1861-1865 Chapter 20 The Civil War
Feb 11, 2016
1861-1865Chapter 20
The Civil War
Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural AddressNo interest in interfering with slavery where
it already existedSought to see laws of Union executed in all
statesWould use no force against the South except
to hold, occupy, or possess property & places belonging to US
Constitutional goal to establish “more perfect union” was perpetual & could not be undone except by all parties involved
No objection to Corwin AmendmentConstitution does not expressly say what
can/cannot be done with slavery in territoriesMail will continue
1st Inaugural Quotes“
In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it."
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• “ In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors…
“I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.” Lincoln 1861
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Secession
Regarding the Civil War, the London Times (November 7, 1861) editorialized
“The contest is really for empire on the side of the North and for
independence on that of the South, and in this respect we recognize an
exact analogy between the North and the Government of King George III, and the South the Thirteen Revolted
Provinces.”
GRAY/CSA• Confederate States of America
• President Jefferson Davis• Capital: Richmond, VA
• Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs”
• Secessh-------Seccession• Graycoats
• Yellow bellies
Flags: North/South
BLUE/USA• United States of America
or Union• President Abraham Lincoln• Capital: Washington, D.C.
• Feds-----Federal• Yanks-----Yankees
• Bluebellies• Blue coats
Fort SumterAs seceding states left the Union, they seized US arsenals, forts, mints, & public property within their borders.• 2 significant forts in the South remained: Fort
Sumter in Charleston Harbor –most important.
• held fewer than 100 US troops commanded by Maj. Robert Anderson
• running out of provisions• Lincoln sent an expedition to provision the fort-
not reinforce it• April 12, 1861- cannon from the shoreline of
Charleston bombarded the fort – 34 hours– no deaths—US garrison surrendered.
Picture: Fort Sumter 1
Fort Sumter 2
Effects of Sumter• provoked the North= unified many in the North
• Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers
• Lincoln declared a blockade of Southern ports= not very effective
• call for troops roused the South= Virginia, Arkansas, & Tenn. seceded– later NC ALSO (11 SECEDING STATES)
• Richmond, VA== new Confederate capital.
Cartoon: Lincoln vs Davis
Cartoon: North thought of secession
Cartoon: Davis hanging himself
Western TheaterEastern Theater
Why Lincoln WANTS TO hold the Border States• Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, & West
Virginia
• all slave states
• all contained a white population more than half of the entire confederacy.
• Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri= almost double manufacturing capacity of the South & almost double supply of horses & mules.
• Kentucky (strategically important)- Ohio River (fed by Cumberland & Tenn. Rivers) penetrated deep into area of Confederacy rich in grain, gunpowder & iron.
How Lincoln held onto the Border states
1. Maryland: Lincoln declared martial law & sent troops in (Maryland could cut Washington off from the North)
2. Western Virginia & Missouri: Lincoln deployed troops
Declared openly that it was not a war to free blacks because he did not want to push border states into the Confederacy.
Southern Ohio (Butternut region), Indiana, & Ill. Settled mainly by southerners = pro-southern
• Lincoln declared his main purpose was to save the Union.
• **Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus in various border states
War in the West The Five Civilized Tribes : supported the Confederacy• Confederacy agreed to take over federal payments to
the tribes & NA delegates invited to attend Confederate Congress= Indians provided troops to Confederacy
22 states 23,000,000 population Industrial economy Majority of transportation Lincoln, a military novice.
Asks Robert E. Lee to command Union troops and declines
Belief war is about slavery and preserving the Union.
11 states 10,000,000
includes 4 million slaves Agricultural economy
Exports, not food Limited manufacturing and
railroad lines. Davis, military experience.
Better military leaders Belief war is about states
rights, independence and preserving their war of life.
“The North’s major advantage would be its economy and the South’s main disadvantage
was its economy”
Advantages for The South1. Could fight defensively behind interior
lines2. Morale= defending homeland from
invasion3. Most talented military officers (Robert E.
