The Civil War Chapter 16 Sections 1-5. Preparing for War After FT. Sumter Lincoln calls up 75,000 volunteers for 90 day enlistment. No one on either side.

The Civil War

Chapter 16Sections 1-5

Preparing for War

• After FT. Sumter Lincoln calls up 75,000 volunteers for 90 day enlistment.

• No one on either side believes that the war will last any longer than 90 days.

• Should I Stay or Should I Go…• Go - AR, TN, NC, VA• Stay - MO, KY, MD, DE, WV*

Tale of the Tape

The North has every possible advantage except for military leadership.

The North is an industrial powerhouse capable of providing the army with endless supplies.

The South is more practiced in the art of war. The South is not equipped for a long war. See handout

Leaders

DavisDavis West Point Graduate, former Sec. of War

under Pres. Pierce, and known as a man of character.

Tended to micro-manage every little detail. Would not tolerate any challenge to his

authority.

Leaders

LincolnLincoln Almost no military experience, almost no

political experience. Lincoln was very patient with his new cabinet.

Almost all of them had challenged him for the office of President.

Leaders

GeneralsGenerals Most of the experienced quality generals

and military leaders sided with the Confederacy.

Robert E. Lee P.G.T. Beauraguard Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Strategies for Victory

• Anaconda Plan• Authored by Mexican War hero Winfield

Scott.• 1. Blockade the Atlantic and Gulf ports,

nothing in or out.• 2. Control the Mississippi River.• 3. Capture Richmond, VA

Strategies for Victory

• South• 1. Stay at home, fight a defensive war.• 2. Gain recognition and aid from France and or

England.• 3. Keep the war going. The longer the fight

the more likely the North is to quit.

1st Bull Run (Manassas)

Lincoln orders General Irving McDowell to attack at Manassas near Bull Run Creek.

Area is guarded by PGT Beauraguard. Both groups are woefully unprepared. Takes McDowell 4 days to march 25 miles. The Northern newspapers are along with the

army. It is a circus.

Cont...

• Beauraguard has no trouble tracking the Union.

• He uses the rails to ship troops. He amasses a large army and waits for McDowell.

• Battle takes place on 07-21-1861 with both sides being close to equal in size.

Legend is Born

• The union breaks through the line and should have easily taken the army, if not for one group.

• The Virginians led by General Thomas Jackson stand firm.

• Repel the Union attack and the untrained soldiers of the union retreat.

• Jackson gets the nickname “Stonewall”

Lessons from Bull Run I

• 1. This war is not going to end quickly.• 2. Need more training for everyone on each

side.• 3. This is going to be a very costly war.• 5,000 K.O.W at Bull Run I• General McDowell is fired, this will be the first

of many generals fired by A.Lincoln.

General George McClellan

• Graduate of West Point. He is brilliant at training an army.

• He is too cautious to engage, he has superior numbers and resources.

• His men love him, he never makes them fight.• From 7/1861 to 3/1862 McClellan does

nothing Lincoln is furious.

Peninsular Campaign

• McClellan will move his troops by steamboat down the Chesapeake Bay.

• They land just south of Richmond and begin a slow cautious attack.

• Lee sends Stonewall Jackson North to fake an attack on D.C. this prevents Lincoln from sending reinforcements.

• McClellan believes he is outnumbered and retreats.

Why?

• Lee had sent smaller groups of his men to attack the slow moving McClellan at various points.

• This confused McClellan and he greatly overestimated the size of Lee’s Army.

• In reality McClellan held a 10 to 1 advantage in the number of soldiers.

Naval Battle

Monitor v. Merrimack Early on in the war the Union abandoned the

Merrimack in VA. The South covered the boat in 4 inch steal

plates. After it destroyed three Union ships in one

battle the North reacted. The Monitor met the Merrimack in March of

1862.

Cont.

• The Merrimack was a stronger iron clad, but the Monitor was faster.

• The two fought to a draw and retreated.• The Confederates sank the Merrimack on

purpose.• Why?

