The City of Cambridge

ThecityofCambridgeThecityofCambridge(/kembrd/[2]) is auniversity cityand thecounty townofCambridgeshire, England. It lies inEast Anglia, on theRiver Cam, about 50 miles (80km) north of London. According to theUnited Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867 (including 24,488 students).[3]This makes Cambridge the second largest city in Cambridgeshire afterPeterborough, and the 54th largest in the United Kingdom.[4]There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area during theBronze AgeandRomantimes; underVikingrule Cambridge became an important trading centre. The firsttown charterswere granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951.Cambridge is most widely known as the home of theUniversity of Cambridge, founded in 1209 and consistently ranked one of the top five universities in the world.[5]The university includes the renownedCavendish Laboratory,King's College Chapel, and theCambridge University Library. The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the spire of theOur Lady and the English Martyrs Churchon Hills Rd, the chimney ofAddenbrooke's Hospitalin the far south of the city andSt John's CollegeChapel tower.Today, Cambridge is at the heart of thehigh-technologycentre known asSilicon Fen a play onSilicon Valleyand thefenssurrounding the city. Its economic strengths lie in industries such assoftwareandbioscience, many start-up companies having been spun out of the university. Over 40% of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. Cambridge is also home to theCambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world.[6]The green space ofParker's Piecehosted the first ever game of association football, and theStrawberry Fairmusic and arts festival is held onMidsummer Common. Cambridge is adjacent to theM11andA14roads, and is around 50 minutes fromLondon King's Crossby non-stop train, with other rail links to Norwich, Birmingham and elsewhere.Contents[hide] 1History 1.1Prehistory 1.2Roman 1.3Medieval 1.4Early Modern 1.5Industrial Era 1.620th century 2Governance 2.1Local government 2.2Westminster 3Geography 3.1Climate 4Demography 4.1Historical population 5Economy 6Transport 7Education 8Culture 8.1Sport 8.1.1Football 8.1.2Cricket 8.1.3Rugby 8.1.4Watersports 8.1.5Other sports 8.1.6Varsity sports 8.2Theatre 8.3Literature and film 8.4Music 8.4.1Popular music 8.5Contemporary art 8.6Festivals and events 9Public services 10Religion 11Twinned cities 12See also 13Panoramic photo gallery 14References 15Further reading 16External linksHistory[edit]See also:Timeline of CambridgePrehistory[edit]See also:Prehistoric BritainandBritish Iron AgeSettlements have existed around the Cambridge area sinceprehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site ofFitzwilliam College.[7]There is further archaeological evidence of occupation through theIron Age, with evidence of settlement onCastle Hillin the 1st century BC, perhaps relating to wider cultural changes occurring in southeastern Britain at this time linked to the arrival of theBelgae.[8]Roman[edit]Main article:DuroliponteThe principalRomansite at Cambridge is a small fort (castrum) namedDurolipontelocated onCastle Hill, just northwest of the city centre and around the location of the earlierBritishvillage. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the presentMount Pleasant, continuing acrossHuntingdon RoadintoClare Street. The eastern side followedMagrath Avenue, with the southern side running near toChesterton LaneandKettle's Yardbefore turning northwest atHoney Hill.[9]It was constructed aroundad70 and converted to civilian use around fifty years later. Evidence of widespread Roman settlement has been discovered in Cambridge including numerous farmsteads[10]and a village in the Cambridge district ofNewnham.[11]Medieval[edit]Following theRoman withdrawal from Britainaround 410, the location may have been abandoned by theBritons, although the site is usually identified as theCair Grauth[12]listed among the 28citiesofBritainby theHistory of the Britons.[13][15]There is evidence that theinvading Saxonshad begun occupying the area by the end of the century.[16]Their settlementalso on and around Castle Hillbecame known asGrantebrychge[18]("Granta-bridge"). (ByMiddle English, the name of the settlement had changed to "Cambridge" and theupper stretchesof theGrantachanged their name to match.[19])Anglo-Saxongrave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, the town was less significant and was described byBedeas a "little ruined city" containing the burial site ofEtheldreda.[17]Cambridge formed part of the border between theEastandMiddle Angliankingdoms and settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river.

St Bene't's Church, the oldest standing building in Cambridge.[20]The arrival of theVikingsin Cambridge was recorded in theAnglo-Saxon Chroniclein 875. Viking rule, theDanelaw, had been imposed by 878[21]The Vikings' vigorous trading habits caused Cambridge to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.[21]After the Viking period, the Saxons enjoyed a return to power, building churches such asSt Bene't's Church, wharves, merchant houses and amint, which produced coins with the town's name abbreviated to "Grant".[21]In 1068, two years after his conquest of England,William of Normandybuilt acastleon Castle Hill.[17]Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies. The distinctiveRound Churchdates from this period.The first town charter was granted byHenry Ito Cambridge between 1120 and 1131. It gave Cambridge monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls as well as recognising theBoroughcourt.[22]In 1209, Cambridge University was founded by students escaping from hostile townspeople inOxford.[23]The oldest college that still exists,Peterhouse, was founded in 1284.[24]In 1349 Cambridge was affected by theBlack Death. Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars atKings Halldied.[25]The town north of the river was severely affected being almost wiped out.[26]Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there weren't enough people to fill even one church.[25]With over a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new colleges were established at the University over the following years to train new clergymen, namelyGonville Hall,Trinity Hall,Corpus ChristiandClare.[27]In 1382 a revised town charter effects a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in thePeasants' Revolt. The charter transfers supervision of baking & brewing, weights & measures, andforestalling & regrating, from the town to the University.[22]One of the most well-known buildings in Cambridge,King's College Chapel, was begun in 1446 byKing Henry VI.[28]The project was completed in 1515 during the reign ofKing Henry VIII.[28]

