The cistophori of Hadrian / by William E. Metcalf

8/9/2019 The cistophori of Hadrian / by William E. Metcalf

1/205

R I

M TCA F

D I E S

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_

u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


2/205


3/205

I E S

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


4/205


5/205

NTS

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


6/205


7/205

NT NTS

lted4

n126

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


8/205

dedf romtheCorpus144

dthe" E astern D enariio fH adrian150

andtheGreek I mperia ls152

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


9/205

roughlyrevisedversionofa dissertationpresentedto

sca lStudiesofTheUniversityofMichiganin1973 inpartia l

ementsforthedegreeofD octoro fPhilosophy . I tw asdirected

ey w hof irstsuggestedthatthecistophorim ightbew orthf resh

ow eamorefundamenta ldebtforintroducingmetothestudyof

a lsoduetoProf . O rsamusM. P earl w horeadthedissertation

theHoraceH. R ack hamSchoo lo fGraduateStudies w hich

velandphotography.

heA mericanNumismaticSociety w here asastudentatthe

I w asabletobeginseriouspursuito f thetopic w here asa

e1973 havebeenabletodraw uponthee pertisebothof

cholars andwhichhasnowundertakenpublication.That

blewithoutageneroussubventionfromthe J ubileeF und

u r i c h f o r wh i ch I t h an k D r . L e o Mi l de n be r g.

lytheworkofMichaelD iB iaseandB ernadetteWillis.

producedfromauctionandsalecatalogues andthisaccounts

eofthe plates.

k sareduetothemanycuratorsandprivate indiv idua ls men-

ectionsC onsulted w hoprov idedcasts photosorinformation

ircare o fothersnotmentionedthere I havetothank par-

erandSilviaH urter. I ow easpecia ldebttoD r. H. -D . Schult

uB erlin w hogaveuphisow nstudyof thisco inageto

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


10/205

N

uarteragoM. P inder sU eberdieCistophorenundiiberdie

onsderromischenP rovin AsiaappearedintheAbhandlungen

ederWissenschaftenz uB erlin. I nthis thef irstw ork

nage P inderdescribede amplesofGreek andR omancisto -

peancollections providingillustrations typeidentifications

mintattributionsbasedontypeanalogieswiththeGreekimperial

tionofthe workwasdevotedtothecistophoriofH adrian

uesin bothvarietyandinterest.Thepassageoftime and

mismaticmethodologyhaverenderedhisstudyincomplete

mprehensivetreatmentofthecistophori.

der sw ork w asthestandardreference andw asaugmented

onofnew varieties. I n1936 H ubertHer fe lderpublished

drian. H isprimaryob ectivew asmoreprecise identif ication

hattypesa lonew erenota lwaysare liableguidetomintage but

e evidenceofdielinks literarysources andarchaeology.

ngalmostascore ofmints.

swassoundandhisapplicationof itsensible . Unfortunatelyhis

ectivelyandsummarily.ThewholeimportantB ithynian

andmany typesandvarietiesescapedmention. SinceHer fe lder

efore position hisworkprovidednopropercorpusof the

rtantq uestionsbeyondmintidentif icationw erenote plored.

mphasi edthepre lim inarynatureofhisw ork and hav ingla idthe

comprehensivetreatmentofH adrian scistophori.Thepresent

hatca ll andattemptstoe pla inw hen w here andmost

phoriwereproduced.

ofknowncistophori listingalltypes varietiesanddies.

he aminationofmaterialinprev iousstudies ma orco llections

gues.Commentaries detailingtheevidenceformint

thetypesin theirnumismaticandhistoricalconte t

uestionsofcirculation artistictechni ue minttechni ue

coinageare treatedinsummarychapters.

geographicallybymint followingtheorderofH ead s

chentryisheadedby adescriptionofthetype:legends

d readinwardlyaroundtheborderfrom7 o clock.Typesare

nddesignatedbyboldnumerals.E achdieisdesignatedby

mbersinthe le ft-handco lumn( cata logueno. indicatedie

icatesfromthesamediepair distinguishedbytheadditionof

etc. A nasterisk indicatesthatthespecimenisil lustratedhere in.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


11/205

essharedby twoormoretypes.Numberingofdies begins

biv ision. Weightsaregiveningrams diea esshow theorien-

the obverseisat| .W herepossiblethedirectionofstrike and

identifiedinthe" O verstrik ing co lumn. R eferencesto

sarearrangedchronologically mostrecentfirst.

re ferencestoma orcataloguese cludevolumeandpage

hesectionappropria tetoHadrian thusB MC R E = B MC R E

2 e tc .

presentationhasbeenviolatedonlyin ordertoplacethe

fterthatforAsia whereitseemstobelongchronologically.

t1and1 distinguishedby thepref i B ( =B ithynia . This

A ppendi I , concordances andinde es. C oncordanceand

theco intypese ceptw herenoted.

boutnomenclatureandorthography.I nidentifyingdeitiesand

generallyemployedtheGreekform evenwhenthelegend

t i n ( e . g . D I A N A E P H E S A b u t Ar t em i s of E p h es u s . I n t h e

cenamesthe sameformisconsistentlyemployedthrough-

en madetoadhererigidlytoany singlesystemoftransliteration.

mmostfamilia rinEnglishhasbeenpreferred.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


12/205

E C T O N S CO N SU L T D

nisusedas anabbreviationthroughoutthecatalogue.

cSociety New York

M.Caramessini-Oeconomedes

n z u B e r li n ( H . - D . S c h u lt )

eA rts( C . C . V ermeule

e R o y a le d e B e l g i u e ( J . L a l le m an d

etiMuseum( K . B ir6-Sey

mMuseum( T. R . V o lk

ectionofC o insandMedals( A . K romann

nstsammlungen( P . A rno ld

F oss B oston

eum(A . S. R obertson

kK abinetvanMunten P enningenenGesnedenStenen( J .P .A.van

rvey J . H of fer New Y ork

i e leriMudurli ig ii( N. Olcay

andesmuseum( F . Wie landt

tage( V . B rabich

useum( R . A . G. C arson

o( E . A rslan

m( K . V . Go lenk o

sammlung( B . O verbeck

niversitetetiO slo( J . Nordbe

seum( C . M. Kraay

N at i on a le ( J . - B . G i ar d

eu m ( F . F . J o n es

l e ( F . P a n v i ni R o s at i

o( A.SerenaF ava

posto licaV aticana( L . Michelini-Tocci

hesMuseum( G. Dembsk i

. vonA ulock I stanbul

onianI nstitution(V . andE. C la in-Stefane ll i

ek Winterthur( H . B loesch

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


13/205

I O G R A H Y

earsinthete torfootnotesislistedhere butsincefull

rethe readershouldhavenodifficultyintracing references.

sewhichare abbreviatedinthenotes studiesofAnatolian

orksbearingheavilyonthereignor coinageofH adrian.Classical

idde llandScott sGreek - nglishL e iconandLew isandShort s

periodica lsareabbrev iatedasinL ' anniephilo logi ueorNumis-

G U E S A ND R E F E R E N C W O R K S

G. C arson eds. C o insof theR omanE mpire inthe

n do n 1 9 23 - ) .

n E c h t . K a t a lo g ( V i e n n a 1 9 03 .

S. P oo leandothers eds. C ata logueofGreek C oinsinthe

n do n 1 8 73 - ) .

onhistori uedesmonnaiesf rappiessousI ' empireromain

.

e Co i na g e of t h e R o ma n R e p u bl i c ( L o n do n 1 9 52 .

atalogueofGreek C oinsintheHunterianC o llection

Glasgow 1899-1905 .

it w il l iamMuseum C ambridge. C ata logueof theMcC lean

C ambridge E ng. 1923-29 .

e I m p e r ia l i R o m an e ( M i l a n 1 9 57 - 58 .

riptiondemidaillesanti ues grec ueselromaines( P aris

nt s ( P a r is 1 8 19 - 37 .

C atalogodeltaco lle ionenumismaticadiC arloP iancaste lli

E. B abelonandT. R e inach R ecueilginiraldesmonnaies

u re ( P a r is 1 9 04 - 12 .

Sydenhamandothers eds. R omanI mperia lC o inage

m a n R e p u bl i ca n Co i na g e ( C a mb r id g e E n g . 1 9 75 .

corum.

ptive-C atalogueof theC ollectionofGreek CoinsF ormedby

L o n do n 1 9 22 - 29 .

e i t r ag e z u r F r a ge d e r Ci s to p ho r i K a i s er s H a d r i an s "

1956 , pp. 89-95.

e u m Sd a il l on s d a r ge n t ro m ai n s rd c em m en t a c u i s pa r l e

R N1903 pp. 43-52.