Antietam

Lee decides to attack the North. Sets his sights on Sharpsburg, MD McClellan gets the luckiest break of his life. Two union officers find a bundle of cigars

wrapped in paper. The two men turn the cigars over to

McClellan, who finds Robert E. Lee’s battle plans.

Clutching Defeat From the Jaws of Victory

• McClellan waits eighteen hours to make a move.

• He slowly attacks Lee’s 40,000 with his 100,000

• In three hours approx. 25,000 Union and Confederate soldiers are K.O.W.

• Lee retreats, and all McClellan has to do is chase him down and the war is over...

McClellan Fired

• McClellan believes that Lee’s army is larger and allows him to retreat back into VA.

• Lincoln fires him.

War in the West

• Army of the western United States is led by Ulysses S. Grant

• Ft. Henry and Donelson• February 1862 Grant uses gunboats to lay

siege to FT. Henry. It surrenders unconditionally

• Next he takes the Cumberland river to FT. Donelson same action same outcome.

Battle of Shiloh

Corinth, MS Grant is attacked by General Johnston both

suffer huge loses. Grant refuses to retreat and waits for

reinforcements. Next day, April 7th the reinforcements arrive

and the North wins. More people killed at Shiloh than in the

Revolutionary War.

Battle of Vicksburg

The Union controls New Orleans and Memphis.

Needs the elevated city of Vicksburg to control the MS River

Grant fakes an attack on Jackson, MS and instead attacks Vicksburg.

After a month and a half Vicksburg surrenders on 7-4-1863.

Grants feeds everyone, 2 down 1 to go

Emancipation

• At the outset of the Civil War the goal was to restore the Union.

• It changes in 1862, Lincoln begins to discuss emancipation with his cabinet.

• He is cautious because of MO, KY, DE, and MD.

The Emancipation Proclamation

• All slaves in states of rebellion are free as of January 1st 1863

• *Frees No One*• Slaves in the Union are still slaves.• No state in rebellion recognize Lincoln as

president.• Lincoln has no power to enforce this.

Changes

• Changes the character of the war, no longer about state’s rights it is about slavery.

• South is fighting for slavery• South is the bad guy• There will be no European recognition of the

Confederate States of America.

Destruction of War

• Soldiers suffer throughout this war, but so do civilians.

• Total War - attack a countries way of life and destroy everything.

• Families, Farms, Homes, and Animals are all casualties of this war.

New Weapons

• Breach Fired Rifle• Minie Ball - grooved bullet increases FPS• Shells and Canisters

Medicine

• Serrated Saw and Blade• Morphine• Sanitation• Prison Camps• Andersonville and Libby Camp

War Opposition

• Copperheads - Northerners who wanted peace with the south and wanted to get Lincoln out of office.

• New Soldiers - Lincoln offers $300 to all enlistees.

• 1863 creates the Draft. All men 20-45 are called to service

• can get out of service by paying $300 or getting someone to go for you.

The Constitution and the Economy

• Writ of Habeas Corpus - right to be informed of the charges against you and have a trial by jury.

• Lincoln suspends this and jails people who do not support the war.

• North is producing war goods not goods for sale.

• Begin printing money to cover costs. This causes inflation.

Cont.

• Profiteers - people who overcharged the government for services during the war

• Economy in the South - • Tax-in-Kind - Requires all farmers to give 10%

of their crop to the gov’t.• Egyptian Cotton and the Naval Blockade are

ruining the southern economy.

Battle of Fredricksburg

Ambrose Burnside - replaces McClellan. Simple plan attack Lee’s 80,000 with his

125,000. Burnside attacks Lee at Fredricksburg and

crosses the Rappahannock River into the waiting trap of Lee.

Union 15,000 KOW South 5000 KOW Burnside Resigns

Battle of Chancellorsville

• Lincoln appoints Joseph Hooker to replace Burnside.

