Prof. Siyoung Jeong Thermodynamics I MEE2022-02 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
Prof. Siyoung Jeong
Thermodynamics I
MEE2022-02
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Chapter 5
The Classical Second Law of
Thermodynamics
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• First law : no restriction on the direction of heat and
work flow
- 열역학 1법칙만 생각하면, 따뜻한 커피가 온도가 낮은 주변 공기에서
열을 받아 가열되는 것도 가능
- 그러나 실제로 이러한 현상은 일어나지 않음
- Process의 direction에 관한 법칙 필요
1212 UUQ
• Second Law : 열역학적 Process의 direction에 관한
법칙
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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5.1 Heat engines and refrigerators
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Heat engine
- Operating in a cycle
- Net positive heat transfer & net positive work (Qin & Wout)
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• Refrigerator (Heat Pump)
- Operating in a cycle
- Heat transfer from the low-temperature system to the high-temperature system
(TL→TH, Win)
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
QL
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Thermal efficiency of a heat engine
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Ex. 5.1 An automobile engine produces 136 hp on the output shaft with a thermal
efficiency of 30%. The fuel it burns gives 35000 kJ/kg as energy release.
Find the total rate of energy rejected to the ambient and the rate of fuel
consumption in kg/s.
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• A simple vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Coefficient of Performance (COP)
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* Thermal reservoir
- 온도 변화 없이 열교환
- Source 또는 Sink로 작용
e.g.) Atmosphere, ocean
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Ex. 5.2 The refrigerator in a kitchen shown in Fig. 5.7 receives electrical input
power of 150 W to drive the system, and it rejects 400 W to the kitchen
air. Find the rate of energy taken out of the cold space and the COP of the
refrigerator.
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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5.2 The second law of thermodynamics
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• The Kelvin-Planck statement
It is impossible to construct a device that will operate in a cycle and produce no effect other than the raising of a weight and the exchange of heat with a single reservoir.
(M. Planck, 1897)
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• The Clausius statement
It is impossible to construct a
device that operates in a cycle
and produces no effect other
than the transfer of heat from
a cooler body to a warmer
body.
(R. Clausius, 1854)
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Equivalence of the two statements
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Perpetual-motion machine of the second kind
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Reversible process (가역 과정)
- A process that once having taken place can be reserved
and in so doing leave no change in either system or
surroundings.
5.3 The reversible process
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Irreversible process
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Reversible process
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Reversible process
- 마찰이 없는 mechanical process
- 마찰이 없는 단열 상태 변화
5.4 Factors that render process irreversible
• Irreversible process
: 어느 방법으로도 원상태 불가능 (모든 자연 Process)
- Friction
- Unrestrained expansion
- Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference
- Mixing of two different substances
- Other factors
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Unrestrained expansion
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
Reversible Internally reversible
Externally irreversible
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
- 주어진 두 온도 사이에서 가장 효율적인 cycle
5.5 The Carnot cycle
1 : rev. isothermal process, QH is transferred to the system
2 : rev. adiabatic process, Working fluid : TH → TL
3 : rev. isothermal process, QL is rejected from the system
4 : rev. adiabatic process, Working fluid : TL → TH
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• First proposition
5.6 Two propositions regarding the efficiency of a Carnot cycle
• Second proposition
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.7 The thermodynamic temperature scale
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.8 The ideal-gas temperature scale
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Ex. 5.3 In a certain constant-volume ideal-gas thermometer, the measured
pressure at the ice point (see Section 1.11) of water, 0℃, is 110.9 kPa and
at the steam point, 100℃, it is 151.1 kPa. Extrapolating, at what Celsius
temperature does the pressure go to zero (i.e., zero absolute temperature)?
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
Example Ptp(1)=1 bar P(1)=1.36587 bar Ti(1)=373.10 K Ptp(2)=2 bar P(2)=2.73127 bar Ti(2)=373.05 K T=373.15 K
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
0
0
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reversible work :
Ideal Gas :
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v
v
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w Pdv
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①→②
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.9 Ideal versus real machines
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Ex. 5.4 Let us consider the heat engine, shown schematically in Fig. 5.25, that
receives a heat-transfer rate of 1 MW at a high temperature of 550℃ and
rejects energy to the ambient surroundings at 300 K. Work is produced at
a rate of 450 kW. We would like to know how much energy is discarded
to the ambient surroundings and the engine efficiency and compare both
of these to a Carnot heat engine operating between the same two
reservoirs.
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Ex. 5.5 As one mode of operation of an air conditioner is the cooling of a room
on a hot day, it works as a refrigerator, shown in Fig. 5.26. A total of 4
kW should be removed from a room at 24℃ to the outside atmosphere at
35. We would like to estimate the magnitude of the required work. To do
this we will not analyze the processes inside the refrigerator, which is
deferred to Chapter 9, but we can give a lower limit for the rate of work,
assuming it is a Carnot-cycle refrigerator.
Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.10 Engineering applications
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Power output and the Carnot cycle
- Internally reversible
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
2
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Chapter 5. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics
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