Peterhousewas the first college to be founded in the University of Cambridge.Early Modern[edit]

Cambridge in 1575Following numerous deaths in the town due to plague, sanitation and fresh water was brought to Cambridge through the construction ofHobson's Conduitin the early 1600s. The water system brought water from Nine Wells, at the foot of theGog Magog Hills, into the centre of the town.[29]Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of theEnglish Civil Waras it was the headquarters of theEastern Counties Association, an organisation administering a regionalEast Anglianarmy, which became the mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort prior to the formation of theNew Model Army.[30]In 1643 control of the town was given by Parliament toOliver Cromwell, who had been educated at the University'sSidney Sussex College. The town's castle was fortified, with troops garrisoned there and some bridges destroyed to aid the defence. AlthoughRoyalistforces came within 2 miles (3km) of the town in 1644, the defences were never used and the garrison was stood down the following year.[30]Industrial Era[edit]In the 19th century, in common with many other English towns, Cambridge expanded rapidly. This was due in part to increased life expectancy and also improved agricultural production leading to increased trade in town markets.[31]Inclosure Actsof 1801 and 1807 enabled expansion of the town over surrounding open fields and eventually in 1912 and again in 1935 the boundaries were extended to include areas such as Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, Fen Ditton, Trumpington, and Grantchester.[30]The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initially being resisted, with the opening of theGreat EasternLondon to Norwich line. The station was placed outside the town centre following pressure from the University, who restricted travel by undergraduates.[32]With the arrival of the railway and its associated employment came expansion of the areas around the station, such asRomsey Town.[33]The train link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement andmalt.[31]20th century[edit]From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased by several largecouncil estates.[34]The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates ofEast Chesterton,King's Hedges, andArburywhereArchbishopRowan Williamslived and worked as an assistant priest in the early 1980s.[35]During the Second World War, Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast. The town became a military centre, with anR.A.F.training centre and the regional headquarters for Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire,Huntingdonshire, Hertfordshire, andBedfordshireestablished during the conflict.[30]The town itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids, which were mainly targeted at the railway. 29 people were killed and no historic buildings were damaged. In 1944, a secret meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.[31]During the war Cambridge served as anevacuation centrefor over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of theUniversity of London.[30]Cambridge was granted itscity charterin 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.[30]Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of EnglandDiocese of Ely. In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.[36]Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and theGrafton Centrewhich replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair inthe Kite areaof the city. This latter project was controversial at the time.[37]The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. RenamedAnglia Ruskin Universityin 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 byJohn Ruskin.The Open Universityalso has a presence in the city, with an office operating on Hills Road. Cambridge City Council plans to renew the area around the Corn Exchange concert hall, and plans for a permanentice-skating rinkare being considered after the success of a temporary one that has been on Parker's Piece every year for the past few years.[38]Governance[edit]Local government[edit]

Map showing the electoral boundaries of the city.See also:Cambridge local electionsCambridge is anon-metropolitan districtserved byCambridge City Council. Cambridge Local Authority District covers most of the City's urban area but some extends outside this into South Cambridgeshire District. Cambridge is one of five districts within the county of Cambridgeshire, and is bordered on all sides by the mainly ruralSouth Cambridgeshiredistrict. The city council's headquarters are in theGuildhall, a large building in the market square. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a Mayor,[39]although the first recorded Mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.[40]City councillors now elect a mayor annually.For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey,Arbury, Castle,Cherry Hinton, Coleridge,East Chesterton,King's Hedges, Market,Newnham,Petersfield,Queen Edith's,Romsey,Trumpington, andWest Chesterton. The political composition of the city council is currently: 25Labourcouncillors, 14Liberal Democrat, 2 independent and oneConservative.[41]Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors toCambridgeshire County Council. Responsible for services including school education, social care and highways, since 2013 the County Council has hadNo Overall Control.Westminster[edit]See also:Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)Theparliamentaryconstituency of Cambridgecovers most of the city.Julian Huppert(Liberal Democrats) was elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the2010 general election, succeeding David Howarth. One area of the city, Queen Edith's ward,[42]lies in theSouth Cambridgeshireconstituency, whose MP isAndrew Lansley(Conservative), elected in1997. The city had previously elected a Labour MP from 1992 to 2005 and prior to this, usually elected a Conservative afterthe Second World War. However, the Conservatives have seen their share of the vote fall over the past 20 years.The University of Cambridge used to have a seat in the House of Commons,Sir Isaac Newtonbeing one of the most notable holders. TheCambridge University constituencywas abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the1950 general election, along with the otheruniversity constituencies.Geography[edit]GirtonHiston and ImpingtonMiltonFen Ditton

