The Church Today Cardinal Avery Dulles

Church History

The Church Today Cardinal Avery DullesInstitution Offer Salvation to AllMystical Communion Provide Spiritual SupportSacrament Make Christ Present Herald Preach the GospelServant Transform SocietyChurch Historys Fingerprints in Common Words & Phrases2000 years in 14 common words and phrasesConsubstantialLogosArius, 318Council of Nicea, 325Homoousius (In Latin, consubstantialis)Constantinople I, 381

Begotten, not madeOrigen of Alexandria, 185-254/5As an act of will proceeds from the mind without either cutting off any part of the mind or being separated or divided from it, in some similar fashion has the Father begotten the Son.Light from LightOrigen of Alexandria, 185-254/5The Ray of Light that hits your eye is the same ray of light in the candle flameA pure effluence of the glory of the Almighty, the brightness of eternal light, unspotted mirror of the working and power of God.

PersonsOusia + Idioma = HypostasisGod = 1 Ousia (Nature) + 3 Idiomata (distinguishing characteristics) = 3 Hypostases (Persons)Father = UnbegottennessSon = Origin by generation (Begotten)Spirit = Origin by procession/missionMother of GodTheotokos: God-bearerNestorius: ChristotokosCouncil of Ephesus 431Council of Chalcedon 451

MonkAnthony of Egypt (b.251) & Pachomius (290)Monastic movement introduced by Martin of Tours in France in 397, Patrick in Ireland in 461St. Benedicts Rule, 520Monasteries became centers of Christian culture, stabilizing the barbariansSlow assimilation takes place from 500-800Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne CrusadePope St. Gregory the Great (d. 604) established the Popes as rulers of central Italy; initiated the conversion of Anglo-Saxon Britain; writings shaped Medieval PapacyPope Gregory VII (Hildebrand; 1073-85) revives claim the Popes have authority over emperors and kingsUrban II calls for a crusade to retake Jerusalem, 1091

FilioqueProceeds from the Father and the SonOrthodox: Proceeds from the Father through the SonToledo III 589Adopted as official doctrine, circa 1000 & added to the CreedJuly 16, 1054: Leo IXs representative, Humbert, excommunicates Byzantine Patriarch Cerularius, & Emperor Michael Constantine & all their followers

Avignon Captivity1100s Rise of Nation-States 122o-50 Popes, notably Gregory IX, fight Emperor Frederick over Sicily & the Papal States1294 Celistine V resigns after less than a year1300 Pope Boniface VIII declares the first Holy Year (One of the pilgrims is Dante); fights with French king Philip the Fair; Pope attacked Sept. 3, 1303Clement V elected 13051305-1378: Seven PopesThe Great Schism 1378-1417Avignon Gregory XI returns to Rome The Great Schism 1378-1417AvignonRomeGregory XI returns to Rome

Gregory XI dies in 1378. Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts.The Great Schism 1378-1417AvignonRomeGregory XI returns to Rome

Cardinals declare Urbans election invalid; Elect Clement VII.Gregory XI dies in 1378. Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts.The Great Schism 1378-1417AvignonRomeGregory XI returns to Rome

Cardinals declare Urbans election invalid; Elect Clement VII.Gregory XI dies in 1378. Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts.

Urban dies in 1389; cardinals elect Boniface IX

The Great Schism 1378-1417AvignonRomeGregory XI returns to Rome

Cardinals declare Urbans election invalid; Elect Clement VII.

Clement dies, 1394; Benedict XIII elected; breaks promise.Gregory XI dies in 1378. Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts.

Urban dies in 1389; cardinals elect Boniface IX

The Great Schism (cont.)AvignonRome(Benedict XII continues) 1406: Boniface dies; Gregory XII elected; promises to resign if Benedict does. Face-to-face talks never happenThe Great Schism (cont.)March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. The Great Schism (cont.)March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome.

The Great Schism (cont.)March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome.1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate.The Great Schism (cont.)March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome.1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate.1414-1417: Council of Constance; Assertion of councilar supremacy in the decree Sacrosancta, April 6, 1415.The Great Schism (cont.)March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome.1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate.1414-1417: Council of Constance; Assertion of councilar supremacy in the decree Sacrosancta, April 6, 1415.1417 Pope Martin V elected. Pope Gregory resigns. Benedict XII flees to Spain.

ProtestantOctober 31, 1517: Luther nails his 95 Theses to the church door in WittenbergProtesting against: Selling Indulgences; Simony (selling church offices); Pluralism (more than one man in the same office); Absenteeism (Bishops who never live in their diocese); Church preaching that actions, not faith alone, are required for salvationCalvin: Pre-destination; Henry VIII: Head of nation-state is head of its church, not a foreigner; Zwingli: emphasis on ScriptureTrent (Tridentine)Council of Trent 1545-1563Scripture & TraditionSeven SacramentsJustification by faith, alone, rejectedReaffirms Christs presence in the EucharistObliges Sunday preachingObliges bishops to live in their dioceseSeminaries to train priestsImposes censorship (Index of Forbidden Books)Tridentine (cont.)(Council of Trent: 1545-1563)Reformed but reaffirmed indulgencesRetranslated Bible (New Vulgate)