T h e Ci s to p ho r i of H a d r i an " N C 1 93 6 p p . 1- 2 9.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


14/205

n

d r i an A u gu s tu s u nd d i e el e us i ni s ch e n My s te r ie n J N G

( L iteraturiiberblick edergriechischenNumismatik ,

8 .

h e D a t ed C i st o ph o ri o f E p h e su s " A N SM N 1 8 ( 1 9 7 2 ,

Noe TheE arlyC istophoricC o inage A NSNS14

.

a d r i an I o v is O l y m p iu s " M n em o sy n e 19 7 4 p p . 59 - 66 .

k in g o f H a d ri a n s C i st o ph o ri " A c te s d u 8 ™ c o ng r es i n -

ueNew York -Washington1973(P aris-B ase l

rdieC istophorenundtiberdiek aiserlichenSilbermedaillons

A sia " A bhB erlin1855 pp. 534-635.

U n t r t s or d e c is t op h or e s tr o uv 6 e n Tu r u i e " B S N

ie s h el l en i st i u e s V . Q u e st i on s c is t op h or i u e s R N

ncollaborationw ithN. OlcayandK. E . Merrington

s R NSSpecialP ublication5( L ondon 1970 .

TheC istophoricSeriesandI tsP lace intheR oman

G . C ar s on a n d C. H . V . S u th e rl a nd e d s. E s s a y s in

entedtoHaro ldMattingly ( Ox ford 1956 , pp. 149-73.

U S

naiesgrec uesdeMy lasa B iblio the uearcheo logi ueet

t f ra n ca i s d a r ch e ol o gi e d I s t an b ul 1 ( P a r is 1 9 59 .

r el i gi on r om ai ne a I ' a po gi e de I ' e mp ir e ( P a ri s 1 95 5 .

" T h e Al t ar s o f H a d ri a n in A t he n s an d H a d r ia n s P a n he l -

esperia1963 pp. 57-86.

teaufgriechischenMiln en( Munich 1936 .

magesofC ybele inR omanC oinsandSculpture " Hom-

3 C o ll. Latomus103( B russe ls 1969 , pp. 29-40.

r ee k S op h is t s in t h e R o ma n E m p i r e ( O x f o rd 1 9 70 .

ie n t Sm yr n a ( O x f o rd 1 9 3 8 .

mides " O naH oardofP latedR omanC oins "

p p . 71 - 74 .

pusI nscriptionumGraecarum(B erlin 1828-77 .

pusI nscriptionumL atinarum( B erlin 1863-) .

A S tu d y in A n ci e nt R e l i g i on ( C a mb r id g e E n g . 1 9 14 - 40 .

epresentationsofTemplesontheGreekI mperialCoinage "

p p . 27 - 63 .

v i de n ce o n t he P r o vi n ce o f A si a " J R S 1 9 7 5 p p . 64 - 91 .

M. S. B a lmuth " TheI mageofanA nato lianGoddess

u ch f u r K l e i na s ia t is c he F o r sc h un g 2 ( H e i d e lb e rg 1 9 65 ,

t u de s s ur I ' h i sl o ir e d e Mi l et e t d es D i d y m ei o n ( P a r is 1 9 02 .

B e r li n 1 8 73 - ) .

scriptionesGraecaeadR esR omanasPertinentes( P aris

K le inasiatischeMiin en Sonderschrif tendesO sterreichi-

nstitutesinWien 1and3( V ienna 1901-2 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


15/205

undrdmischenMiln k unde(Geneva 1980 .

r E r k la r un g g ri e ch i sc h en M u n t y pe n " N o mi s ma 8 ( 1 9 13 ,

" N u mi s ma t ic C o mm e nt a ry o n P a u s an i as " J H S 1 8 8 5

p . 57 - 11 3 ; 1 8 88 p p . 6- 6 3 ( r e p ri n te d C h ic a go 1 9 68 .

te s of t h e E a s t er n R o m a n P r o vi n ce s 2 n d ed . ( O x f o rd 1 9 71

reproductionsdestatuessurlesmonnaiesgrec ues B iblio -

philosophieetlettresde l universite deL iege116

ultesindiginesenCarie B iblio the uedel E co le f ranca ise

s 1 95 8 .

i an e t l A s kl e pi e io n d e P e r ga m e " B C H 1 9 76 p p . 34 7 -7 2 .

ule inA siaMinortotheEndof theThirdC enturyafter

1 9 50 .

vin ialcourantderrSmischenP rovin AsiainV erhaltnis

" Z f N 1 4 ( 1 8 87 , p p. 4 0- 42 .

er i i R o m an i 1 s t ed . ( B e r li n 1 8 97 - 98 .

er i i R o m an i 2 n d ed . ( B e r li n 1 9 33 - ) .

udesurlestransformationsplasti uesd unetypediv in

e rs i ty d u M id i 3 ( B o r d e au 1 9 09 .

a l. R ea lencyclopddiederclassischenA ltertumsw issen-

94 - ) .

me r v on P e r g a mo n I . S t ad t u nd L a n ds c ha f t ( B e r li n 1 9 13 .

er d i e MU n e n v on N ys a " i n N ys a a d Ma e an d ru m J D A

B e r li n 1 9 13 , p p . 70 - 10 3 .

li t ar y F o r c e s in t h e Se n at o ri a l P r o v in c es J R S 1 9 2 7

s a na t ol i en n es ( P a r is 1 9 37 .

Ca l ig u la a M i le t e t la p r ov i nc e d A s ie " H e l l e ni c a 7 ( 1 9 4 9 ,

usfuhrlichesL e ik ondergriechischenundrdmischen

g 1 8 94 - 19 3 7 .

o me E x p e ri m en t s in G r ee k Mi n ti n g Te c hn i u e N C

ardrobeofA rtemis " NC 1952 pp. 39-52.

ersuchungenz urrdmischenR eichsprdgungdeszw eitenJ ahr-

an ( S t ut t ga r t 1 9 33 .

phesia . Einearchdo logischeU ntersuchungI . K ata log

ler AbhandlungenderGesellschaftderW issen-

D r i t t e F o l g e 12 ( G o tt u ng e n 1 9 35 .

mpleofA rtemisatE phesos A NSNNM107( New York

eMiln envonPergamon Abhandlungenderk oniglichen

erWissenschaf tenzu B erlin P hil-hist. Klasse

1 91 0 .

Metro logyof theR omanSilverC o inage B A R Supplemen-

r d 1 97 6 a nd 2 2( O x f or d 1 97 7 .

Co i ns o f H i e r ap o li s i n P h r y gi a " N C 1 91 3 p p . 1- 3 0 1 3 3- 6 1.

schungenz urGeschichtedesK a isersH adrianus( L e ip ig

a2( B erlin 1958 .

piosandtheC oinsofPergamon " NC 1882 pp. 1-51.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


16/205

TS

A V G V S TV S P P C O S I I I

d L egionaryeaglebetweentw ostandardsw ith

C o he n 4 53 H e r f e ld e r p . 2 2 p i . 6 5 . F o r a n i ss u e of i d en t ic a l de s cr i pt i on b u t

w no. 52.

isO verstrik ingR eference

obv . V ienna


d B undleofsi gra insta lk s

( P a r is ; R I C 51 8( b ; C oh en 44 0 P i n de r8 9 H e r f el de r p .2 2 p i. 6 4 .


a r i s


d A sclepiusdraped nak edtow aist standingf ront

dingserpent-wreathedrodonground

72 2 R I C 48 1( b ; C oh en 29 1 P i n de r6 3 p i. 7 1 6 H e r f el de r p .1 6 p i. 3 8 .

97

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


17/205

m

97


re r. A sclepiusasonno. 3.

inthissty le cf . nos. 20 90.


verstruck

mknownintwovarieties arehereassignedtothe mintof

eeshareacommonobversedie andtheiroriginfromthe same

ute tothemmustbeaddedtype4 thee tremelycruderend-

erysimilartothat ofrev.die3.

Standards

le flankedbystandardsfirstoccursonthe denariiof

82B . C .1H istype isfa irlye laborate : thestandardsbearthe

obablyabbreviatinghastiandprincipes.Thetype wasrepeated

estorin49 2butitsmoste tensiveandimportantusew asby

aryaure ianddenarii w hichdroptheH andP butaddthenum-

hecontinuedcurrency ofhisdenariiprobablyaccounts

e whichdisappearsfornearlyacentury thegeneralpeace

conducivetothee tensiveuseofmilitarytypes.The

pear appropriatelyenough neartheoutbreakofthecivil

Ga lbaandV espasian 4thetype isa lsoemployedbyDomitian

pearsamongHadrian searly issues.5

C 7 4 7.

9 3 7.

C 1 2 12 - 46 .

21 4 n os . 10 7- 8 p . 28 6 n os . 3- 4 B M C R E 2 p . 13 3 n o. 6 13 .

