THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM€¦ · THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM •Also called the Cardiovascular System •Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood •Has three functions TC 1. Carries

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

•Also called the Cardiovascular

System

•Consists of the heart, blood vessels

and blood

•Has three functions

TC

1. Carries needed substances to

and from cells

2. Removes wastes from cells

3. Transports immune cells that

help fight off bacteria, viruses

and other disease causing cells.

THE HEART•The heart is a muscular organ

that pumps blood throughout the

body. Each time it beats, it pushes

blood through the blood vessels of

the circulatory system

•The right side of the heart is

completely separated from the left

side by a wall of tissue called the

septum.

•Each side has two compartments,

or chambers an upper chamber

and a lower chamber.

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THE HEART

•Each of the two upper chambers

are called an atrium which

receives blood that comes into

the heart

•Each lower chamber is called a

ventricle which pumps blood out

of the heart.

•The atria and ventricles are

separated by valves which is a

flap of tissue that prevents blood

from flowing backward.

TC

https://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysyste

ms/heart/

BLOOD FLOW PATTERNS

•Arteries are blood vessels that

carry blood away from the heart.

•Blood flows from arteries into

capillaries which are tiny narrow

vessels where substances like

oxygen are exchanged between

blood and body cells.

•From capillaries blood flows into

veins which are blood vessels that

carry blood back to the heart

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Blood Vessel Function Connected to which part

of the heart

Artery

Capillary

Vein

Carries blood away

from the heart

Narrow vessels

where carbon

dioxide and oxygen

are exchanged

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

Carry blood back to

the heart

Right atrium

Left Atrium TC

BLOOD CIRCULATION

BLOOD FLOW PATTERNS

•When blood leaves the heart, it travels

through arteries. The walls of arteries are

very thick. Your __________ is caused by

the expansion and relaxation of the artery

wall. When you count your pulse rate you

are counting your heart beat or rate.

•In the capillaries materials are

exchanged between the blood and body

cell’s through the process of

_______________ where molecules move

from higher to lower concentration.

pulse

diffusion

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BLOOD AND LYMPH

•Blood is made up of four

components:

• Plasma

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

• 45% of the volume of blood

is cells while the remaining

55% is plasma

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PLASMA •Plasma is the liquid part of the blood that

helps transports the blood cells.

•Water makes up 90% of plasma

•Most of the carbon dioxide in blood is

carried by the plasma

PLATELETS

• Platelets are cell fragments

that help to form blood clots.

• They stick to the site of the

wound and release chemicals

that start a chain reaction.

• This series of reactions help

produce a protein called fibrin

that weaves tiny fibers in the

wound.TC

RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC)

•RBC take up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to cells in your body. •Produced in ______________•Made of hemoglobin which is an iron-containing protein that binds chemicals to oxygen molecules.•When hemoglobin binds to oxygen the cells become bright red, without oxygen the cells are dark red. •Mature RBS have no nuclei.

Bone marrow

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WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)

•WBC are the bodies disease fighters. Some recognize the disease causing organisms and alert the body. Others produce chemicals to fight the invaders. Others surround and kill the organisms •Produced in ______________•They are larger and fewer than RBC and they

Bone marrow

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Brain pop blood

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

•Is a network of vein like

vessels that returns fluid to the

bloodstream.

•Fluid in the lymphatic system

is called lymph which consists

of water, dissolved materials

and some WBC.

•Lymph nodes filter the lymph

and trap disease causing

microorganisms.

•Why do your lymph nodes

swell when you are sick?

TC

Brain pop lymphatic system

RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION

TEACHER COPY

BELL RINGER

-Grab white board and marker (or scrap paper and pencil)

and answer the following question

-What other body systems work with the respiratory system?

-Make a flow chart to show how they interact with one

another

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

•The respiratory system moves

oxygen from the outside environment

into the body and removes carbon

dioxide and water from the body.

•Is respiration the same thing as

breathing?

