The Civil War

The Civil WarThe Civil War

Chapters 11.1 – 11.3Chapters 11.1 – 11.3

Confederates Fire on Fort Confederates Fire on Fort SumterSumter

The Confederate States of America quickly The Confederate States of America quickly began taking over federal institutions in began taking over federal institutions in their states their states

March 4, 1861 – Lincoln is inaugurated March 4, 1861 – Lincoln is inaugurated March 5. 1861 – March 5. 1861 – Fort Sumter Fort Sumter faces faces

trouble trouble Lincoln decided not to fire, but not to give Lincoln decided not to fire, but not to give

in either in either April 12, April 12, Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis chooses war chooses war

over peaceful secession over peaceful secession

Virginia SecedesVirginia Secedes

News of Fort Sumter’s fall united the North News of Fort Sumter’s fall united the North Lincoln’s call for troops had the opposite Lincoln’s call for troops had the opposite

effect on the “upper” Southern states effect on the “upper” Southern states In May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North In May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North

Carolina followed Virginia Carolina followed Virginia The western counties of Virginia seceded The western counties of Virginia seceded

from the state and re-joined the union from the state and re-joined the union Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and

Missouri were the only slave states to Missouri were the only slave states to remain in the Union remain in the Union

War LinesWar Lines

Americans Expect a Short Americans Expect a Short WarWar

Both sides expected a short and “glorious” war Both sides expected a short and “glorious” war The Union had enormous advantages over the The Union had enormous advantages over the

SouthSouth More fighting powerMore fighting power More factoriesMore factories Greater food productionGreater food production More extensive railroad systemMore extensive railroad system Lincoln’s leadershipLincoln’s leadership

The Confederacy also had some advantages over The Confederacy also had some advantages over the North:the North: ““King Cotton” King Cotton” First-rate generals and a strong military traditionFirst-rate generals and a strong military tradition Highly motivated soldiers Highly motivated soldiers

The South’s tradition of limited government hurt its The South’s tradition of limited government hurt its chanceschances

War StrategiesWar Strategies

The Union devised a 3-part plan The Union devised a 3-part plan Blockade southern ports Blockade southern ports Union riverboats and armies would move down Union riverboats and armies would move down

the Mississippi River the Mississippi River Union armies would capture the Confederate Union armies would capture the Confederate

capital in Richmond, VAcapital in Richmond, VA Northern newspapers called the strategy Northern newspapers called the strategy

the the Anaconda plan Anaconda plan The Confederacy’s strategy was mostly The Confederacy’s strategy was mostly

defensivedefensive

The Battle of Bull RunThe Battle of Bull Run

July 21 – first major bloodshed occurs at July 21 – first major bloodshed occurs at the battle of the battle of Bull Run Bull Run

Two groups of inexperienced troops ran Two groups of inexperienced troops ran crossed paths crossed paths

General Thomas J. Jackson earned the General Thomas J. Jackson earned the nickname, nickname, Stonewall Jackson Stonewall Jackson from this from this battle battle

Confederate reinforcements arrived and Confederate reinforcements arrived and forced the Union soldiers to retreat forced the Union soldiers to retreat

Union Armies in the WestUnion Armies in the West

Lincoln now called for 500,000 volunteers and Lincoln now called for 500,000 volunteers and appointed appointed George McClellan George McClellan to lead the Union to lead the Union army army

Feb 1862 - Feb 1862 - Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant led a Union force into led a Union force into western Tennessee western Tennessee

Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson April 6, 1862 – Grant fights the Confederates in the April 6, 1862 – Grant fights the Confederates in the

battle of battle of ShilohShiloh Grant re-organized his troops and counter-attacked Grant re-organized his troops and counter-attacked The Battle of Shiloh taught many important lessons The Battle of Shiloh taught many important lessons April 29, April 29, David G. Farragut David G. Farragut captured New Orleans captured New Orleans

A Revolution in WarfareA Revolution in Warfare

The use of ironclad ships changed the face The use of ironclad ships changed the face of war of war

March 9,1862 March 9,1862 the Monitor the Monitor vs. vs. the the MerrimackMerrimack

The inventions of the rifle and the minie’ The inventions of the rifle and the minie’ ball were even deadlier than ironclads ball were even deadlier than ironclads

Rifles were more accurate than muskets Rifles were more accurate than muskets The minie’ ball was a newer, more The minie’ ball was a newer, more

destructive bullet destructive bullet These new technologies gradually changed These new technologies gradually changed

military strategy military strategy

The War for the CapitalsThe War for the Capitals

McClellan’s cautious nature made the McClellan’s cautious nature made the Union’s plan to capture Richmond Union’s plan to capture Richmond falter falter

Spring 1862, McClellan finally began Spring 1862, McClellan finally began moving towards Richmondmoving towards Richmond

Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee took control of the took control of the Confederate forces Confederate forces

Lee moved against McClellan in the Lee moved against McClellan in the Seven Days’ Battles Seven Days’ Battles