58 # = C o h en 5 4 0 p . 3 51 f = C o h en 6 6 6 p . 3 5 1 n o s. 2 5 2- 5 3 B M CR E 3

w ithoutauthority p. 94 nos. 456f f . andp. 399 = C ohen525. Thetype is

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


18/205

drian

ype arealldenarii themostpracticalcoinfor paymentof

rlier issueswhichseemtohavemostdirect connectionwith

uentissues mainlycommemorative employallmetals:

ses 7andT itusintroduceditto thecistophori. 8Itsf irstap-

e" reca lledhismilitaryprow essintheE ast asMattingly

uentoccurrenceshavenoteventhis vagueassociation.O nelooks

itarygarrison inthepacifiedprovinceofAsia.9 Whatever

currence itsreappearanceundersubse uentemperorsmust

ion.P re-H adrianiccistophoriwerefarlessvariedin their

omancoinsingeneral andatypeonceintroducedoften re-

dgrainstalks wasindigenoustothecistophori.According

ugustancistophoriestablishedbySutherland thetypefirst

inconnectionw ithtwoothers C apricornandSphin bothof

referencetoAugustus.10R e ectingthesuggestionofK raay

theconceptof " benef icentgrow th ( i. e . augeo cf . A ugustus

apo lisinprov inciaA sia " Sutherlandconcludesthat ashis

dthereturn ofpeace Augustusherecelebratedthereturnof

saryto illustratethesymbolismofgrainstalksand their

getationandfertility.11

dbyTra an: B MC R E 3 p. 133 no . 679 a restorationof the issueof

e d ab o ve n . 1 B M C R E 3 p . 1 42 n o . 69 9 o f D i v us A u gu s tu s w i th n o

fore ample re fertohiscampaignsasproconsulo fGaul Nerius w ere

e civilwars andAntonius coinagewasusedtopay hislegions.

33 4 n os . 14 9f f.

2 n o. 1 49 .

2 p . x c v i i T . M om ms e n T h e P r o vi n ce s o f th e R o m a n E m p ir e ( N e w Y o r k

2.

ori pp. 96-99.

H a d r i an A u gu s tu s u nd d i e el e us i ni s ch e n My s te r ie n " J N G 1 95 9 -6 0 p p . 61 - 69

tionofthe typeunderAugustusisconnectedwiththe emperor sintro-

anMysteries:aspartoftheritual initiatesheldstalksofgrain which

he Mysteriesasafestivalofvegetation.Theproposalis overlysubtle.

e typewithfertilityiseasyand obvious andareferencetothe Mysteries

onanAsian audience.O newouldalsoe pectthatanysuch reference

ustus f ina linit ia tion w hichdidnottak eplaceuntil20B . C . Evenif

mbolismvanishedfromlaterusesofthetypesince Augustus successors

cetothe Mysteriesispossible.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


19/205

m11

piusatP ergamumreacheditsz enithonlylaterin the

ourishedlocallysince thefourthcenturyB .C.atleast.18The

isref lectedbyhisprominenceonP ergamum sco inage. His f irst

sintheseatedposit ion onA tta lidbron es. 1 H isserpent-

hecity scistophori 14andhisheadonbron esw ithrev .

enceofthefamiliar standingfigure theoriginsofwhich

mthelatesecondorf irstcenturyB . C . andthereaf terbecomes

inrenderingofthefigure seemtobedueonly totheidiosyncrasies

regularlyrepresentsP ergamumonalliancecoinages.

A sclepiusw asassignedtoPergamumbyH er fe lder hisonly

rvivingspecimensare" toofewtoaccountforall theseriesof

mum. U naw areof thedie link betweentheA sclepiusco insand

and eagleandstandards heregardedthosetwotypesastoo

cisive buteventheadditionoftwo newtypestothemint

er fe lder sobservation: intermsofnumbers bothofsurv iv ing

hemintatP ergamumseemstohavebeenlessprolificthan those

sasMylasaandAe ani.Theimpressionofasmall operation

atalltheobversedies atleastwereproducedbya singlehand.

hroughout buttheengraver srealtrademarksareH adrian s

usualdownward-pointingdrapery.Thereversesaree ually

oughthee tremelycrudedies3and9maybethework ofasecond

lksand eagleandstandardswiththemintof P ergamum

tonthe identityofthemintwhichproducedcistophori for

Tra an. I neachcase it isclearthatw earedealingw ithasingle

ena matterforspeculation.TheconsensusfavorsE phe-

f thefactthatnoneof theseriesincludesatypereferringtothecity

meandAugustusatP ergamumisprominentinallof them.

degrainstalksandeagleand standards thosetypesmay

ergamumunderH adrian andaremosteasilyinterpretedas

rliercoinage.ThesubstitutionofAsclepius forthetempleof

plyreflectsthegod snewascendancy.18

ieMun envonPergamon A bhandlungenderk dniglichenpreussischenA k a-

e n z u B e r li n P h i i. - hi s t. K l a s s e A n ha n g 1 ( B e r li n 1 9 10 , p . 3 9 E . V

o f P e r g a mo n 2 n d. e d . ( I t h ac a 1 9 71 , p p . 10 - 11 .

B MC Mysia p. 123 no . 86.

k lepiosandtheC oinsofP ergamon " NC 1882 pp. 1-51 especia llypp. 14-15.

M C M ys i a p p . 16 3 -6 5 n o s. 3 5 0- 5 9.

C R E 2 p p. l x i , x c v i ii B M C R E 3 p p. l i c vi ii . E c kh el ( D o c tr in a Nu mo -

i p i g 1 7 98 , p . 1 01 a n d P i n de r ( p p . 61 3 -1 5 f a vo r ed P e r ga m um .

" H a d r i en e t l A s kl e pi e io n d e P e r ga me " B C H 1 9 76 p p . 34 7 -7 2 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


20/205

n

A NV S A V G CO S I I I P P

tification

A V G CO S I I I P P D I A N AE P H E S A

r. C ult imageofEphesianA rtemisfacingf ront

overstagsw holook back

addressandveil fillets

7 5 1 1 09 0 R I C 4 74 p i. 1 4 3 0 2 C oh en 5 35 P i n d er 6 7 p i . 5 3 H e r f el de r

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


21/205

96 7 3 2

u n e

6 5 6

3 5 4 9 7

19 1 2

62

98

f e

a-

931

1960

5 44

t he n

19 2 9

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


22/205

n

A V G CO S I I I P P D I A N AE P H E S A

d C ult imageofEphesianA rtemisfacingf ront

edr. andl. Shew earshighhead-

alltogroundfromwrists.

ek Imperia lC o ins. SomeR ecentA c uisit ionsby theB rit ishMuseum " NC 1971


esLondon

A V G C O S I I I P P D I A - NA l .a nd r. in fi el d E P H E S A in e e rg ue

r. Tetrasty letempleonpodiumof threeor( rare ly

ult imageofE phesianA rtemis

7 5 3 R I C 4 75 ( a ; C oh en 5 36 " d e u c ol on ne s " a s l ip P i n d er 7 0 p i . 5 7

u n e

6 5 8

1960

5 45

T r a u ,

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


23/205

5

907

19 53 4 3

33 3 20

M e -

1 =

1950

7

966

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


24/205

n

A V G C O S I I I P P D I A - NA l. an dr .i nf ie ld E P H E S A in e e rg ue .

r. He astyletempleonpodiumof foursteps w ithin

Artemiswithoutstags.

I C 47 6 P i n de r7 1 p i. 5 8 H e r f el de r p .1 4 p i. 2 9 .

i s

ce

97

97

S A V G CO S I I I P P F O R TV N E P H E S A

r. F ortunastandingha lf- l. ho ldingrudderto l. inr.

, p i . 73 2 ( m i sr e ad ; C o he n 7 77 i l lu s tr a ti o n ( w h i ch h o we v er h a s he a d la u r. r . .


onrev . L ondon

onrev . Paris

S A V G CO S I I I P P F O R TV N A E P H E S A

r. F ortunaasonno. 11

77 d e sc r ip t io n H e r f e ld e r p . 1 4 p i . 3 1 .


v . onrev. B udapest

ienna

S AV G CO S I I I P P I O V I S O L Y M I V S

r. Z eusseatedl. onthroneho ldingvertica lsceptre in

mageofE phesian

p i. 3 2 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


25/205

S AV G CO S I I I P P I O V I S O L Y M I V S E P H E S

r. Z eusseatedl. asonno. 13.

a d r i an I o v is O l y m p iu s " M n e mo s yn e 1 97 4 p . 5 9 n . 1 .


v . onobv. B russels

S AV G CO S I I I P P I O V I S O L Y M I V S E P H E S O

r. Z eusseatedl. asonno. 13.