CotonTeversham

Cambridge

GrantchesterGreat ShelfordFulbourn

Aerial view of Cambridge city centreCambridge is situated about 50 miles (80km) north-by-east of London. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south ofthe Fens, which varies between 6 and 24 metres (20 and 79ft)above sea level.[43]The town was thus historically surrounded by low lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded.[44]The underlying geology of Cambridge consists ofgaultclay andChalk Marl, known locally as Cambridge Greensand,[45]party overlayed byterrace gravel.[44]A layer ofphosphatic nodules(coprolites) under the marl were mined in the 19th century for fertiliser. It became a major industry in the county, and its profits yielded buildings such as theCorn Exchange,Fulbourn HospitalandSt. John's Chapeluntil theQuarries Act 1894and competition from America ended production.[45]TheRiver Camflows through the city north from the village ofGrantchester. It is bordered bywater meadowswithin the city such asSheep's Greenas well as residential development.[44]The name 'Cambridge' is derived from the river.[46]Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green,Parker's PieceandMidsummer Common. Many of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised. Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1[47]andAccordiaschemes near the station,[48]and developments such as Clayfarm[49]and Trumpington Meadows[50]planned for the south of the city.Climate[edit]Cambridge currently has two official weather observing stations, the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), about 2 miles (3km) north of the city centre, and theCambridge University Botanic Garden, about 1 mile south of the city centre. In addition, the Digital Technology Group of the University'sComputer Laboratory[51]maintains a weather station on theWest Cambridge site, displaying current weather conditions online via web browsers or anapp, and also an archive dating back to 1995.[52]The city, like most of the UK, has amaritime climatehighly influenced by theGulf Stream. Located in the driest region of Britain,[53][54]Cambridge's rainfall averages around 570mm (22.44in) per year, around half the national average,[55]with some years occasionally falling into the semi-arid (under 500mm (19.69in) of rain per year) category. The last time this occurred was in 2011 with 380.4mm (14.98in)[56]of rain at the Botanic Gardens and 347.2mm (13.67in) at the NIAB site.[57]Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with 812.7mm (32.00in) reported.[58]Snowfall accumulations are usually small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation, and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.Owing to its low lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. July 2006 for example recorded the highest official mean monthly maximum (i.e. averaged over the entire month) of any month at any location in the UK since records began; 28.3C (82.9F), at both the NIAB[59]and Botanic Garden[60]observing stations. Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year 30.2C (86.4F) in July 2008 at NIAB[61]and 30.1C (86.2F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden[62]are two recent examples. The absolute maximum stands at 36.9C (98.4F)[63]set on 10 August 2003, although a temperature of 37.5C (99.5F)[64]was recorded on the same day at the Guildhall rooftop weather station in the city centre and is acknowledged by the Met Office. Before this, the absolute maximum was 36.5C (97.7F) set at the Botanic Garden[65]in August 1990. The last time the temperature exceeded 35C (95F) was July 2006 when the maximum reached 35.6C (96.1F) at the Botanic Garden[60]and 35.8C (96.4F) at NIAB.[66]Typically the temperature will reach 25.1C (77.2F) or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 19812010 period,[67]with the annual warmest day averaging 31.5C (88.7F)[68]over the same period.The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was 17.2C (1.0F), recorded in February 1947[69]Although a minimum of 17.8C (0.0F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.[70]More recently the temperature fell to 15.3C (4.5F) on 11 February 2012,[71]12.2C (10.0F) on 22 January 2013[72]and 10.9C (12.4F)[73]on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,[74]to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden[75]per year over the 19812010 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to 8.0C (17.6F).[76]Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England.[hide]Climate data for Cambridge University Botanic Garden, elevation 12m,19812010, extremes 1914

MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear

Record high C (F)14.9(58.8)18.8(65.8)23.9(75)27.4(81.3)31.1(88)34.0(93.2)35.6(96.1)36.9(98.4)33.9(93)29.3(84.7)21.1(70)15.8(60.4)36.9(98.4)

Average high C (F)7.4(45.3)8.0(46.4)11.1(52)13.8(56.8)17.5(63.5)20.4(68.7)23.1(73.6)22.8(73)19.6(67.3)15.2(59.4)10.5(50.9)7.7(45.9)14.76(58.57)

Average low C (F)1.4(34.5)1.2(34.2)3.0(37.4)4.3(39.7)7.3(45.1)10.2(50.4)12.4(54.3)12.2(54)10.0(50)7.2(45)3.9(39)1.7(35.1)6.23(43.23)

Record low C (F)16.1(3)17.2(1)11.7(10.9)6.1(21)4.4(24.1)0.6(30.9)2.2(36)3.3(37.9)2.2(28)6.1(21)13.3(8.1)15.6(3.9)17.2(1)