• Hooker plans to attack at Fredricksburg.• He is surprised by Lee on the road.• Hooker retreats in to the forest.• *Turning Point* that night while out on patrol

Stonewall Jackson was shot by his own men.

Costly Victory

• The Confederacy won the battle of Chancellorsville, but they lost Robert E. Lee’s most important ally.

• Jackson dies of his wounds. He is replaced by General Longstreet who is cautious, and cannot understand the order's of Lee

Gettysburg

• Lee believes that a victory on northern soil will force the end of the war.

• Confederate troops are planning to raid Gettysburg for supplies.

• Literally they run into the Union army on a road outside of the town.

• Small skirmishes mark day one but no major developments

Day 2. 7/2/1863

• Longstreet is very slow in making preparations. He allows Union Gen. Meade time to establish his position.

• Little Round Top• Defended by Josiah Chamberlain and the

Maine Army.• Protects the Northern flank.

Day 3. 7/3/1863

• after a small charge in the morning R. Lee orders an artillery shelling of the Union.

• He is faking a retreat cover, he then sends 15,000 men to the center and waits.

• No Union response, Lee believes the Union is out of ammo.

• Big Mistake

Disaster

• Pickett’s charge costs the south the battle and some would say the war.

• The attack was ordered by Lee.• Longstreet warned against it and Pickett

executed it.• This is a huge loss both in terms of numbers

and morale.

Gettsyburg Address

4 ½ mos. later a ceremony is planned at the Gettysburg battle field to commemorate the victory and dedicate a new cemetery.The keynote speaker is Edward Everett a well known speaker, Lincoln is asked to make a few remarks at the end.

• Lincoln speaks

Sherman’s Plan

• William Tecumseh Sherman Nov. 1864• Asks permission from Lincoln and Grant to break

off from supply lines and march to Savannah GA. • Wants to live off the land and destroy the heart

of confederate’s industry. His plan is risky and since there will be no supply lines he is putting his men in danger.

• Lincoln and Grant OK the plan, the march is on…

Sherman’s March

• After laying siege to Atlanta Sherman orders his men to burn all war making buildings and supplies.

• 30% of Atlanta burned to the ground• Sherman proposes to General Grant and

Lincoln that he march to the Savannah, GA and the Atlantic ocean and destroy the south’s ability to make war.

Make Georgia Howl

• Sherman and his men have no supplies or communications.

• Live off the land they forage and steal all the food and items they want and need.

• 12-24-1863 Lincoln receives a telegram from Sherman.

• "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton."

Election of 1864

• Lincoln believes that he will lose.• He changes Vice-Presidents. Selects Andrew

Johnson from Tennessee.• Sherman and Grant’s successes allow him to

win the election.• That and the creation of two new states WV

and NV also helped to defeat his opponent, George McClellan

The End is Near

• Sherman moves north from GA to meet up with Grant in VA.

• They will chase down R. Lee• On the way Sherman attacks Columbia, SC.

Why? Because he can.• Grant has destroyed Richmond, VA• Lee knows it is over.

Appomatox Courthouse, VA

• Home of Wilbur McLean• Grant and Lee meet to discuss surrender.• Grant offers the terms of unconditional

surrender.• In return the rebels can leave with their side-

arms, horses, and a full stomach.• This is very generous.

Guerilla War

• Some rebels take to the hills and mountains continuing to fight, but the war is over.

• Lincoln has gone from goat to hero• Three goals are achieved we destroyed

Richmond, captured the Mississippi, and enforce a blockade.

April 1865

The end of the war and one of the most infamous crimes in American history.

Fords Theatre My American Cousin At the same time JWB is shooting the

president Secretary Seward is being attacked as is Secretary Stanton.

VP Johnson’s attacker failed to show. The only person who succeeded that night

was JWB

Artifacts

• 1. Bed at Peterson house• 2. Lincoln’s hat from that night• 3.Life mask of Lincoln done shortly before the

assassination• 4. Contents of Lincoln’s pockets• 5.Lincoln’s bloody gloves from the night of his

assassination.