.


n r e v. I n t r ad e ( p e r C. L . C l ay

I A NV S A V G CO S I I I P P

S A V G CO S I I I P P

r .

.

eukophryenestanding

r. andl. overgeesefacing

eaddressandveil

wrists.Attopr. andl.

967

1 9 S ep t .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


26/205

n

R I A NV S A V G V S TV S P P

entif ication noC OSI I I

S A V GV S TV S P P D I A NA E P H E S A

r. C ult imageofA rtemisasonno. 5.

I C 5 25 ( a ; C oh en 5 34 P i n d er 6 6 p i . 5 2 H e r f el de r p . 15 .

l de n -

A V G V S TV S P P D I A - N Al . an d r. i n fi el d

e rg ue .

r. TempleofA rtemisasonno. 8.

n . = 1 0 9 2 w h ic h i s er r on e ou s ly s a id t o h av e o bv . l eg e nd H A D R I A N V S A V G C O S

C 52 6( a ; C oh en 53 8( " d e u c o lo nn es - a sl ip ; H e r f el de r p . 15 p i. 3 3 .

er

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


27/205

19 53 4 2

6 5 4

c t .

n

1 96 2

.


r. A sclepiusdraped standingf rontheadI . ho lding

. l. a rmatside.

I C 4 81 ( a ; C oh en 2 90 P i n d er 6 2 p i . 7 1 5 H e r f el de r p . 1 6 p i. 4 5 ( o b v er se C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


28/205

n

98

rt

98

4 9 3

37

A V G V S TV S P P

r .

eukophryeneason

isO verstrik ing

onobv.

overstruck

ssignedtotheminto fEphesus. F ourof themhaveobv iousand

ationsw iththecity tw oothersmustbeassignedhereonthe

dence.

phesia

rtemis locatedintheworld-renownedArtemision wasthe

mostimportantcult. EarlyE phesianco intypesre latetow or-

andshebeginstoappearonthecity sco inageinthesecondcen-

any-breastedstatueworeakalathosandveil belowthe

ontalandverticalbandsinto smallareascontaining

thebee E phesus famousearlyco intype toA rtemisseeR E Suppl. 12

K arw eise , co ls. 315-16. Theearliestappearanceof thecult imageisasanad unct

seof itasatype isonE phesus go ldstaters( 87-85B . C . , SNGvonA ulock C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


29/205

1

edrepresentationsofthebands usuallywithsmalldotsin-

areregularbothonimperia lbron esandonthecistophori.

gindifferencetothesymbolicimportanceoflocal cointypes

aron thecoinageofmanycities thoughuptothetime of

onwasconfinedalmoste clusivelytoE phesianissues.8She

f theR omanR epublicandoncistophorio fC laudius 4the

oundthefigure isborrowedfromhiscistophori.H adrian s

obea Tra anicinnovationinaddingstagson eithersideof

sdirectlyfromthecistophoriof Claudius whichwerethe

rtemision.8Thegreattempleisregularlysub ectedto

ctionof representationsseeH . Thiersch A rtemisE phesia . Einearchdo lo-

alalogdererhaltenenD enkmdler AbhandlungenderGesellschaftder

tingen D ritteF o lge12( Gottingen 1935 . The literarysourcesareassem-

orschungeninEphesos1( V ienna 1906 , p. 247 nos. 118f f. C . T . Se ltman

emis " NC 1952 pp. 39-42 mak essevera lf inepo intsconcerninghergarb.

eproductions pp. 176-92.

areverse laterbecamee tremelycommon particularly inL ydiaandP hry -

sideE phesusbeforeH adrian sdayonlyatSebastopo lis(L . R obert E ludes

1 9 37 , p . 3 56 n o . 1 p . 3 5 7 n o . 6 ; C i lb i an i s up e ri o re s ( B M C y d ia p . 6 2

D a l di s ( B M C y d i a p . 69 n o. 1 F l a v ia ns ; T ra ll es ( B M C y di a p . 34 0 n os . 91 -

C a d i ( B M C h r yg i a p . 1 2 0 n o s . 20 ( A g ri p pi n a J u n i o r , 2 3 - 2 4 ( D o mi t ia ;

h r yg i a p . 2 5 0 n o . 13 0 T r a a n ; a n d Ti b er i op o li s ( B M C h r yg i a p . 4 2 2 n o s. 7 - 9

ulusandC . Marce lluscoss. R R C 445/ 3a-b= C R R 1031 struck inA sia

MC R E 229.

stappearanceonthecoinsof H ierapolisandTiberiopoliscitedinn. 3

phesusitselfison thecoinsunderdiscussionandon anapparentlycon-

A A I A N O C K A C A O A M n iO C S N Gv o nA n lo c k 78 6 6.

employmentbybothC laudiusandH adrianofa f lankinglegendto identif y

nsistentwitha cistophoricconventioninitiatedbyAugustus under

ometimese tendedtothee ergue whereitalsoappearsunderD omitian

T O l . an d r . S u t he r la n d V I I ( y = B M C R E 7 0 4

d r. S ut he rl an d V I I ( p = B M CR E 7 05 -6

a nd r . B M C R E 2 2 8

l .a nd r. B M CR E 2 29

l . a nd r . B M C R E 4 4 9

R E ST Tine . B M( Woodward pi.8 3.

V O - V E S l . an d r. B M C R E T it us 1 50

- P I T l . an d r. R E S T T i n e . B M C R E 2 51

ne . B MCRE 711-13.

the issueunderdiscussion aswellasH adrianicissuesoftheCommune

14 andco insofuncerta inattributionw ithrev . TempleofA thena( no. 116 .

ialbron esusuallyemployanencirclinglegend.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


30/205

drian

ayalofthecult image:mostcommonlyitsoctastylefacade

thepodiumrenderedwiththreesteps.7The stagswhichsome-

mageareneverpresentontemplereverses.

aredonlocal bron eonlyunderV espasian butbecame

and thirdcenturies.8

thrudderandcornucopiae butwithoutturretedcrownor

dTychemorefamiliaronR omanthanonGreek co ins.9Thetypehas

sus notsurprisingly sinceTychehadyettobecomearegular

ron eco inage. 10HerearliestappearanceatEphesusisother-

.Aurelius.u

Artemisanddescribedas O lympiusisatypenew tothe

godhadappearedonEphesianbron esunderDomitian describ-

M T7 O C E O E C Q N . 18 B y P a us an ia s d ay O l y mp ia n Z e us h ad a t em pl e

mportanttoserveasageographicalguidepostfor hisreaders:1

hasbeentak enasevidenceforitse istenceasearlyasthe80s.15

P H E S tono.14andE P H E S O tono.15indicatethe

adrianicreverseonthecoin ofD omitian.B utwhatmightbe

ativetypeor commemorationofaprominentlocaldeityis

ncebytheeventsof 128-9.18

umberofcolumnsseeL acro i , R eproductions pp. 182-84 andespecia lly

m pl e o f Ar t em i s at E p h es o s A N SN N M 10 7 ( N e w Y o r k 1 9 45 , p p . 7- 1 0.

tallpodiumof theV espasianicpiecesuggestthattheClaudiancistophori

uentlywithoutheadornament e.g.SNGvonAulock3291( Tralles

A n cy r a N e r v a ; 3 5 92 ( E u m e n ei a H a d r i an ; 3 6 10 ( H a d r i an o po l is S e ve r us

op L y d ia 4 4 8 ( S a l a E l a ga b al u s ; P h r yg i a 98 - 99 ( A e a n i M . A u r el i us C a es a r .

earregularlyaboutthetimeofMarcusA ure lius andmostf re uently

omen.

0 n o s. 2 4 1- 4 2.

ov isseemstobeparalle ledonlyatEnniusA nn. 62-63( J . V ahlen

li u ia e 3 rd e d. [ L e ip i g 1 92 8 ) .