Averageprecipitationmm (inches)45.96(1.8094)34.58(1.3614)38.57(1.5185)40.34(1.5882)46.75(1.8406)52.08(2.0504)50.7(1.996)53.58(2.1094)54.27(2.1366)57.65(2.2697)54.85(2.1594)46.87(1.8453)576.2(22.6849)

Source: KNMI[77]

[show]Climate data for Cambridge University Botanic Garden, elevation 12m,19712000

[hide]Climate data for Cambridge NIAB, elevation 26m,19812010

MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear

Average high C (F)7.3(45.1)7.7(45.9)10.6(51.1)13.3(55.9)16.9(62.4)19.9(67.8)22.8(73)22.6(72.7)19.3(66.7)14.9(58.8)10.3(50.5)7.5(45.5)14.4(58.0)

Average low C (F)1.6(34.9)1.3(34.3)3.1(37.6)4.3(39.7)7.1(44.8)10.2(50.4)12.4(54.3)12.4(54.3)10.4(50.7)7.6(45.7)4.2(39.6)1.9(35.4)6.4(43.5)

Averageprecipitationmm (inches)46.6(1.835)34.5(1.358)38.3(1.508)41.2(1.622)46.0(1.811)51.5(2.028)47.5(1.87)50.8(2)53.5(2.106)59.0(2.323)52.8(2.079)46.4(1.827)568.1(22.366)

Mean monthlysunshine hours58.377.1110.7152.5179.4176.7187.6182.6139.5113.966.749.31,494.5

Source: Met Office[79]

[show]Climate data for Cambridge NIAB, elevation 26m,19712000

Demography[edit]The demography in Cambridge changes considerably in and out of University term times, so can be hard to measure.In the2001 Censusheld during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves aswhite, compared with a national average of 92.12%.[81]Within the University, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identify as white (including overseas students).[82]Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)[83]and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).[83]In addition, a much higher than average proportion of people have a high level qualification (e.g. degree,Higher National Diploma, Master's or PhD), (41.2% vs. 19.7%).[84]Historical population[edit]YearPopulationYearPopulation

17496,131190138,379

191140,027

180110,087192159,212

181111,108193166,789

182114,142195181,500

183120,917196195,527

184124,453197199,168

185127,815198187,209

186126,3611991107,496

187130,0782001108,863

189136,9832011123,900

Local census 1749[85]Census: Regional District 18011901[86]Civil Parish 19111961[87]District 19712011[88]Economy[edit]The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post. King Henry I granted Cambridge a monopoly on river trade, enabling this area of the economy to flourish.[89]The townmarketprovided for trade in a wide variety of goods and annual trading fairs such asStourbridge FairandMidsummer Fairwere visited by merchants from across the country. The river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time".[90]For example, 2000firkinsof butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the North East, particularity Norfolk, to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London.[90]Changing patterns of retail distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in Cambridge's importance as a market town.[91]Today Cambridge has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research & development, software consultancy, high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals and tourism.[92]Described as one of the "most beautiful cities in the world" byForbesin 2010,[93]tourism generates over 350 million for the city's economy.[94]Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to asSilicon Fen, an allusion toSilicon Valley, because of the density of high-tech businesses andtechnology incubatorsthat have developed onscience parksaround the city. Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the university.[95]Cambridge Science Park, which is the largest commercial R&D centre in Europe, is owned byTrinity College;[96][97]St John'sis the landlord ofSt John's Innovation Centre.[98]Technology companies includeAbcam,CSR,ARM Limited,CamSemi,JagexandSinclair.[99]Microsoftchose to locate itsMicrosoft ResearchUK offices in a University of Cambridge technology park, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus inReading.Cambridge was also the home ofPye Ltd., founded in 1898 by W. G. Pye, who worked in theCavendish Laboratory; it began by supplying the University and later specialised in wireless telegraphy equipment, radios, televisions and also defence equipment.[31]Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies includingTETRAradio equipment manufacturerPye Telecommunications. Another major business isMarshall Aerospacelocated on the eastern edge of the city. TheCambridge Networkkeeps businesses in touch with each other. The software companyAutonomy Corporationis located at the Business Park on Cowley Road.Transport[edit]Main article:Transport in Cambridge

A guided bus on the Cambridgeshire Guided BuswayBecause of its rapid growth in the 20th century, Cambridge has a congested road network.[100]TheM11 motorwayfrom east London terminates to the north-west of the city where it joins theA14, a major freight route which connects the port ofFelixstoweon the east coast with theMidlands. The A428 connects the city withBedfordandSt Neots, and the A1303 to Newmarket and beyond toColchester.As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic congestion, Cambridge has the highest level of cycle use in the UK.[101]According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle. Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that 47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week.[102]Cambridge has several bus services including routes linking fivePark and Ridesites all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.[103]Since 2011, theCambridgeshire Guided Buswayhas carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge fromSt Ives,Huntingdon,Peterboroughand other towns and villages along the routes, operated byStagecoachandGo Whippet.[104]Cambridge railway stationhas direct rail links to London with termini atLondon King's Cross(via theCambridge Lineand theEast Coast Main Line) andLiverpool Street(on theWest Anglia Main Line). There is a non-stop train to King's Cross every half-hour during off-peak hours, with a journey time of approximately 50 minutes.[105]Trains also run toKing's LynnandEly(via theFen Line),Norwich(via theBreckland Line),Leicester,Birmingham,Peterborough,Stevenage,IpswichandLondon Stansted Airport. A second station,Cambridge Science Park, is under construction and is due to open in 2015.[106][107]Cambridge also has its own airport;Cambridge Airportis used mainly by charter and training flights, and to fly in aircraft for maintenance.[108][109][110]There is also a very limited number of seasonal flights toVeronaandJersey.Education[edit]