Lee, Thomas J. Jackson “Stonewall”).4. More ready fighting force- Southerners
bred to fight (“rebel yell”).
Disadvantages faced shortages of factories- seized federal forts & supplies, ironworks etc.= managed sufficient weaponry
• later- had shortages of shoes, uniforms, blankets
• faced supply problems due to inadequate transportation
• Population- 9 MILLION• Biggest weakness- economy
Advantages for the NorthThe North could grow its own crops & had a large
manufacturing base1. ¾ of the nation’s wealth2. ¾ of the nation’s 30 miles of Railroads3. controlled the sea- superior navy• sea power enabled the North to trade grain for
ammunition & supplies from Europe4. More man power- 22 million (Fed by steady supply
of immigrants).- 1/5 of Union soldier= foreign-born.• Disadvantages- soldiers less prepared; weak
higher commanders
0102030405060708090
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Population Factories Wealth Cotton
NorthSouth
Chart: North/South
Based on %
King Cotton Dethroned Revolutions generally succeed with foreign intervention• The South held out hope of foreign intervention (Europe’s
ruling classes supported the Confederacy)• Europe’s working classes were mostly supporting the North• the evils of slavery kept the ruling powers out
Why did British textile mill’s dependence on Southern cotton not bring Europe into the war?• over supply of cotton from 1857-1860• Americans sent food etc. to alleviate economic crisis • Union army confiscated cotton as it marched & sent it to
Europe• Confederates ran the blockades• Egypt & India supplied more cotton needs• Booming war industries relived unemployment • McCormick Reaper enabled North to send huge grain supplies
to Britain.
Lincoln & DiplomacyLincoln’s use of diplomacy helped prevent foreign intervention.1. The Trent Incident (late 1861) US warship stopped a British
steamer north of Cuba; & forcibly removed 2 Confederate diplomats= angered Britain= Lincoln freed the diplomats.
2. British were building Confederate commerce-raiders (the Alabama); Confederate commanders & British crew.
• Captured over 60 vessels= angered the North• Charles Francis Adams (US diplomat)- got Britain to
acknowledge that this should stop. • Alabama was destroyed off coast of France 1864• Confederate commerce-raiders (built in Britain) captured over
250 Union ships
3.The Laird Rams- 2 Confederate warships being constructed in Britain (1863)= US protested & warned of war= Britain bought the two rams & added to Royal Navy
4. Anger at France & Canada
Laird Brothers Shipyard; England
Laird ShipIron – Clad ship whose purpose was to Ram enemy ships.
Lincoln vs. Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis1. Confederate Constitution- had flaws; could
not forbid states from leaving (secession) Confederacy.
Davis wanted a more centralized government
& states rights advocates disagreed 2. Good Administrator; not popular with many
Lincoln 1. Advantage of long established government 2. Financially stable government3. Tactful, patient, firm
Lincoln/Davis
• Born in Kentucky• Self-educated
• Congressmen from Illinois• Abolitionist
• First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party
• Minority president
• Born in Kentucky• Served as Secretary of
War• Senator from
Mississippi• Slaveowner
• Served as Secretary of State
• First and only President of the CSA
When the Confederate States of America was formed, its founders wrote a constitution similar to the United States Constitution. Its differences, however, indicate how the South Wanted to change their structure of government.CSA Constitution
MAIN DIFFERENCES:• State’s rights• Tariffs are equal throughout the CSA
• Slavery is legal and is allowed to expand!
CSA Constitution
Rebel Cabinet
Lincoln Challenges Liberties in Wartime Lincoln used & expanded executive power
during the war (use of “Arbitrary Power”)1. Lincoln enacted a blockade (while Congress
was out of session), increased the size of the army- later supported by Supreme Court or Congress
2. Advanced $2 million to 3 private citizens for military purposes (Art. I, Sec. IX, paragraph 7)
3. Suspended habeas corpus rights in areas to arrest Anti-Union citizens (SC said only Congress could do this according to Constitution)
“Supervised voting” in Border states , suspension of freedom of press
Suspended “civil liberties” or parts of the Constitution writ of habeas corpus: Protects from
unfair arrest and trial by jury. Occupation of Baltimore: Controlled by
military---- “martial law” Arrested over 15,000 civilians: Without
“probable cause”---suspicious “Rebel” sympathizers.