5 n o . 21 5 .

uggestion whichaccountsforanotherwiseine plicablecointype

a u e u L a r e li g io n r om a in e a V a p o gi e d e V e m pi r e ( P a r is 1 9 55 , p . 1 82 .

dorf( F orschungeninE phesos[ V ienna 1906 , p.394 ; B urchner( R E 5 s.v.

i . 2 79 5 a n d K a r we i se ( R E S u pp l . 12 s . v. " E p h es o s " c o l s . 28 2 3 3 4 t h a t t he t e mp l e

havenofoundationinevidenceandare apparentlybasedontheattractive

nthatallE phesianinstitutionsassociatedwithO lympiusdatefrom

lessacceptable isthee laborateschemeofMagie R R A M2 pp. 1479-80.

phscondensemyfullerdiscussioninMnemosyne ser. 4 vo i. 27(1974 ,

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


31/205

3

anarrivedatA thenstobeginthesecondofhisgreatEastern

monthsthere duringw hichhetook partindedicationcere-

lympieion begunundertheP eisistratidsandstillunfinished.

erectedinhishonor 18andhew asaccla imed" O lympius " an

uentlyinsubse uentinscriptions.19Theoccasionwashailed

erablealtarsin AthensandthroughouttheE asternE mpire.80

riandepartedEleusisforE phesus. Somedeta ilso fhisstayat

aninscriptionof thatyear inwhichheis addressednotonly

s buta lsoasthecity s" founderandsavior. 21I mperia lfavors

d:provisionforgrainshipmentfromE gypt renderingthe

divertingtheK ayster. F irst inthe listare" unpara lle ledgif tsto

ncludedagrantof therighto f inheritance. 22

phesusw asw ellk now ninanti uity andmusthavemanifested

inscriptionoutlines.2 Thewarme pressionofgratitude

tureofthe relationshipbetweenemperorandsub ectcity.

ntacclamationasOlympiusaddedanew dimensiontothe irbond

eusO lympiusw asnotnew toEphesus: thegodhadhada

eof D omitianatleast.24Thusthearrivalof H adrianwasnot

peroror benefactor:itwillhavehadall theaspectofadivine

etationisreinforcedbythe long-standingidentificationof

manrulers.26

see intheco inanumismatice pressionof thesentiments

n. Thesameevents—Hadrian sacclamation hisarriva l

owedhislargesse— underlieboth.Thefiguretraditionally

eedH adrian.

thereversewasoperativeon severallevels.Theportrayal

allstatueof Artemisepitomi esthecloserelationshipbetween

edcity inaddition theinscriptionshowsthatthecoinreflects

onstoE phesusbutthespecificgrant tothecultof Artemisas

. 6.

u s. 1 . 18 . 6.

2 p. 1479 enumeratesthe loca lit iesinw hichtheepithetOlympiusisfound

" T h e Al t ar s o f H a d ri a n in A t he n s an d H a d r ia n s P a n he l le n ic P r o gr a m "

7-86.

Smallwood DocumentsI l lustratingtheR eignsofNerva Tra anandHadrian

1966 , no . 494. Seea lsoF . F . A bbottandA . C . J ohnson MunicipalA dministra -

p i re ( P r i nc e to n 1 9 26 p p . 40 7 -8 .

f i g. 2 2 .

25.

ulsurveyof theassociationof thehumanrulerw ithZ eus w hichdates

S. W e i n st o ck D i v u s J u l iu s ( O x f o rd 1 9 71 , p p . 30 5 -1 0 . H a d ri a n is e p l ic i tl y

naprobablycontemporaryEphesianbron ew ithobv. legendA A I A NOC

fT O C S NG vo nA ul oc k 78 66 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


32/205

drian

d sho ldingthecultstatuebringstheemperor spow erandbenef-

nshipw iththecit i ensofA sia o fw homshew asthechie f

plorethesignificanceofthetype forH adrian spanhellenic

ntitis sufficienttonoteitsimportanceforthe chronologyofthe

nnectionof the I ov isOlympiusissuew ithH adrian sE phesian

saterminusadquemfora llo fGroupI w hichisassociatedw ith

endandformat.

ecultwascenteredatnearbyMagnesiaadMaeandrum derived

soriginalname L euk ophrys. 24Herculthadbeenlocatedat

hesi thcenturyB . C . andhertemplecomparedfavorably

si eandsurpassedit inbeauty thoughthegoddess popularity

fE phesianArtemis.27Thegoddessdifferedlittleinappearance:

k ophryeneof tenhasgeese onissuesf romthetimeofNeroand

ankedbycrowningV ictories w hosesignificance isuncerta in.

ssesmayreflectE phesianparticipationinthere-foundation

y

pecimensanddies andtherelativeinfre uencyofdielinks

phesus cistophoricmintwasconsistentwithherposition as

orfourof thetypes—thosecomprisingGroupI inthe

noquestionabouttheattributiontoE phesus. B utthecon-

I I I , a n d I V i s l e s s se c ur e a n d re u i re s d ef e ns e .

euk ophryene. The loneobversediew ithGroupI legendcom-

enereverseise tremelysimilarinbothstyleand letteringto

runcationof theneck hasasingleshallow identation andthe

randcompact. Sim ilarly thereverseformat w ithitsCO SI I I

rsat3and9o clock isl ik ethato f theA sclepiusreversesof

it issuggestedbelow thereversedieproperlybe longs.

uk ophryeneco insofbothGroupsI I andI V toMagnesia it-

outo f thequestion: thefactthatonly twoobversediesw ereem-

ostulationofaseparatemint sinceasweshallsee cistophoric

yate ira Nysa andEumeneiaemployedthreeorfew erdies.

usmaybeof feredthesty list icl inkstobothGroupsI andI V , as

egendsproperto both.I nadditionE phesusisoneofonly

U nidentif iedMintC w hichcerta inly struck non-nativetypes.

u l ts o f t he G r ee k Sl a te s 2 ( O x f o rd 1 8 96 , p . 4 8 3 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


33/205

5

ortrayedonco insofGroupIV sotoocouldthechiefde ityof

nwhosere-foundationE phesushadparticipated.

E phesia A rtemisE phesia inTemple . Thissmallgroupofco ins

adrian sconsulariteration: call ingthisclass" hybrid "

eomissiontothe carelessnessofanengraverwhoemployedanon-

adif ferente planationseebelow . H erecogni edthe irsty leas

noalternativeattributioncanreallybe offeredinthefaceofthe

kstoGroup I .

p h es i a wi t h D I A N A E P H E S A C O S I I I ; A s cl e pi u s an d A rt e mi s

S I I I . T h e st y li s ti c c on n ec t io n o f D I A N A E P H E S A C O S I I I c o in s

SI I I A sclepiushaslongbeenrecogni ed andisimmediate ly

oftheobversediesillustratedon P late6.B utinthe pastthis

ficultiesofattributionbasedsolelyon typology.Thenatural

er felderandMattinglysuccumbed89—is toassignthesecoins

ashasbeennotedinthediscussionof thatmint itsoutputseems

mportanceofthecity.Nowa dielinkwiththeD I ANA

mageco insofGroupI I I demandsare-attributiontoEphesus. The

yenecoinstoE phesushasbeendiscussedabove itsdistribution

group.

womintswhichaltereditsobverselegendin thecourseofthe

earthat asatR ome thevaria tioninobverse legendhas

: bothGroupsI andI V includethecult imagereverse butinI

clusive lyEphesianw hile inI A sclepiusandA rtemisLeuk o-

eE phesiancoinagefortheonlytimein itshistory.The

establishthepriorityof I o rI V . F orsevera lreasonsthese uence

pt e d a n d th e a no m al o us g r ou p s I I a n d I I p l ac e d be t we e n th e m.

e i s de m an d ed b y t he d a te o f t he I O V I S O L Y M I V S i s s u e d is c us s ed

orsoonafterHadrian sarrivalatE phesusinMarch129

upI aretobeassociatedwithi tonthebasis ofobverselegend

se uenceI V - w ouldre uireassignmentofa llo f I V to the

w henHadrianadoptedthetit lePaterP atriae toMarch129

s ; andw hile I V isnotamassive issue itw asclearly substantia l

wlimits foritsproduction.

lythat thefirstissuefromE phesusconsistedofasingle

thersforeignto thecity.Conversely GroupI hasallthe

e ce lebratingnotonly thearrivalo fH adrianbuta lsoEphesus

asi ingtheirconnectionwiththecity.

nce I - V prov idesaneasiere planationforthee istenceof thetw o

ppositeorder. ThedoublingofC OSI I I inGroupI I probably

changefrom oneissuetoanother:thatis adiealready

uewas substitutedprematurely.Giventhatreversedies

tlythanobverses thelikeliestsubstitutionwouldbeof areverse

1 6- 17 M at ti ng ly B M C R E 3 p . cl i .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


34/205

drian

k ophryenediew ithC OSI I I w aspa iredw ithanobversef romthe

G C O S I I I P P i s su e u nt i l th e l at t er b r ok e a n d an o b ve r se d i e ap p ro p ri a te

tituted.