• NO! Respiration is a series of

chemical reactions inside cells.

• Respiration could not occur

without the digestive system to

absorb glucose from food and the

circulatory system to carry oxygen

and glucose to your cells where

respiration occurs

Oxygen from air

(Respiratory system)Glucose from food

(Digestive system)

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Nose: Air enters the body

through two nostrils

Pharynx: Air moves from

nose to throat

Trachea: leads from

pharynx toward lungs

Bronchus: Air moves

from trachea into left

and right bronchiLung: air moves through

smaller and smaller

airways until it reaches

the alveoli Diaphragm: contracts and

flattens during inhalation.

Relaxes and moves upward

during exhalationTC

GAS EXCHANGE

•The alveoli are tiny sacs of

lung tissue that allow the

movement of gases between

air and blood.

•After air enters the

alveolus, oxygen passes

through the wall of the

alveolus and then through

the capillary wall into the

blood.

•Carbon dioxide and water

pass from the blood into the

alveoli.

BP Respiratory

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MUSCLES FOR BREATHING•At the base of your lungs is the diaphragm.

•When you inhale your rib cage moves up,

your lungs expand and your diaphragm

contracts and moves downward.

•When you exhale your rib cage returns to

its original position, air moves out of the

lungs and the diaphragm relaxes and moves

upwards.

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THE LARYNX

•The larynx or voice box is

located in the top part of the

trachea.

•Two vocal cords which are

folds of connective tissue that

produce your voice, stretch

across the openings of the

larynx.

TC

-Where does the following come from

Oxygen and glucose

- Where does the oxygen and glucose go? What is it used for?

- After cellular respiration occurs what is produced?

- -Where does the water, carbon dioxide and energy go?

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

•The excretory system is the

way the body collects wastes

that is produced by cells and

then removes the wastes from

the body.

•Two wastes that must be

eliminated are excess water

and urea.

•To remove water, urea and

other wastes the structures in

the excretory system uses

your kidneys, ureters, urinary

bladder and urethra

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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Kidneys: remove urea and

other wastes from the

blood.

Ureters: urine flows from

the kidneys down these

two narrow tubes to the

urinary bladder

Urinary bladder: a saclike

muscular organ that

stores urine

Urethra: where urine

leaves the bodyTC

FILTRATION OF WASTES

•Each kidney contains a million nephrons which remove wastes from blood and produce urine.•The nephrons filter wastes in stages.1. Wastes and

needed materials, such as glucose are filtered out of the blood

2. Then the needed material is returned to the blood and wastes are eliminated from the body.

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HOW DOES EXCRETION MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?

•By keeping the body’s internal

environment stable and free of

harmful levels of chemicals

•What other organs help

remove harmful chemicals

from the body?

• The lungs, skin and liver

all help to remove

products in the body that

in high enough amounts

can be harmful.

TC

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

TEACHER COPY

TYPES OF PATHOGENS•There are four major groups of

human pathogens

1. Bacteria- are one-celled

microorganisms and cause a

wide variety of diseases.

Some damage the body cells

directly like strep throat

others produce toxins such

as with tetanus.

E.coli

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Lactobacillus acidophilus

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MISUNDERSTOOD BACTERIA

Not all bacteria are bad.

Some also help to

•Make foods like yogurt

•Keep harmful bacteria from

invading your body and

making you sick

•Help to decompose food

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TYPES OF PATHOGENS

•There are four major groups

of human pathogens

2. Viruses- are smaller than

bacteria and reproduce inside

your body’s cells. They damage

or destroy the cells in the

process and then release new

viruses to invade more cells.

Zika Virus NY 1,016 cases

CMV-

cytomegalovirus

-1/150 born with

CMV

-1/5 babies will be

sick from CMV

Rabies Virus

BP zika

BP Ebola/

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TYPES OF PATHOGENS

•There are four major groups of human

pathogens

3. Fungi- Includes molds and yeasts.

They like to grow in warm, dark and

moist areas

4. Protists- a single cell microorganism

that are responsible for a variety of

diseases.