Anglia Ruskin Universityevolved from the nineteenth century Cambridge School of Art, opened byeducationistand art figureJohn Ruskinin 1858.See also:List of schools in CambridgeshireCambridge's two universities,[111]the collegiateUniversity of Cambridgeand the local campus ofAnglia Ruskin University, serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates.[112]Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student population at 17,662,[113]and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, inChelmsford) for the same period.[114]State provision in thefurther educationsector includesHills Road Sixth Form College,Long Road Sixth Form College, andCambridge Regional College.Both state andindependent schoolsserve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age. State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which maintains 251 schools in total,[115]35 of them in Cambridge city.[116]Netherhall School,Chesterton Community College, the Parkside Federation (comprisingParkside Community CollegeandColeridge Community College),North Cambridge Academyand the Christian inter-denominationalSt. Bede's Schoolprovidecomprehensivesecondary education.[117]Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attendVillage Colleges, an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours.[118]Independent schools in the city includeThe Perse School,Sancton Wood School,St Mary's SchoolandThe Leys School.[119]Culture[edit]Sport[edit]Football[edit]

Parker's PieceCambridge played a unique role in the invention of modernfootball: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the University in 1848. TheCambridge Ruleswere first played onParker's Pieceand had a "defining influence on the 1863Football Associationrules." which again were first played on Parker's Piece.[120]The city is home toCambridge United F.C., who play at theAbbey Stadium. They were elected to theFootball Leaguein 1970 and reached theFootball League Second Divisionin 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid 1980s saw them drop back down to theFootball League Fourth Divisionand almost go out of business. Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached theFA Cupquarter finals in both of those seasons, and in 1992 they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly createdFA Premier League. But they were beaten in the playoffs and another decline set in, which was completed in 2005 when they were relegated from the Football League and for the second time in 20 years narrowly avoided going out of business. After nine years of non league football they returned to the Football League in 2014 by winning theConference Nationalplayoffs.Cambridge City F.C.of theSouthern Football League Premier Divisionnow play in the adjoining village ofHiston. Formed in Cambridge in 1908 as Cambridge Town, the club wereSouthern Premier Leaguechampions in 1962-63, the highest they have finished in theEnglish football pyramid. After a legal dispute with their landlords,[121]the club left their home ground in Cambridge in order togroundsharewith fellow Southern League Premier clubHiston F.C.in 2013-14.Cricket[edit]As well as being the home of theCambridge Rulesin football, Parker's Piece was used forfirst-class cricketmatches from 1817 to 1864.[122]The University of Cambridge's Cricket ground,Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds forminor countiesteamCambridgeshire CCC.[123]There are seven amateur cricket clubs within the city: Cambridge Granta, Camden, Cambridge St Giles, New Chesterton Institute, Fen Ditton, Romsey Town and Cherry Hinton.[124]Rugby[edit]The city is represented in both codes ofRugby football.Rugby UnionclubCambridge R.U.F.C.play inNational Division Oneat their home ground,Grantchester Road, in the southwest corner of the city.Cambridge EaglesRugby Leagueteam competed in the National Conference League East Section, but played their home games outside the city in Sawston. The club folded in 2006, and Cambridge is now represented by Cambridge Lions.Watersports[edit]

Puntingon the River Cam is a popular recreation in CambridgeThe River Cam running through the city centre is used for boating. The University and its colleges are well known for rowing and theCambridgeshire Rowing Association, formed in 1868, organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the University.[125]Rowing clubs based in the city includeCity of Cambridge RC,Cambridge '99 RC,Cantabrigian RCandRob Roy BC. Shallower parts of the Cam are used for recreationalpunting, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with aquant pole.Other sports[edit]Cambridge is home to twoReal Tenniscourts out of just 42 in the world at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.[126]British American Football LeagueclubCambridgeshire Catsplay at Coldham's Common. Cambridge Royals Baseball Club compete in theBritish Baseball Federationin 2011.[127]Cambridge has two cycling clubs Team Cambridge[128]and Cambridge Cycling Club.[129]Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club[130]is the city's track and field club, based at the University of Cambridge's Wilberforce Road track.Motorcycle speedway racing took place at the Greyhound Stadium inNewmarket Roadin 1939 and the contemporary local press carried meeting reports and photographs of racing. It is not known if this venue operated in other years. The team raced as Newmarket as the meetings were organised by the Newmarket Motorcycle Club.[citation needed]The Romsey Town Rollerbillies playroller derby.[131]City of Cambridge Swimming Club is based at Parkside Swimming Pool. Cambridge Handball Club competes in the national Super 8 league and also has a team competing in the eastern regional league. The city is represented inpoloby Cambridge Polo Club, based inBarton, just outside the city.Varsity sports[edit]Cambridge is also known for the sporting events between theUniversity of Cambridgeand theUniversity of Oxford, especially the rugby unionVarsity Matchand theBoat Race, though many of these do not take place within Cambridge.Theatre[edit]