I I , thestandardE phesiantypesw eresimplycarriedover

w asthenrea li edthatwiththenew obverse legendtheconsular

hispoint itwasadded ratheruncomfortably tothecult

acebeingavailableonthetemplereverse thetypewassimply

theana logousclassesofco insproducedatR omew erestruck

r de r : H A D R I A N V S A V G V S T V S P w as i n au g ur a te d i n 12 8 a nd

t he e a rl y 1 30 s b y H A D R I A N V S A V G C O S I I I P P . B u t t h e re i s n o

atR omanmintpracticeisrelevant especiallysincethereverse

easimplee planationforitsobverse legend w hichisv irtually

sof theseries. F orthetypesof thisissuea llhavee tensive

e leav ingnoroomfortheconsulariteration theGroupI

wits inclusion.When typesnotnativetoE phesuswereintro-

phesiadroppedfromallbutone reverse theconsulariteration

thestandardobverselegendrestored.

usdisplayageneralstylistichomogeneity withthevariations

dinwhatwasobviouslyalarge scalemintingoperation.The

sofGroupI contrastw iththebroader fulleronesofGroupsI I I

f a llsinbetw eenw ithitsclosestk inshiptoGroupI . Therearetw o

7and10.The firstoftheseis unusualinitsportrayalof Artemis

anditsobversedie isoneofonly tw oatthemintw hichshow Hadrian

heportraitis otherwisegenerallysimilartoothersofGroupI ,

eculiar toE phesussothereisno goodreasontodoubtits

nfromtwodie-identicalspecimens isfarcruderin stylethan

duct inadditionithasaroughlye ecutedhe astyletemple in

etrastyle.Thetypeisoneofthe anomalieswhichhaveledto

A NA E P HE S A typesmighthavebeenstruck atmorethanone

wasworshipedallover theprovinceandhercult imageisfound

fcities.80Thatviewmaybe correct butforvariousrea-

atsuchanomaliesastheworkof ine periencedorincompe-

nastheproductsofminutemints. F irst w iththee -

MintC (clearlyaspecia lcase seebelow andEphesusitse lf

othercity sdeityasa type.Secondlyitisclear thatthe

susednotonlyasanepitheto fDianabuta lsoto identif y thecity

enonspecif ictypesofZ eusOlympiusandF ortuna. F ina lly

e le g en d H A D R I A N V S A V G C O S I I I P P i s a lm o st e c l us i ve l y

5 W oodward p. 168 andn. 16 theco inmentionedthereandil lustratedat

5 i s l ef t o ut o f c on s id e ra t io n h er e : se e b el o w p . 9 5 n . 2 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


35/205


r. C ult imageofA polloDidymeusstandingr. ho lding

ine tendedr. asmallstag

a n d 10 7 3 ( w i t h co r ri g en d um o n p. 5 6 6 ; R I C 4 8 3 C o h en 2 8 6 P i n de r 5 9 p i . 7 1 2

p i. 1 6 .


d C ult imageofA polloDidymeusasonno. 22.

n ot e = H e ss 2 2 Ma y 19 35 ( T ra u , 1 10 5 ( t h is p ie ce ) .


onrev . F oss= A ncientGens 12

ii n e n

175


r. Tetrasty letempleonpodiumof threesteps.

A po lloD idymeusstands

e tendedl. andbow inr.

I C 5 19 C oh en 2 87 ( w it ho ut P P , i n er r or ; P i n d er 6 0 H e r f el de r p . 8 p i. 1 7 .


nrev . B erlin

r f e ld e r p i . 1 7

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


36/205

drian


d TempleofA po lloD idymeusasonno. 24.

64 5 R I C 51 9n . R I N 18 98 p .4 9 p i. 1 8 .


r. A rtemisinlongdraperystandinghalf - l. ho lding

dbow inl. to l. astag

7 2 9 R I C 4 90 C oh en 3 17 P i n d er 7 2 p i . 5 9 H e r f el de r p . 8 p i. 1 5 .

98

98

1960

4 3 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


37/205

gni edthe interconnectionof threecistophorictypestradit ion-

us andpositedthee istenceofamintthere .

hilesius 2 w asthegodof thefamousoracleatDidyma asmall

etus.Therelationshipbetweenthe twocitieswascomparable

ew eenA thensandE leusis andthegodofD idymabeganto

onthecoinageof Miletusveryearly.Alreadyintheseventh

lo fA pollo—appearsonthecity se lectrumstaters by350

ses.8

dcenturyB . C . arethef irstco instodepictthefamousand

us whichhadbeencarriedoffduring theP ersiansackand

Thegodw asportrayednude ho ldingabow inhislef thandand

ndedright. A ve edpassageinP liny6seemstosay thatthe

vebackandforth

facingright becamethechiefreversetypeofMiletus im-

hecistophoricreverse isverysimilartothese thoughthetranslationto

archaicstatuewithanewgrace dictatedbythecontemporary

ythefamoustemplewhichhousedD idyma soracle.The

madetetrastyle withtheopeningthusachievedcontaininga

anachus Apollo.

uity slargestandmostimpressive.Thoughwellestab-

hetimeof theP ersianWars itrecoveredonlyslow ly f rom

econstructionw asundertak eninthetimeofA le ander yetin

remainedroofless.7

theerection ofanewroadto accommodatetheheavytraffic

atteststhecontinuedprosperityofthecult whichcontinued

yatleast.8The templeappearsonimperialbron eswellinto

- 9.

cursinP linyNH 34. 75.

. 5 85 . S ta t er s : B C M o n ia p . 1 83 n o s. 2 f f. f o r th e o bv e rs e p or t ra i ts p . 1 89

9 n o s. 1 3 4- 3 7.

n ia p . 1 98 n o . 14 6 N e ro : B M C o n ia p . 1 98 n o s. 1 4 5- 4 9 D o m i t ia n :

n o s. 1 5 2- 5 3 H a d r i an : S NG C op o n ia 1 0 18 G e ta : B M C o n ia p . 2 01 n o . 16 3 .

4.

" V orlauf igerB erichtuberdievondenKoniglicheMuseenbegonnenA usgra-

ungsber. A k ad. B erlin1900 p. 106 seeB . H aussoull ie r E tudessurV hisloire

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


38/205

drian

egod snameisfoundonaninscriptionof362 andhew ask now nto

thstagandbowcan onlybethehuntress Artemis.The

asneverassociatedwithMiletusuntil I mhoof-Blumercom-

tappearingonthecity sbron es. 11Her fe lderhasbeenfol-

apply ingtothegoddesstheepithet" Milesia w hichisnotto

byanyancienttestimony.12H erfre uentappearanceon

sinfacttheA rtemisPy thiaw hof indse tensivenotice in

a.18

stelluswhereher worshipwascentered butlocallegend

atD idymaasoldasthat ofherbrother.Thelegendof their

tymologyforthecity sname.14

ophoriformacompactgroup:the si teenknownspeci-

eight obversedies andthreeoftheseare combinedwithtwo

scombinedwithrev.ApolloandTemple obv.die5with

andobv.die4with allthreetypes.

tophori isdistinctive anditis clearthatallthe dieswere

d. H er fe ldernotedthe" curiously longthroat w hichismost

s.Theobverselettering tallandnarrow isconsistent

se legendalw ayshadthenumeralI I inta llstrok esandcompressed

deringoftheletterS.

dieorientationf| mayderivefromalongstandingtradition

nto breakdowninthesecondcentury.16

on( P aris 1902 , pp. 154-55. F orinscriptionsf romthesecondcentury

a2( B erlin 1958 , p.323.

ia D o m n a S N Gv o nA u lo c k 21 1 2 G e ta B M C o n ia p . 2 01 n o . 16 3 .

ob. Sa l. 1.17. 64.

e r M i in k u nd e p . 5 ( = S N R 1 9 0 5 p . 1 65 . T h e go d de s s ap p ea r s fa c in g r .

C op onia1010-12andfacingl. oncoinsofTra an B MC onia p. 199 no .

ntroducedunder H adrianonthecistophorusanda localbron e

continuestoappearin thethirdcentury:SNGvonAulock2110( Septimius

eu s ; I m ho o f- B l u m er K l . M . 1 p . 8 9 n o . 27 ( S e ve r us a n d Ca r ac a ll a ; B M C

1 61 J u li a D o mn a I m ho of -B l u me r K l . M . 1 p . 89 n o. 2 9( B a l bi nu s .

.

n . 8 , n o s. 1 1 8 1 8 2 2 2 8 3 1 2 3 1 5 3 3 0 3 6 3 3 8 8 4 0 3. F o r t hi s i de n ti f ic a ti o n

monier C ultes588-89.

soco insofB a lbinusandGallienusshow ingL etobearingthe infants

M C o n ia p . 2 01 n o .1 6 4 p i . 22 1 3 S N Gv on A ul o ck 2 1 13 .

uggestedbySNGCop onia957-1017 theonlypublishedrecordto

orneoutbyspecimensintheA NS: f J , I savo idedentire lyuntilC laudius and

ntilthetimeofH adrian w henitbeginstodominate.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


39/205

A V G V S TV S P P C O S I I I l . an d r. i n fi el d

r. Tetrasty letempleonpodiumof threesteps

mesesfacingeachother.

74 7 R I C 52 1 H e r f e ld er p .1 1 p i. 2 1 .


sonrev . London

A V G V S TV S P P C O S I I I i ne e rg ue

r. Z eusseatedl. onthroneho ldingsmallcult image

tendedr. andvertica l

ehind eagleto l.

