – Paul Torongo

55

APPENDIX: The Weights of the Coins of the Delft Hoard (2004) [11]

Arranged by Issue: GRAMS NUM. REALM Haeck NUMIS number

3.200 D-01 Looz - 1120661

3.059 D-02 Rummen - 1120662

3.084 D-03 Rummen - 1120663

2.888 D-04 Rummen - 1120664

3.188 D-05 Brabant - 1120665

3.173 D-06 Brabant - 1120666

3.080 D-07 Brabant - 1120667

3.311 D-08 Brabant - 1120668

2.795 D-09 Brabant - 1120669

3.120 D-10 Brabant - 1120670

3.082 D-11 Brabant - 1120671

3.298 D-12 Brabant - 1120672

D-13 Brabant -

3.428 D-14 Holland - 1120673

3.188 D-15 Holland - 1120674

3.202 D-16 Holland - 1120675

3.262 D-17 Holland - 1120676

3.433 D-18 Holland - 1120677

3.356 D-19 Holland - 1120678

3.286 D-20 Holland - 1120679

3.369 D-21 Holland - 1120680

3.222 D-22 Holland - 1120681

3.141 D-23 Holland - 1120682

D-24 Holland -

D-25 Holland -

1.630 D-26 Holland ½ groot 1120683

1.557 D-27 Holland ½ groot 1120684

1.642 D-28 Holland ½ groot 1120685

1.310 D-29 Holland ½ groot 1120686

D-30 Holland ½ groot

D-31 Holland ½ groot

D-32 unknown ¼ groot

3.396 D-33 Flanders II 1120692

3.588 D-34 Flanders II 1120694 3.242 D-35 Flanders II 1120695

3.289 D-36 Flanders II 1120703

3.559 D-37 Flanders II 1120705

3.406 D-38 Flanders II 1120706

3.208 D-39 Flanders II 1120709

3.319 D-40 Flanders II 1120712

3.229 D-41 Flanders II 1120714

3.477 D-42 Flanders II 1120715

3.228 D-43 Flanders II 1120718 2.993 D-44 Flanders II 1120719 3.334 D-45 Flanders II 1120723

3.539 D-46 Flanders II 1120724

56

GRAMS NUM. REALM Haeck NUMIS number

3.664 D-47 Flanders II 1120726

3.428 D-48 Flanders II 1120727

3.043 D-49 Flanders II 1120732

3.345 D-50 Flanders II 1120734

3.328 D-51 Flanders II 1120740

3.508 D-52 Flanders II 1120744

3.452 D-53 Flanders II 1120746

3.396 D-54 Flanders II 1120748

3.389 D-55 Flanders III ? 1120687

3.491 D-56 Flanders III-9 1120691

3.178 D-57 Flanders III-9 1120693

3.536 D-58 Flanders III ? 1120710

3.500 D-59 Flanders III ? 1120725

3.387 D-60 Flanders V-12 1120688

2.866 D-61 Flanders V-12 1120689

3.412 D-62 Flanders V-12 1120690

3.280 D-63 Flanders V-12 1120696

3.467 D-64 Flanders V-12 1120697

3.397 D-65 Flanders V-12 1120698

3.297 D-66 Flanders V-12 1120700

3.449 D-67 Flanders V-12 1120702

3.398 D-68 Flanders V-12 1120704

3.547 D-69 Flanders V-12 1120707

3.481 D-70 Flanders V-12 1120708

3.355 D-71 Flanders V-12 1120711

3.498 D-72 Flanders V-12 1120713

3.487 D-73 Flanders V-12 1120717

2.829 D-74 Flanders V-12 1120720

3.279 D-75 Flanders V-12 1120721

2.972 D-76 Flanders V-12 1120722

3.588 D-77 Flanders V-12 1120728

3.288 D-78 Flanders V-12 1120729

3.529 D-79 Flanders V-12 1120730

3.390 D-80 Flanders V-12 1120731

3.143 D-81 Flanders V-12 1120733

3.296 D-82 Flanders V-12 1120735

3.175 D-83 Flanders V-12 1120736

3.332 D-84 Flanders V-12 1120738

3.561 D-85 Flanders V-12 1120739

3.406 D-86 Flanders V-12 1120741

3.073 D-87 Flanders V-12 1120743

3.068 D-88 Flanders V-12 1120745

3.141 D-89 Flanders V-12 1120747

2.696 D-90 Flanders VII-17 1120699

3.009 D-91 Flanders VII-17 1120701

3.023 D-92 Flanders VII-17 1120716

3.519 D-93 Flanders VII-17 1120737

3.142 D-94 Flanders VII-17 1120742

D-95 Flanders VII-17

- - entire hoard - 1120749

The Coins of The Delft Hoard (2004)

Documents