Cambridge Corn ExchangeCambridge's main traditional theatre is theArts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.[132]The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is theCambridge Corn Exchangewith a capacity of 1800 standing or 1200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century formercorn exchangebuilding the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century includingtea parties,motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.[133]The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.[133]The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, part ofCambridge Junctionin Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts theatre, dance, live music and comedy[134]TheADC Theatreis managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. It hosts theCambridge University Footlights Dramatic Clubwhich has produced many notable figures in British comedy. TheMumford Theatreis part ofAnglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non-student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges.Literature and film[edit]See also:University of Cambridge Literature and popular cultureThe city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, includingDouglas Adams'Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency,Rose Macaulay'sThey Were Defeated,[135]Kate Atkinson'sCase Histories,[136]Rebecca Stott'sGhostwalk[137]andRobert Harris'sEnigma,[138][139]whileSusanna Gregorywrote a series of novels set in 14th-century Cambridge.[140]Gwen Raverat, the granddaughter ofCharles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoirPeriod PieceandThe Night Climbers of Cambridgeis a book written byNoel Symingtonunder the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the Colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s.[141]Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear inPhilippa Pearce'sTom's Midnight GardenandMinnow on the Say, the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home ofTom Sharpe's fictional college inPorterhouse Blue.[142]Music[edit]Popular music[edit]Pink Floydare the most notable band with roots in Cambridge. The band's former songwriter, guitarist and vocalistSyd Barrettwas born and lived in the city, and he and another founding member,Roger Waters, went to school together atCambridgeshire High School for Boys.David Gilmour, the guitarist who replaced Barrett, was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearbyPerse School. Bands who were formed in Cambridge includeHenry Cow,Katrina and the Waves,The Soft Boys,[143]Ezio[144]Horace X,[145]The Broken Family Band,[146]Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats,[147]and the pop-classical groupKing's Singers, who were formed at the University.[148]Solo artistBoo Hewerdine[149]is from Cambridge, as aredrum and bassartists (and brothers)Nu:ToneandLogistics. SingersMatthew Bellamy,[150]of the rock bandMuse, andOlivia Newton-John[151]were born in the city. 2012Mercury PrizewinnersAlt-Jare based in Cambridge.[152][153]Live music venues hosting popular music in the city include theCambridge Corn Exchange,Cambridge Junctionand the Portland Arms.Contemporary art[edit]Cambridge is home to the internationally regardedKettle's Yardgallery and the artist runAid and Abetproject Space. A short distance to the west of Cambridge isWysing Arts Centre, one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in Europe.[154]Festivals and events[edit]

Strawberry FairSeveral fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer.Midsummer Fairdates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter byKing John.[155]Today it exists primarily as an annualfunfairwith the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close tomidsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is also the site forStrawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with a series of market stalls. For one week in May, on nearbyJesus Green, the annualCambridge Beer Festivalis held. Started in 1974, it is Britain's second largest beer festival outside London. 90,000pintsof beer and atonneof cheese were served in 2009.[156]Cambridge Folk Festival, one of the largest festivals offolk musicin the UK, is held annually in the grounds ofCherry Hinton Hallon the outskirts of the city. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the University's colleges and chapels.[157]TheCambridge Shakespeare Festivalis an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works ofWilliam Shakespeare, held in the gardens of various colleges of the university.[158]Started in 1977, theCambridge Film Festivalwas held annually in July, but moved to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduledEdinburgh Film Festival.[159]TheCambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest freescience festival.[160]Public services[edit]

Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge is served byCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with several smaller medical centres in the city and ateaching hospitalatAddenbrooke's. Located on theCambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's is one of the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom and is a designated regionaltrauma centre.The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road.[161]The smaller Brookfields Hospital stands on Mill Road.[162]Cambridgeshire Constabularyprovides the city's policing; the main police station is atParkside,[163]adjacent to the city'sfire station, operated byCambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.[164]Cambridge Water Companysupplies water services to the city,[165]whileAnglian Waterprovidessewerageservices.[166]For the supply of electricity, Cambridge is part of theEast of Englandregion, for which thedistribution network operatorisUK Power Networks.[167]The city has no power stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of aCambridge Regional Collegedevelopment, can be seen inKing's Hedges.[168]Following thePublic Libraries Act 1850the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.[169]It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862,[169]and is now located in theGrand Arcadeshopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009,[170]after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.[170][171]Religion[edit]