I C 5 0 1 ( e r r on e ou s ly d e sc r ib i ng s t at u et t e as " D i a n a o f P e r ga ) ; H e r f e ld e r

98

von

A V G V S TV S P P

r .

t seatedl. onthrone ho lding

andvertica lsceptre in

gle .

7 3 2 R I C 4 99 C oh en 2 72 P i n d er 5 2 p i . 7 5 H e r f el de r p . 1 2 p i . 2 3 .

isO verstrik ing

nobv.

. onobv.

.

S an ta -

0

1 =

1925

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


40/205

drian

7

c .

pr .

ock


r. E aglestandingtofrontonthunderbo lt w ings

7 4 3 1 08 0 R I C 5 16 C oh en 4 27 ( e r r on eo us ly o mi tt in g P P ) ; P i n d er 5 6 p i. 7 9

p i. 2 6 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


41/205


r. Tw oNemesesdraped standingfaceto face

f draperyfrombreast.

nl. oneonr. acubitrule inl.

7 3 9 R I C 5 07 C oh en 3 26 P i n d er 8 2 p i . 8 1 0 H e r f el de r p . 1 1 p i . 2 4 .

d ,

u 2

ta-

0

3

4 9 4

1 93 1

96 7 3 5

33 3 19

e b .

a t t o

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


42/205

n

1 D ec.

2 2

1 1 13

y

1 7

909

.1

2 =

963

e-

7

L ,

1 8

i r sc h

2 38

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


43/205

4

.1

97

4 =

e s s

u n e

6 6 5

97

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


44/205

n

terofSmyrnapossessedoneof H adrian slargestcistophoric

rthemainreversetypesof NemesesandCybelehadbeen

anproducts butitw asHer fe lder1w hof irstfullyoutlinedthe

singcriteriaof sty leanddie link s.

ecloselyassociatedwiththecity.

oNemeses

Smyrnawasof greatanti uity whatevertheoriginofthe

beenw ellestablishedby thetimeofA lyattes destructionof the

worshippedelsewherebecametwoatSmyrna:thisdualityis

eflectedin numerousinscriptions.8Theoriginoftheaddi-

:P ausaniasthoughtshereflectedthefoundationofthe " new

Modernscho lars moresubtlybutlessromantica lly are inclined

ofthegoddessreflectstheE uropeanandAsiaticconcepts

usaniaswaswrongissuggestedbythe anti uityofthecult:

theadditionof wingsasanattribute heappealedtonoless an

Smyrnaeanstatues wroughtinwood.4

ofthegoddesses theyareabsentfromcivic coinageuntil

e (w inged NemesisappearsonthecoinageofNeroandA grip-

sue ofE phesusandSmyrnadatingfromtheproconsulshipof

wsthetwogoddessesfaceto face.8Thelattertypeeventually

den oysperiodicpopularityuntilthethirdcentury it isf re uent-

myrnaonalliancecoinages.9

gtheNemeseionhasno Smyrnaeanantecedent butaccords

ctionsofculttemplesatE phesus Miletus andSardisasw ell

11 - 13 .

D e a N em es is R e g in a " J D A 1 93 1 p p. 2 02 ff .

R 4 1 4 02 1 4 31 s e e al s o th e l is t c om p il e d by R o s s b ac h i n R o s ch e r L e . 3

isionofA le ander isrepresentedonSmyrna sciv icco inage: A le ander

thetw oNemesesbeforehim: B MC onia p. 279 no . 346(M. A ure lius :

di an ; p . 29 6 n o. 4 52 ( P h il ip I ) .

e n . 2 , p . 20 3.

n o .2 8 7 M c Cl e an 8 3 02 p i . 28 8 2 .

1 nos. 405-6. TheprecisedateofR uso sproconsulshipisunk now n( P / i sC

o c a. 8 3 b y Ma g ie R R A M 2 p p . 14 4 2 n . 3 4 a n d 15 8 2. A s i mi l ar t y pe w as

sPaetus a lsoproconsulunderDomitian: B MC onia p. I l l nos. 407-8:

o insdescribedinn. 8aboveB MC onia p. 308 no . 514( M. A urelius w ith

n o s. 4 7 9- 8 3 ( C o m mo d us w i th L a o di c ea ; p . 3 04 n o s. 4 9 8- 5 00 ( C r is p in a w i th

n o s. 5 1 5- 1 6 ( C r i s pi n a w i th L a o di c ea .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


45/205

Itsplacementof theethnicine ergue(a lbe itupsidedow n

aslateas A.D .211 11butnothingis knownofittoday.O ur

twasof I onicorder theprominentacroterionandantef i es

conventionsfamiliarfromE phesiancistophori andtelllittle

alappearance.

w ithE phesianA rtemis

dof theheight " w asw orshippedatsitesthroughouttheGreek

atSmyrna.12W hilehiscultnever rivalledthatoftheNemeses

gure onciviccoinagefromthetime ofTra an.13Thatthe

thitsZ eusonthePheidiacmodelbutsubstitutingV ictory for

ctuallyrepresentsAkraiosisconfirmedbyanalogywithbron e

nsulshipofV ettiusB o lanus onw hichthegodisnamed. 14

on thehillnowknownasD eirman-Tepe.Peripteraland

by23co lumnswithaninterco lumniationof1. 8m. itriva lledin

usbuiltbyH adrianatA thens. Notraceof itcannow befound

w hosaw itsremainsin1824 thoughtitm ightdatef romthetime

adou 16suggestedthatitw asbuiltw ithmoneyw hichthesophist

perortobestowuponthe city.H isviewmightbeconfutedby

datew ithaseatedZ eusandthe inscriptionnO A MQNC T A TH-

c i en t S my r na ( O x f o rd 1 9 38 , p . 2 0 4.

ra io s " c ol s. 1 19 3- 94 ( W e nt e l .

53-58 " Tra an-Commodus. A k ra iosrepresentsSmyrnaona ll iance issues

n ia p . 3 07 n o . 51 1 ( M . A ur e li u s w i th L a o di c ea ; p . 3 02 n o . 48 5 ( C om m od u s

e r 2 p . 3 89 n o . 27 8 ( C o mm od u s w i th L a c ed a em o n .

72 n o s. 2 9 4- 9 6. F o r V e t t i us P I R 1 V 3 2 3. H e w a s s uf f ec t us i n 6 6 ( A . D e g ra s si

m p er o R o m an o [ R o m e 1 9 52 p . 1 8 h i s pr o co n su l sh i p is p l ac e d in 7 0 -7 3

p . 1 58 2 .

3 A s . v . " S m y rn a " c o l s 75 5 -5 6 ( B u r c h ne r ; C a d ou ( a b ov e n . 1 1 , p . 2 0 2.

t imately f romR . P rok eschvonOsten Denk w iirdigk e ilundE rinnerungen

uttgart 1836 , p. 522. F ormentionof thesacredprecinct C G3146.

e n . 1 5 ; P h i lo s tr a tu s V S 1 . 2 5. F o r P o l em o an d H a d r ia n s ee e s pe c ia l ly G . W .

op h is t s in t h e R o m an E m p ir e ( O x f o rd 1 9 70 , p p . 48 - 49 1 2 0- 2 3.

7 no . 328. Theuseof thisco intosupportC adou ' sinterpretationw ould

unusua luseof thew orddv tdr x e it isdoubtfulw hetheritcanreferto

nofanimperia lgrantforthecity . ThoughthestatueofZ eusisseatedr. and

sturethanusualrenderings connectionwithAkraiosisnotto beruled

ationmightresultfroma generali edconceptionofthedeityrather than

mage:cf. thegreatvariationindetail inSmyrnaeanversionsofTyche

V espasian , 2216-17( Septim ius .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


46/205

drian

oneholdingastatuetteofE phesianA rtemis isl ink edbysty list ic

coinwith templereverse.18Whetherhe representsAkraios

aspect( O lympius ismoot. A lterationofspecif icattributesis

wellattestedonSmyrnaeanissues.19

edthatthisreverserepresentedthecit i ensofSmyrna" pay ing

ivinity whoincidentallywasreveredallovertheprovince.

dubiousinterpretationof thetype. F irst such" homage isnot

ri( andingeneraloncivic coinagenotfallingintothe" al-

impossible: foritw il lbeshow nbelow thatthecistophori w hile they

genoustothec itiesoftheirorigin werenotproducedunder

anctionofthe R omangovernororsomeotherprominent

ot therefore havee pressedthesentimentofanycity tow ard

Artemis cultwaswidespreadinAsiarenderedthesymbolism

ersal.Thoughshewasused asacivicbadge onlybyE phesus

e lsewhere andheremploymentasanattributetosymboli ethe

mprehensible.

agleonthunderbolttobe souniversalastodefyattributionto

unspecifiedstylisticconsiderationsledhimtoregardP ergamum

type H er fe lder a lsoonstylist icgrounds assignedthetype

ationthat" thedevicewastheusualone ofthecivicmint atthe

tquiteaccurate buttheuseofobversedie4w ithboththisre-

confirmshisattribution.

boltwereattributesofZ eus andarefoundassociatedwith

timate ly thetypemaybere latedtoZ eusA k ra ios.24

hestatueofCybelesculpted byAgorakritos pupilof

f if thcenturyB . C . 25Thisisthef irstappearanceof thegoddess full

e shehadbeenaregular featureofSmyrnaeancivicissues.28

2 .

comparea lsoana ll iance issueofSmyrnaandE phesus( SNGvonA ulock 2246 ,

a w hichise ceptiona linaddingw ingstotheNemeses.

ov e n . 18 .