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HOW PATHOGENS ARE SPREAD

•Pathogens can spread through contact with either an

infected…

1. Person- direct physical contact such as kissing or shaking

hands. Indirect physical contact such as sneezes in the

air, or on objects like a door handle that is touched

frequently.

2. Soil, food, water- some pathogens contaminate food and

water like E.coli. Others occur naturally in the environment

like the bacteria that causes botulism.

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PROTECTING AGAINST PATHOGENS

•The first lines of defense are

the

• Skin- oil and sweat protect

against pathogens.

Pathogens can only enter

where there is a cut

• Breathing Passages-

During inhalation the

mucus and cilia trap most

pathogens or you may

sneeze them out.

• Mouth and Stomach- the

saliva in your mouth and

stomach acid help to

destroy the pathogens. TC

THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

•The second line of defense is the

inflammatory response. Fluid, and white

blood cells leak form blood vessels into

nearby tissues. The white blood cells then

fight the pathogens.

•Inflammation is caused by increased blood

flow to the area which brings more white

blood cells to the area to fight. Fevers help

prevent the pathogens from growing and

reproducing.

•Phagocytes- are white blood cells that engulf

pathogens and destroys them. Involved in the

inflammatory response.

•Why are inflamed areas warm to the touch?

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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

•The bodies third line of defense. The cells of the immune system can tell the difference between different kinds of pathogens and react to each kind of pathogen with a specific response. •White blood cells that can tell the difference between pathogens are called lymphocytes. •There are two major kinds of lymphocytes1. T-cells- identify pathogens by the marker molecules called antigens

that are found on pathogens.2. B-cells- produce proteins called antibodies that destroy pathogens.

Each kind of B-cell only produces one kind of antibody. Each antibody has a specific antigen that it can bind to.

Brainpop immune system

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PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASE

•Immunity is the body’s ability to destroy

pathogens before they can cause

disease. There are two types

1. Active Immunity- when your own

immune system produces antibodies

in response to the presence of a

pathogen.

• This can result from either getting

the disease or from being

vaccinated.

• A vaccine usually consists of

pathogens but they have been

weakened or killed and yet can still

trigger the immune system to react.

Brain pop vaccinesTC

PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASE

•Immunity is the body’s ability to destroy

pathogens before they can cause disease.

There are two types

2. Passive Immunity- results when

antibodies are given to a person. The

antibodies that fight the pathogen come

from a source other than the person’s

body.

What is one example of acquiring passive

immunity?

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NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES

•Cancer is a disease in which cells

multiply and divide uncontrollably and

abnormally over and over destroying

healthy tissue in the process.

• Allergies- the immune system is overly sensitive to foreign substances such as pollen and dandruff. The antibodies that react to the allergen signal the release of histamine which is what causes sneezing and watery eyes

• Diabetes- where the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells fail to properly use insulin. Insulin is used to take in glucose from the blood and use it for energy.

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THE ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM-Produces chemicals called

hormones that control

many of the body’s daily

activities.

- Regulates long-term

changes such as growth

and development

-Hormones turn on, turn

off, speed up or slow down

the activities of different

organs and tissues.

- Hormones are carried

throughout the body by the

blood.

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

-Endocrine glands produce and

release their chemical

hormones into the blood

The glands include the

hypothalamus, pituitary,

thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal,

thymus, pancreases, testes and

ovaries

-Nerve impulses

travel from the

persons eyes to the

brain. The brain

then interprets the

information and

then sends an

impulse to an

endocrine gland

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

VISION

•Your eyes respond to the stimulus of

light. They convert that stimulus into

impulses that your brain interprets,

enabling you to see.

•So how do you see things?

• Rays of light passes through the clear

tissue called the cornea. Then the light

rays continue through a fluid filled

chamber behind the cornea and

reaches the pupil.

• The pupil is the opening where light

enters the eye. The size of the pupil is

adjusted by muscles in the iris which is

the colored circle around the pupil.