Closed “rebel” newspapers: Violated 1st amendment rights of “free speech and press”.
First Income Tax Greenbacks
1st paper money
Volunteers & DrafteesThe Armies of the NorthAt first manned solely by volunteers (provided by each
state based on quota) (90%) 1. 1863 Draft – Congress passed 1st nationwide draft The rich could hire substitutes or purchase
exemptions for $300.= unfair to poor boys Draft Riots- in the North; NYC the poor Irish
immigrants rioted and attacked innocent blacks. Why?- anger that the rich could hire substitutes.
Enlistment Bounties- money offered by federal, state, & local government to enlist= “bounty brokers”= “bounty jumpers”
Union army recorded 200,000 deserters
Armies of the ConfederacyAt first relied mainly on volunteersSouth less populated had to resort to drafts
etc. more quickly than the North1862- The Confederate draftWealthy could hire a substitute or purchase
exemptionSlave owners or overseers could be exempt if
they owned 20 or more slaves (wealthy) “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”-
criticism Draft agents stayed out of mountain areas
Economic Stresses of the WarThe NorthHad most of the wealth= handle economic stress bestRevenue Excise taxes (tobacco & alcohol) increased by
Congress Income Tax- (for the 1st time)Tariffs – helped the North; (Morrill Tariff 1861)- raised
tariffs 5% to 10%= continued to rise during the war. (protective tariff identified with Republican Party)
Greenbacks-issued $450 million- not supported by gold = value fluctuated.
Borrowing- sale of bonds through Jay Cooke & Co.National Banking System (1863)- standard bank note
issue; banks could join & issue national notes & buy government bonds.
Northern Economic Boom1. New Factories- fostered by protective tariffs Manufacturers & business people become wealthy 1st American millionaires emerge Graft was rampant in the north- “age of shoddy”
2. New machinery= Economic expansion Sewing machine= military clothing= standard sizes
for clothing for civilians Mechanical reapers= allow farm boys to
fight=produced food for troops= sold excess to Europe= bought ammunition/arms
3. Petroleum- (1859- petroleum find in Penn.) –
4. Homestead Act 1862- 300,000 migrate west** only Northern industry to suffer= ocean trade
The Effect of the War on Economy of the South
Union Blockade prevented South from collecting tariff duties & hurt import/export
1860 = 30% of nations wealth 1870= 12% nations wealth1. Confederate Bonds- sold at home & overseas ($400
million)2. Increased taxes & taxed farm produce (Southerners
opposed to tax hikes (1% of income raised this way)3. Confederate money- over printing = inflation (9,000%
inflation); Confederate dollar worth 1.6 cents at end of war.
Southern income levels 2/5 that of Northerners for a century after the war
Manufactured items scarce during the war
Women & the War1. Opened new opportunities for women Took jobs vacated by men (clerical, industrial
employment (1 in 4 before the war; 1 in 3 during)2. Unconventional roles- @ 400 posed as males &
followed husbands to war. Spies- 3. Medicine- Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell- 1st female
physician organized US Sanitary Commission (trained nurses, etc.)
Clara Barton (Red Cross)& Dorothea Dix- turned nursing into female occupation
4. Misc. – women North & South helped with war effort.
Raised money for relief for widows, orphans, disabled soldiers
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell: 1st woman to receive a medical degree from an American university
Clara Barton: “Angel of the Battle Field”; later founder of the Red Cross in the United States• Supporter of woman suffrage• Supporter of civil rights for blacks
Dorothea Dix : Superintendent of Army Nurses for Union Army
• Got the position over Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell• She and her nurses provided aid to soldiers of both
armies during the war.