InfallibilityPius IX: 1846-1878Defined the Immaculate Conception Dec. 8, 1854Syllabus of Errors, 1864: Lists 80, including allowing non-Catholics in Catholic countries to practice their religion and that the Pope should reconcile himself with progress, liberalism and recent civilization.Vatican I, 1870, Defined infallibility: The Roman Pontiffs definitions are irreformible of themselves, and not from the consent of the Church BUT

Infallibility (cont.)Only when the Pope is speaking ex cathedra, as supreme pastorDeals with a doctrine of faith & moralsDivine assistance that protects him from error is due to the gift of infallibility granted to the Church, itself.Vatican IIJohn XXIII 1958-63; Paul VI 1963-78Summons a Council: January 1959Four sessions: Oct. Dec. of 1962, 63, 64, 6516 Formal documentsChurch looks at: 1) Itself 2) Other Christians 3) The WorldVatican IISACROSANCTUM (Liturgical reform)Pius X 1903-1914: Encouraged frequent Communion; lowered minimum age from 14 to age to reason; called for use of Gregorian ChantEarly 1900s in Europe: Translation of Roman Missal1932 in U.S.: My Sunday MissalPius XII 1939-58: Modified Eucharistic fast; reorganized Triduum liturgiesVatican IISACROSANCTUM (Liturgical Reform)Active participation in liturgy is a right & a dutyPaschal Mystery: Suffering, death, resurrectionEmphasizes Christs presence in the scriptureAllows use of the vernacularAllows reception of Eucharist under both speciesBishops conferences to decide on changesApproved in 1962: 2,162-46Final vote in 1963: 2,147-4

Vatican IIDEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation)God his revealing Himself, not just a list of rulesGeneral Revelation: God speaking to all humans, calling them to loveSpecial Revelation: Gods choice to reveal Himself to specific groups of human beings, Jews and ChristiansThe Christian revelation (Jesus & the sending of the Spirit) is the high point of revelation, in that it is Gods personal self-communication

Vatican IIDEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation)What Jesus reveals to his disciples is called the Deposit of Faith.Tradition (Our common experience of trying to live what Jesus taught, guided by the Holy Spirit) andScripture (Writings inspired by the Holy Spirit) both arise out of the Deposit of Faith.

Vatican IIDEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation)Scripture teaches firmly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into the sacred writings for the sake of our salvation. (DV 11)Since God speaks through sacred Scripture through men in human fashion, the interpreter of sacred Scripture, in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to us, should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended, and what God wanted to manifest by the means of their words. (DV 12)

Vatican IIDEI VERBUMThe task of authentically interpreting the Word of God, whether written or handed on, has been entrusted exclusively to the living teaching office of the Church. (DV 10) This is called Magisterium.This teaching office is not above the Word of God, but serves it (DV 10)Sacred tradition, sacred Scripture & the teaching authority of the Church are so linked and joined together that one cannot stand without the others (DV 10)Vatican IILUMEN GENTIUM: (The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church)Church is a Mystical Body. The visible nature of the Church is not enough; ALL CHRISTIANS are members of Christs Mystical Body with a shared, supernatural existencePeople of GodChurch is linked to all Christians, Jews, Muslims, non-Christian religions, those who strive to live a good life (LG 15, 16)Vatican IILUMEN GENTIUM: (The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church)Eschatological Institution: The Church is the final development of Gods saving plan but we have not yet reached full flower. We are journeying toward Christs second coming but the Reign of God already is in our midst. We are a combination of already/not yet. The Church is the budding of the KingdomSacrament. Just as Christ is the sacrament of God; the Church represents Christ to the worldVatican IIUNITATIS REDINTEGRATIO (The Decree on Ecumenism)Catholics must joyfully acknowledge and esteem the truly Christian endowments from our common heritage which are to be found among our separated brethren.Nor should we forget that whatever is wrought by the grace of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of our separated brethren can contribute to our own edification.Calls for dialogue, understanding & a mutual change of heart

Vatican IINOSTRA AETATE (Declaration on non-Christian Religions)The Church rejects nothing that is holy and sacred in these religionsThe Church repudiates all persecutionsVatican IIDIGNITATIS HUMANAE (Declaration on Religious Freedom)The dignity of the human person supersedes ALL government and social constraints. Only areas where government should intervene are: 1) Create a peaceful way to solve disputes; 2) Maintain a genuine public peace; 3) Guard the public moralityEvery human being has a right to publically express their religious ideologyParents have a right to determine their childrens educationRacial and ethnic discrimination are condemnedVatican IIGAUDIUM ET SPES (The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World.)Treats Humanity as a whole, not as Christians & non-Christians.Very Optimistic! Says the triumphs of the human race are a sign of Gods greatness and the flowering of His mysterious design. Vatican IIGAUDIUM ET SPES (cont.)It praises humanitys economic, artistic, scientific, technical and philosophical achievements, declaring such progress purifies religion by banishing magic and superstitionUrges Christians to devote their energy to the worldSays the Christian life joyously brings Gods values love, dignity, forgiveness - to the worldWhat About Now?Catholic responses to secular societyThe Church Today Philip MurnionTraditionalist Sectarian Response of the Right or LeftCommunity as IntimacyAssociationSolidarity