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VISION•The light rays continue to pass

through the pupil and to the lens.

The lens focuses the light similar to

a camera.

•After passing through the lens the

light rays strike the retina which is

the layer of receptor cells that lines

the back of the eye. There are two

types of receptors

1. Rods- work best in dim light to

see black, white, and shades of

gray.

2. Cones- work best in bright light

and allows you to see colors.

Brain pop VisionTC

VISION

•What colors do you see?

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VISION

•What direction is she spinning

•Clockwise

•counterclockwise

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SMELL & TASTE

•The sense of smell and taste work

closely together. Both depend on

chemicals in food or in the air. The

chemicals trigger responses in receptors

in the nose and mouth.

•Nerve impulses travel to the brain where

they are interpreted as smell or taste

•The nose can distinguish at least 50

basic odors where as there are only five

main taste sensations

1. Sweet

2. Sour

3. Salty

4. Bitter

5. umami

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TASTE AND SMELL

•The Miracle berry

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HEARING AND BALANCE

•Your ears are the sense organs that

respond to the stimulus of sound.

The ears convert the sound to nerve

impulses that your brain interprets.

•Sound is produced by vibrations.

The vibrations cause particles like

gas molecules in the air to vibrate

and carry the sound.

•These sound waves enter first at the

outer ear travel to the middle ear

and then to the inner ear. The

vibrations eventualy bounce from

structure to structure until hitting

your auditory nerve

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Receives information about what is

happening inside and outside of your

body

2. Directs how your body responds to

information-

3. Helps maintain homeostasis- ex. Eating

when hungry

• What are the three functions of the Nervous System?

• How does your body do this?

1. Stimulus- a change in the

environment that causes an reaction

2. Response- what your body does in

reaction to the stimulus

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THE NEURON•Neurons or nerve cells carry information through your nervous system. The

message that a neuron carries is a called a nerve impulse

•Neurons has a large cell body that contains the nucleus, threadlike

extensions called dendrites and an axon.

• Dendrites carry impulses to the cell body

• Axons carries impulses away from the cell body.

Axons

Dendrites

Cell Body

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DIFFERENT KINDS OF NEURONS

•There are three kinds of neurons

found in the body

1. Sensory neurons- pick up stimuli

from the internal or external

environment

2. Interneurons- receives the nerve

impulses from sensory neurons

and carries it to other

interneurons or motor neuron.

3. Motor neurons- sends an impulse

or response to a muscle or gland

in the body.

TC

HOW NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL

1. Receptors pick up stimuli form the

environment. The receptors trigger nerve

impulses in sensory neurons.

2. The nerve

impulse

passes from

sensory

neuron to

interneurons

in the brain

3. Impulses travel from the interneuron to travel along thousands of

motor neurons that lead to muscles. Muscles carry out the response. TC

THE SYNAPSE

•The junction where one neuron can

transfer an impulse to another is called

a synapse

•A nerve impulse must cross the gap

between the axon and the dendrite of

the next neuron. The axon tips release

chemicals that carry the impulse

across the gap.

TC

How does the nervous system, muscular system and skeletal system work together

(locomotion)

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM•Your nervous system has two divisions that

work together

1. Central nervous system- brain and spinal

cord

2. Peripheral nervous system- all the nerves

outside of the central nervous system

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THE BRAIN

•Your brain has 100 billion interneurons!

•There are three main regions of the brain that receive and process

information. These are the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem.

Cerebrum -Largest part of the

brain

-interprets input from

the sense, controls

movement, carries

out complex mental

processes

Cerebellum - Second largest part

of your brain

- Coordinates your

muscles and balance

Brain stem -Controls involuntary

actions TC

THE CEREBRUM

•The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves. The right half sends

messages to the skeletal muscles on the left half of your body and vice

versa.

•Certain areas of the cerebrum are associated with small, touch, taste,

hearing and vision as well as movement, speech, written language and

abstract thought.

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