Great St Mary's Churchmarks the centre of Cambridge, while theSenate Houseon the left is the centre of the University.Gonville and Caius Collegeis in the background.Cambridge has anumber of churches, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape. Like the rest of Cambridgeshire it is part of theAnglicanDiocese of Ely.[172]A Cambridge-based family and youth organisation,Romsey Mill, had its centre re-dedicated in 2007 by theArchbishop of York, and is quoted as an example of best practice in a study[173]intosocial inclusionby theEast of England Regional Assembly.Great St Mary's Churchhas the status of "University Church".[174]Many of the University colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of theChurch of England, while the chapel ofSt Edmund's Collegeis Roman Catholic.[175]The city also has a number oftheological collegestraining clergy forordinationinto a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University.Cambridge is in the Roman CatholicDiocese of East Angliaand is served by the largeGothic RevivalOur Lady and the English Martyrs Churchat the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road,St Laurence'son Milton Road, St Vincent De Paul Church on Ditton Lane and by the church of St Philip Howard, in Cherry Hinton Road.[176]There is aRussian Orthodoxchurch under theDiocese of Sourozhwho worship at the chapel ofWestcott House,[177]and aGreek Orthodoxchurch under theArchdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.[178]There are threeQuakerMeetings in Cambridge, located on Jesus Lane, Hartington Grove, and a Meeting called "Oast House" that meets in Pembroke College.[179]AnOrthodoxsynagogue and Jewish student centre is located on Thompson's Lane, operated jointly by theCambridge Traditional Jewish Congregationand theCambridge University Jewish Society, which is affiliated to theUnion of Jewish Students.[180][181]The Beth ShalomReformsynagogue which previously met at a local school,[182]has recently purchased land to construct a purpose-built synagogue building.[183]There is also a student-led egalitarianminyanwhich holds services on Friday evenings.TheAbu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centreon Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges[184]serve the city's community of around 4,000 Muslims until a planned new mosque is built.[185]ABuddhistcentre was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.[186]In 2005 localHindusbegan fundraising to build a shrine at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre offMill Road[187]where Hindu groups conduct worship.[188]The shrine was completed in 2010.[189]Twinned cities[edit]Cambridge istwinnedwith two cities. Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population;Heidelberg, Germany since 1965,[190]andSzeged, Hungary since 1987.[190]See also[edit]England portal

List of bridges in Cambridge Cambridge News Cambridge museums Cambridge Poetry Festival Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies Gog Magog Downs

Panoramic photo gallery[edit]