12 - 13 .

ionofeaglesw ithZ eusatSmyrna seeC adou ( above n. 11 , p. 203 n. 7.

M. B ieber " TheI magesofC ybele inR omanC oinsandSculpture "

e n a rd 3 C ol i . L a t o mu s 1 03 ( B r u s s el s 1 9 69 , p . 3 3 n . 2 .

machuswithrev.symbolheadofCybeleareprobablytheearliest

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


47/205

emesesinimportanceat Smyrna hershrine whichwas

ereeastoftheAcropolis wasworld-famous.27Shewas

v larr vnok tvandperhapsasthecity sfoundress.28

heCybelereversewiththeobverseportrait oftheempresson

mismaticconventionwhichbecamepopularunderthe

eaboveseventypes withSmyrnaisreflectedbytheir

ooneanother.Allsevenmaybe tiedtoeachotherand tothe

salone.

combinedwiththetypeoftwoNemesesin temple isconclu-

tedthesty list ica f finit iesbetw eenthe loneobversedie( no . 1 em-

ose usedwithreverseZ eusseatedholdingArtemisE phesia

hetw opointsattherearnecklineof thebustaretheengraver s

uentlyonSmyrnaeanobversedies.

edanobversedie link ingC ybeleandNemesestypes tw osuch

32 arenow know n. H ea lsoassignedtoSmyrnatheeagleon

o. 31 onthebasiso f sim ilarit iesintheobverseportra ittoour

ynowbeadded therarecistophoriwithobverseSabina

sedie59linksthe typetocoinsofsimilar reverse butobverse

A k ra ios w hichsharesanobversedie( no . 4 w iththeeagleonthun-

ase isinstructive sinceHer fe lderre ectedSmyrnaasthe

asisofstyleand proposedApameainstead 81butthedie link

Apameanmintmustbediscarded.

oducedthree discretegroupsofcistophori eachconsisting

ray thegoddess: Head H N p. 592 M. Thompson " TheMintsofL ysi-

ysinGreek C oinageP resentedtoStanleyR obinson ed. C . M. KraayandG. K .

1 9 68 p . 1 80 . S ee a l so B M C o n ia p p . 23 9 ff . n o s. 1 9 -4 6 ( s e c o nd t o f ir s t c en t ur i es

os. 131-32( Nero . Thegoddessof tenrepresentsthecityona lliance issues: SNG

arcusA ure lius w ithA ntioch L aodiceaandNicomediarespectively ; B MC

50 7 ( C a r a ca l la w i th P e r ga mu m ; p . 3 02 n o . 48 4 ( C om m od u s w i th A t he n s ;

mmodus w ithNicomedia .

y b el e " c o l. 2 2 88 ( S c hw en n ; s e e al s o P l i n y NH 1 4 . 54 .

75 D i n d o rf B o e c k h s s u pp l em e nt d g r y e ri v t o C G 3 3 8 7 i s pr o ba b le b u t

. 23 2 -3 3 n o s. 1 4 36 - 40 ( D i v a F a u st i na I ) ; p . 4 03 n o s. 1 3 4- 3 5 a n d p. 5 3 4 n o s.

) : p .5 77 n o. 1 20 8 ( L u ci ll a .

1 .

p. 12. Theco ins" show vaguesim ilarit iestotheusua lSmyrnaeansty le. B utthe

hemodellingof thegod sbody lessaccurate theheadsontheobverse

oor.I tseemsdoubtfulwhethertheevidenceforSmyrnais sufficient

eusiscommonalloverthe province.P erhapsthesecoinsbelongto

representationsarefairlyfre uent.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


48/205

drian

ithA rtemisE phesia( nos. 28-29 , l inkedbysty le

E a g le ( n o s. 3 0 -3 1 , d i e l i nk e d

y be l e ( n o s . 32 - 34 , d i e li n ke d .

sethatthegroupsrepresenttheproductionof threeseparate

retationisrenderedunlikelyby theunevensurvivalrates

sfrom eachgroup:

esedies

2obversedies

m31obversedies.

asdividedintoofficinae theycannotbedetectedtoday.

ngtheseveralSmyrnaeanissuesindicatesa fairlyshortperiod

o logicalterminiareratherbroad: apostquemisprov ided asusual

nof thetit leP aterPatriae inA ugust128 andananteq uembythe

32butthere isnow ay todeterminew here w ithinthese lim its the

placed.

deathisnotabso lute lycerta in. It ismentionedinS.H. A . H adr. 21. 9in

ionofL. C e ioniusCommodus w hichoccurredin136 moreover A le an-

portra itgoonlyasfarasthetw entiethyearofH adrian( 135/ 6 . Mommsen

I I I ( B e r l i n 1 8 81 7 9 9 mi g ht i n di c at e t ha t s he w a s st i ll a l iv e i n 13 7 b u t hi s

n o s ub s e u e nt s c ho l ar ( P I R 1 V 4 1 4 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


49/205

A V G V S TV S P P

r .

ingf ront headl. ho lding

7 2 4 R I C 4 84 C oh en 2 88 P i n d er 8 4 p i . 8 1 2 H e r f el de r p . 8 p i . 1. 4 .

hesimilarityof thegodportrayedherewithravenandbranch

oinsofAlabandainthe timeofCaracalla 1hepositeda mint

stfull-viewappearanceofthe godoncoins thoughitis

owasprominentatAlabandafromvery earlytimes.H is

hecity searlycoinage accompaniedbyreversetypeslyre

aterimperialissuesemploythelaurelbranch andravenas

sworshippedintwoaspectsat Alabanda:theoneportrayed

otimos.

cistophoriis individual thetwoobverseandthreereverse

y thesamehand. Hadrian sha irisarrangedinfa irly thin

row sarethick ened. Largedotsareusedtoportray thebeard. L et-

sisregular w ithta llandnarrow letters thesea lsoappearon

efullyrendered thefoldsinhis draperyarewellarticulated.

rsedies isprobablyincomplete itisclear thattheoutput

asinconsiderable.

orco insofC araca llaseeB MC C aria p. 7 nos. 38-39 SNGvonA nlock 2400.

n o . 9 p p . 3- 4 n o s. 1 6 -1 8 .

C Ca r ia p . 7 n o s. 3 6 -3 7 4 0 -4 2 ( J u l ia D o m n a C a ra c al l a ; r a ve n B M C C a-

a te i m pe r ia l .

p . 4 38 n . 9 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


50/205

n

AS

G V S TV S P P

r .

g a t r.

Aphrodisiasr. both

ontofher E rosstandingr.

seatedf igure. Starhighinl.

73 1 2 R I C 51 2 H e r f el de r p .8 p i. 1 8 .

ng

A V G V S TV S P P

r .

.

g a t r.

o fA phrodite nak ed

r ( ? ) .

ng

96 0

98

k

bversedieportrayAphroditeof Aphrodisias thegoddess

edNina- shtar ade ityof loveandw ar. 1C ombinationof the

thatofreliefsandstatuettesallowsreconstructionof her

ssurmountedbyakalathosand surroundedbyalaurel

dstotheground. A chitonof f loorlengthandacorsete tendingto

erarmsaree tendedf ronta lly inhieraticfashion. The

bothonthecistophoriandonmanybron esofA phrodisias by

withmanyeasterndivinities.

p . 4 78 .

r o du c ti o ns p p . 16 7 -7 6 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


51/205

3

cult imagevary.O nreversedie1 thefigureseatedbehind

andtheErosinf ronto fheriseasily comprehensible . Onreverse

rontmayagainbe interpretedasanE ros behindheristhe

edpreviousscholarswith somuchfoodforspeculation.

thatit isacensersurmountedby theheadofa lion seemsfarthe

uentlyonthecoinageofAphrodisiasfrom thefirstcentury

nina 6andsherepresentsthe cityonalliancecoinages.6Thefact

ewhereinsurestheattribut