AntietamAntietam

August 29 – Lee wins major victory in the August 29 – Lee wins major victory in the Second Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run

A Union corporal discovered Lee’s battle A Union corporal discovered Lee’s battle plans in a field they had camped at plans in a field they had camped at

September 17, the battle of September 17, the battle of Antietam Antietam Clash became the bloodiest single battle in Clash became the bloodiest single battle in

American history American history Although the battle ended in a draw, Although the battle ended in a draw,

McClellan failed to finish them off McClellan failed to finish them off November 7, 1862 – Lincoln fired McClellan November 7, 1862 – Lincoln fired McClellan

The Politics of WarThe Politics of War

Despite the South’s requests, Great Britain Despite the South’s requests, Great Britain decided to remain neutral decided to remain neutral

1861, the Confederacy sent James Mason 1861, the Confederacy sent James Mason and John Slidell to try again to get British and John Slidell to try again to get British and French aid and French aid

Union forces (led by Captain Wilkes) Union forces (led by Captain Wilkes) stopped the ship and arrested the two stopped the ship and arrested the two men men

Lincoln released the prisoners and claimed Lincoln released the prisoners and claimed Wilkes acted without orders Wilkes acted without orders

Proclaiming Proclaiming EmancipationEmancipation

Lincoln didn’t believe the federal government Lincoln didn’t believe the federal government had the power to abolish slavery from where had the power to abolish slavery from where it already existed it already existed

Lincoln began to see emancipation as a Lincoln began to see emancipation as a weapon of war weapon of war

Jan. 1, 1863 – Lincoln issued his Jan. 1, 1863 – Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation

The Proclamation had immense symbolic The Proclamation had immense symbolic importanceimportance

Not all Northerners approved of the Not all Northerners approved of the Proclamation Proclamation

Confederates were outraged by the Confederates were outraged by the Proclamation Proclamation

Both Sides Face Political Both Sides Face Political ProblemsProblems

Both sides dealt with difficulties unifying all of their Both sides dealt with difficulties unifying all of their peoplepeople

Lincoln dealt with disloyalty forcefully:Lincoln dealt with disloyalty forcefully: Sent troops into MD after Baltimorians attacked a Union Sent troops into MD after Baltimorians attacked a Union

trooptroop Suspended Suspended Habeas Corpus Habeas Corpus in many states in many states More than 13,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers in More than 13,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers in

the Union were arrested the Union were arrested Seized telegraph officesSeized telegraph offices

Many of those arrested were Many of those arrested were CopperheadsCopperheads Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney declared Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney declared

Lincoln had gone far beyond his constitutional powers Lincoln had gone far beyond his constitutional powers Lincoln’s actions set new precedent for presidents Lincoln’s actions set new precedent for presidents

during wartimeduring wartime

ConscriptionConscription

Both sides eventually moved away from Both sides eventually moved away from volunteer armies, and towards volunteer armies, and towards conscription conscription

The Confederates drafted all able-bodied The Confederates drafted all able-bodied white men between 18 and 35 white men between 18 and 35

The Union drafted white men between 20 The Union drafted white men between 20 and 45 and 45

1863 – Many in NYC began to protest the 1863 – Many in NYC began to protest the draft draft

July 13-16: Anti-draft mobs rampaged July 13-16: Anti-draft mobs rampaged through the city through the city

African Americans Fight for African Americans Fight for FreedomFreedom

The Civil War began as a “white man’s war” The Civil War began as a “white man’s war” 1862, Congress passed a law allowing 1862, Congress passed a law allowing

African Americans to serve in the military African Americans to serve in the military By war’s end, nearly 10% of the Union By war’s end, nearly 10% of the Union

forces were African Americanforces were African American African American soldiers still suffered from African American soldiers still suffered from

discrimination discrimination 1864, 1864, Fort Pillow Fort Pillow Massacre Massacre Many slaves waited anxiously for the Many slaves waited anxiously for the

coming Union troops coming Union troops

The War Affects Regional The War Affects Regional EconomiesEconomies

The Confederacy soon faced a food The Confederacy soon faced a food shortage shortage

Food prices skyrocketedFood prices skyrocketed The Union blockade caused shortages of The Union blockade caused shortages of

other products as well other products as well On the other hand, most northern On the other hand, most northern

industries boomed industries boomed Wages did not keep up with prices Wages did not keep up with prices Northern women experienced many social Northern women experienced many social

changes changes 1863, Congress passed the nation’s first 1863, Congress passed the nation’s first

income tax income tax

Soldiers Suffer on Both Soldiers Suffer on Both SidesSides

Army camps bred many diseases Army camps bred many diseases Both armies received very low food rations Both armies received very low food rations The United States Sanitary Commission was The United States Sanitary Commission was

set up set up Clara Barton Clara Barton often cared for the sick on often cared for the sick on

the front lines the front lines Prisons, like Prisons, like AndersonvilleAndersonville, had worse , had worse

conditions than even army camps conditions than even army camps Prisons in the North were only slightly Prisons in the North were only slightly

better better