Trinity Street

King's Parade

Silver Street

Quayside

Cambridge skyline

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Jump up^"Cambridge & Coleridge AC official website".131. Jump up^"Uk Roller Derby". Uk Roller Derby. Retrieved31 October2011.132. Jump up^"Cambridge Arts Theatre Website". Cambridgeartstheatre.com. Retrieved17 July2010.133. ^Jump up to:ab"The History of the Cambridge Corn Exchange". Cambridge City Council. Retrieved2 March2009.[dead link]134. Jump up^"Our Spaces".junction.co.uk. Retrieved28 February2012.J2 is the venue for our theatre, dance, family theatre and comedy programme135. Jump up^"They were defeated".Evening Post(Wellington, NZ). 24 December 1932. p.7. Retrieved7 October2010.136. Jump up^Owen, Katie (29 August 2004)."A Daily Sense of DangerCase Historiesby Kate Atkinson".The Daily Telegraph(London). Retrieved25 February2011.137. Jump up^"Woman's Hour -Rebecca Stott on 'Ghostwalk'". BBC Radio 4. 2012. Retrieved25 February2012.138. Jump up^Chainey, Graham (1995) [1985].A Literary History of Cambridge. Cambridge.ISBN0-907115-25-X.139. Jump up^Garrett, Martin (2004).Cambridge: a Cultural and Literary History. Oxford.ISBN1-902669-79-7.140. Jump up^"GREGORY, SUSANNA | List of Writers".literaturewales.org. Retrieved25 February2012.141. Jump up^"Some References to Cambridge Night Climbing". Retrieved26 August2010.142. Jump up^Crowley, Joseph N. (1994).No equal in the world: an interpretation of the academic presidency. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. p.167.ISBN978-0-87417-237-9. Retrieved25 February2012.143. Jump up^The Soft BoysatAllMusic144. Jump up^EzioatAllMusic145. Jump up^"Horace X Biography". Retrieved12 August2009.146. Jump up^"The Broken Family Band biography". www.xfm.co.uk. Retrieved13 August2008.147. Jump up^Rivadavia, Eduardo."Uncle Acid and the Deadbeats: Blood Lust".AllMusic. Retrieved2 June2013.148. Jump up^"The Official Kings Singers Website:History".kingssingers.com. 2012. Retrieved25 February2012.The group takes its name from King's College Cambridge, where Martin Lane, Al Hume, Alastair Thompson, Richard Salter, Simon Carrington and Brian Kay were choral scholars.149. Jump up^Boo HewerdineatAllMusic150. Jump up^Cheal, David (13 April 2001)."Muse: profile of the band".The Daily Telegraph(London). Retrieved28 February2012.151. Jump up^"Biography". www.olivia-newtonjohn.com. Retrieved9 December2008.152. Jump up^"From cathedral choir to Mercury Prize joy | Cambridge News | Latest News Headlines From Cambridge City & Cambridgeshire | National News By". Cambridge News. 22 March 2013. Retrieved26 March2013.153. Jump up^Jane, Sarah (2 November 2012)."BBC News Mercury Prize: Alt-J album An Awesome Wave wins award". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved26 March2013.154. Jump up^"cultunet". cultunet.com. 3 December 2012. Retrieved3 February2013.155. Jump up^"Cambridge Midsummer Fair". National Fairground Archive,University of Sheffield. 2007. Retrieved7 October2010.156. Jump up^"Cambridge & District CAMRA Winter Ale Festival 2010". Cambridgebeerfestival.com. Retrieved13 January2010.157. Jump up^"Cambridge Summer Music Festival". The Gramophone. Retrieved20 October2010.158. Jump up^"About the Festival". The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival. Retrieved27 February2012.159. Jump up^"Cambridge Film Festival". Festival Focus. Retrieved21 July2008.160. Jump up^"University of Cambridge Science Festival 2011". BBC News. Retrieved21 March2015.161. Jump up^"East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust". National Health Service. Retrieved28 September2009.162. Jump up^"Brookfields Hospital". National Health Service. Retrieved28 September2009.163. Jump up^"Contact us". Cambridgeshire Constabulary. Retrieved28 September2009.164. Jump up^"Cambridge fire station". Cambridgehsire Fire and Rescue. Retrieved28 September2009.165. Jump up^"About Us". Cambridge Water Company. 2012. Retrieved26 February2012.166. Jump up^"About you: water charges". Cambridge Water. Retrieved28 September2009.Anglian Water supply your sewerage services. Cambridge Water bills and collects on behalf of Anglian Water.167. Jump up^"National Grid: Distribution Network Operator (DNO) Companies".nationalgrid.com. 2012. Retrieved26 February2012.Distribution Network Operator (DNO) Companies168. Jump up^Jones, Will (6 March 2008)."The SmartLIFE Sustainable Skills Centre in Cambridge". Building.co.uk. Retrieved28 September2009.169. ^Jump up to:abRoach, J.P.C., ed. (1959)."The city of Cambridge: Public buildings".A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3: The City and University of Cambridge. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved19 July2011.170. ^Jump up to:ab"Revamped Central Library ready to open".Cambridge News. 25 September 2009. Retrieved28 September2009.171. Jump up^Elliott, Chris (17 April 2009)."Library is hit by new delay fear".Cambridge News. Retrieved28 September2009.172. Jump up^"Diocese of Ely marks 900 majestic years".Cambridge News. 7 December 2009. Retrieved27 April2011.173. Jump up^"EERA 61 Social Strategy".East of England Regional Assembly. Retrieved17 July2010.174. Jump up^"Great St Mary's". Great St Mary's Ministry. Retrieved21 March2012.175. Jump up^"Chapel". St Edmund's College, Cambridge. 12 May 2008. Retrieved17 October2008.176. Jump up^"Diocese of East Anglia".Catholic Directory. Retrieved6 January2015.177. Jump up^"Parishes Diocese of Sourozh".Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh. Retrieved21 March2012.178. Jump up^"The Greek Orthodox Church of St. Anthanasius and St. Clement".Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain. Retrieved21 March2012.179. Jump up^"Quakers in Cambridge". Cambridge Quakers. Retrieved21 March2012.180. Jump up^"Welcome to CTJC". Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation. Retrieved28 February2012.We share our shul building with the students, who run Shabbat services during term-time.181. Jump up^"Cambridge University | Union of Jewish Students". Cambridge University Union of Jewish Students. Retrieved28 February2012.The Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation hold Orthodox services at Thompsons Lane which are run by the students during term time and the residents in the vacation.182. Jump up^"Home of its own: Cambridge Synagogue has a new base".BBC News. 12 April 2010. Retrieved28 February2012.183. Jump up^"Beth Shalom Reform Synagogue Cambridge A New Synagogue".beth-shalom.org.uk. Retrieved28 February2012.Having received the planning permission and completed on the land...184. Jump up^"Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre". Salatomatic. Retrieved20 July2010.185. Jump up^Extance, Rachel (6 May 2008)."Mosque site hunt is over".Cambridge News. Retrieved21 March2012.186. Jump up^"History of the Barnwell or Festival Theatre". Cambridge Buddhist Centre. Retrieved13 January2010.187. Jump up^"Shrine Appeal by Hindu Group".Cambridge News. 19 October 2005. Retrieved17 July2010.188. Jump up^"The Indian Community and Culture Association of Cambridge (ICCA),".Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre. Retrieved3 March2012.189. Jump up^"The Shrine".Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre. Retrieved3 March2012.190. ^Jump up to:ab"Twinning". City of Heidelberg. Retrieved12 November2009.